pols 1337 part 2

executive departments

(15 exec/cabient level departments) executive bench org led by cabinet sec apportioned by the pres.

indep agnecy

(fed org established by congress w. Authority to regulate an aspect of econ. Sector of fed gov) Indep agency no operate w.in cabinet department Operate on own authority

civil servants make up

85 percent of the federal bureaucracy Hired on the basis of merit, so they can keep their jobs regardless of who the President is. civil service protection

Pendleton Act

: first reform that slowly changed fed bureau from corrupt and partisan insider org to neutral party based org.Established the civil service to govern the bureaucracy Merit-based hiring begins

which article references executive more directly

A2 S2 Require opinion of the principal Officer in each executive department

appointments

A2 S2: pwoer for pres to nominate and appoint all other officers of US, established by law. Congress can by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers...Discussion of appointment power implies existence of executive departments

three categorize for civil service employyes

Blue collar: crft, repair, operator, labor jobs and under fed wage system (sets pay levels associated w. Specific jobs) White collar Senior executive:executive level management employees gov by them following the general schedule pay scale

disadvantage of hierchhy

Can have obstacle in speedy decision making Step by step review of decision making inevitably slows down the implementation of fed laws

what does Pendleton act do

Civil Service COmission to admin entrance exam for fed civil service and set job req and promotion standards based on merit system and pol performance.Remain If fed employees are pol appointees appointed by pres to carry out his pol and partisan agenda w.in the def policy making sys

bureaucratic repaution

Counteracting force to drawback of bureaucratic culture and tendency to block coop among agencies. Fed agencies want to develop good reputation for their effective implementation of fed policy

other faulreus where no lives lost but reflect mismanagement of risk by FBI

Deep water horizon oil rig explosion Thought it would be contained but gew and approached US from shores for FL to TX Failure behan in officer of minerals management service, the agency in the Department of interior giving permission to drill w/ requiring assessments from other agencies Obama responded by issuing executive order to from a commission to investigate failure , temporary abn on all offshore drilling and addressed the nation how the fed gov was addressing crisis

War department

Dep of defence coordinating Army, Naby and Armed Force

benefit of privatization of fed services

Do not tech country as additional fed employees→ overall size of fed workforce appears smaller and costs associated w/ job related benefits are reduced More efficient to use private firm that has expertise in an area to provide a service at a lower cost than use permanent employees and achieve the same outcome Allows gov to increase/decrease employment for specific projects More difficult to elmeits fed positions

mission

Each fed agency has a stated mission that defines its role and responsibilities w/in fed bureaucracy Important as pub face of department and si the measure by which congress and gen public hold it accountable for success/failures

commerce and labor rep

Econ problems. Congress addressed the, by creating one deprmte in 1903 nit issues w/ child safety and work standards became very important= congress divided it giving labor own cabinet status

adv of hierchy

Ensures that the unit responds consistently and predictably Requires careful consideration of policy before implements Both of these are designed to ensure policies are administered equally across citizens

concerns of privatization of fed services

Fed gov doesn't have close oversight over quality, experience, or job performances of the employees who work in private companies Company employees have incentive to do jobs well but fraud, waste and abuse go undetected for year bc lack of direct fed oversight Fed gov end up paying more provision of service through private contractor than if fed employees admin the program directly

framers envissionemnt of staff

Framers envisioned president would manage a staff of fed officers who would oversee executive department Doubtful they envisioned staff as large as today's

Bureacratic culture

Fundamental to it is the constant drive to self perpetuate; employees in a bureau org want to preserve tiger jobs and their influence in policy system

Limits of effectiveness of regulatory agencies

Gov relies on voluntary coop by mandatory of private businesses to follow guidelines Gate against effective gov reg and oversight Still reg agencies are gateways through which citizens can ask to protect them from fundamental and unsafe products

Ex of fed agencies overstepping authority for pol purposes

IRS targeted groups that claim to be non profit but might be engaged w. Pol activity Extra scrutiny of NAACP to tea party affiliated non profit org Stems from ingrained culture at IRS of auditing indiv, business and groups to make sure they comply w. Tax law To public looked like bureau failed mission of neutrality

responsibilities of bireaucracies

Implement and enforce laws passed by Congress and signed by the President (also at state and local levels)

Bureaucracy

Large collection of executive branch departments, agencies, boards, commission that carry out the responsibilities of the gov.Applicable to any type of organization, government or not; The University of Houston is a bureaucracy

fed gov oversee safety compliance for everyday acitivities

Nat Highway Transportation safety admin responsible for regulating car and truck safety and limit drunk driving Fail to address makore ignition fale that cut off power to automobiles spontaneously Claimed to not receive accurate info form general motors as to extent and potential of life threatening nature EPA also regulates cara VW rigged engines in diesel cars to perform differently when tested on emission standards

ex of fed corp

National Railroad passenger corp (amtrak) a for for-profit rr but receives fed funding and subject to fed restrictions and control

career civil service

Nonpol personally who must pass exam to secure their jobs and compete on = playing field w/ anyone else w/ sma e credentials largest % of exec employees located in D.C. have evaluations and may get raises, promotions, incentive and merit bonuses

ppt hatch act

Restrictions on political activity for federal employees.¡Couldn't hold office in a political party ¡Couldn't campaign for anyone

Federal Employees Political Activities Act (1993

Rolled back parts of Hatch Act Can now do some of the things formerly prohibited, but still numerous restrictions

their reponsiblites are established by laws from

congress, for execution need expertise so leg relies on bureaucrats to write regulations that implement the law

post offices

created 1775 by continental congress to serve the vital function of establishing comm routes among colonies

national endowment for the arts

created to support scholarship and art that would be available to gen public but no formal responsibility to monitor private and pub sector activities in specific set of issue areas

adv and disadv in chosifn ppl from any backgrounnd

Trusted campaign advisories not talented admin Member of private sector find gov work frustrating Occasionally cabinet sec replaced during presidential terms

Clinton bush and Obama wanted diversity in fed workgroups

Women, latinos are groups that are least well rep proportionally Obama tried to recruit member so =f under rep groups to lower level fed jobs to ensure future admin will have diverse talent pool to hire people from

Congress created Department of Interior (1849)

deal w/ western expansion (sale of lands and Indian affairs) Dep of Ag (1862) to mitigate hardships cause by crop and price fluctuation through crop subsidies 1870 Office of Attorney gen (1793) transformed Dep of Justice to handle legal business of nation

remedy of 9/11

abinet level Department of Homeland Security Single large fed org had one culture and one mission= more effective Consolidated many key units that were operating indep Created new intelligence offices that would try to serve as bridges for CIA and FBI

Executive contain regulatory agencies and other org that are responsible

administering the details of laws in specific areas... oversee the practices of indiv involved in all facts if econ and pol life... they are gateways bc frd to respond to citizens in targeted ways (localized) and ensure safety and econ fairness in daily life

dep of transportation

after Highway act signed and has to maintain highways w/ trucks and reg labor practices in trucking and air travel

independent org

agencies, commission, admin, boards, corp, and endowments Vary by structure, mission and degree of independent from pres

1998 Hatch Act reform

amendments loosed restriction on pol activities by gov employees as alng as the activities occurred while they were off duty. pol appointees are allowed to engage in pol ascites on behalf of pres as long as cost for activities not paid w/ tax dollars Ban on pol activities remain for employees in law enforcement, intelligence agencies and employees of fed election commission

fed board

arrow scope of authority but can have power to require changed in operating procedures and to suggest fines. Individuals who are appointed for specific term who have expertise in area of board jurisdiction

A2 S3

broad powers to care that laws are executed Framers wanted to make sure president follow intent of congress= wide discretion in how laws carried out Foundation for growth of fed bureaucracy and president

many members of cabinet are

cabinet secretaries and head executive departments President may selected additional drivers for cabinets rank status Vp, chief of staff, head of EPA, US trade rep, ambassador of UN, Econ advisers

civil servants vs pol appointees

civil: (programmatic approach and aim to make programs work efficiently over the long term app: carry out president's partisan agenda while pres is in office addressed by civl service reform act of 1978

civil service reform to

depolitivixe

Dep of Health, Edu, and welfare (1953) divided into

edu adn then health and human services

Hierarchy of authority in beacruacy=

employee's decision of the implementation of policy is received at each higher level in the org. Not every authority use them in the same way but each leads up to the secretary that is responsible for all of the polcu decisions that come out of depart to the pres

Carter made Senior Executive Service:

experienced personnel who can be assigned by president to senior management positions throughout the fed bureaucracy. provides layer of admin over fed programs directed by president-infuse fed bureau w/ pol perspective that can clash w. Goal of objective implementation of fed policy Category of pol appointee used by presidents to expand direct influence win the bureau

final regulation is printed in Fed Register

fed gov official pub for implementation of laws

Dep of Housing and Urban develop to oversew

fed programs design dto build more affordable housing for ppl w/ low income

Office of Management and Budget

final authority over entire fed budget and each agency must submit its proposed budget to it for approval before included in president's official proposed budget Director part of pres cabinet although OBM not cabinet department

bureau culture can act as a gate

hat prevents efficiency and reposnives in gov bc can create situation where employees in diff org duplicate task, counterbalance on another's efforts, and fail to accomplish mission

Fundamental core of fed bureaucracy is presumption that ppl who hold positions

have expertise in the issue areas they oversee and implement

example of fed policy implemented by cabinet department in conjunction w states

hc reform

2010 Obama and congress worked on Consumer Financial Protection Bureau:

help consumer navgate mortgage and other housing loans and real estate investments

cabinet department has subdivision arranged in

hierarchical form to divide tasks and maximize efficiency and responsiveness (like ACA and HHS)

every fed org has _____decision making process that structures the way polic implemented to cary out its mission

hierchal

reg agencies address

highway, air travel, food inspection/product labeling, bank and stock market practices

responsibilities of exec departments

implementing laws and policies in specific areas through regulatory and enforcement process Regulations are gui;ines that detail how law will be carried out and what has been done to comply with it

as nation econ grows

inc industries, producers and survive that need gvo regulation=expand workload of agencies and need to make new pens

EPA

independent agency. issue regulations and create policy in eaude range of areas Regulation are subject to OMB approval

common lack of communications and expert directions exposed

inherent dangers of bureau culture President can be held accountable for flaws Change in agency difficult and happens when ppl at top of command twe down barriers in crops

National Transportation safety board:

investigates transportation related accidents like emergency landings or train accidents. one of NTSB's five board members is appointed to oversee investigation When completed, agency issues a report and recommendation for avoiding this event Does not have power to issue fed reg

background of pol appointees

ly members of the president's inner circle/ camping tea,. Served as congressional committee chairs, served in former pres admin Can come from private sector

subdivisions oversee

medicare, medicaid and other health programs, it has responsibility to implement programs associated w/ this lef (remedy deificnies in medicare presumption drug program, health insurance exchanges)

securities and exchange commission

monitor all business practices involving the stock market. Oversees work of accountants, stockbrokers, financial advertiser and small business owners Legal authority to demand info from professions, impose fines and even bring formal charges

reg agencies have authority to

monitor practes, issue fines, and shut down business

FDA:

monitors food safety and handling practices and pharmaceutical development and approval procedure Fulfills its mission by issuing guidelines/standards for companies to follow Job difficult, some food comes from private companies that are subject to FDA inspection but are expected to do most of food quality and safety monitoring themselves

at first we didn't need more employees but what changed that

nation expanded and lands grew= need for complex structure of fed level to oversee

is buracracy is the constitution

no but foundations of it can be traced w/ key sentences in AII)

shadow bureacrats

not gov workers but work w company that has contract w/ entity f gov (asked w doing things) like road construction

Hatch Act

ohibited gov employees firm working on pol campaigns, using their position to solicit campaign donation/promoting candidates for elected office. desined to eliminate rest of patronage Pressure off bureaucrats who could tell campaigning politician they were prohibited from engaging in certain pol activities

Esienhwoer appointed a layer of fed employees called Schedule C appointees t

oversee civil service employees Able to add 1000 pol appointed positions and caused e kendy, LBJ and Nixon to add more pol appoitnes

where can expertise come from

ower levels and stau in their job long enough to acquire knowledge about fed program Worked in particular energy industry, tudied fed policy area in academia or at policy think tanks and then offered gov positions Congress (members who chaired/served on relevant congressional committees) major source of cabinet secretary appointments

Civil service designed to protect employees from

partisanship and employees expected to be objective a they carry out jon Civil servants remain in positions from one admin to next, cant be asked to resign for partisan reasons

how is the culture shaped

person dawn to work in gov bureaucracy Depicted as narrow minded but there are many tyes of people that seek jobs Policies evolve over time in response to external conditions Diverse that indiv with wide range of skills and interests choose to work with it

fed patronage system

politicians manipulate fed programs and position for pol/private gain Repub congress made program for pensions for civil war vets who fought for the north. Assasiantion of James A Garfiel (1881) by an indiv who sought fed job= ppl against patronage system

19 cent congress and pres shared patronage power

presidential allowed congress to rec indiv for gov posts Each election in which diff party assumed office, large turnover in staff

dep of nergy

promote fuel conservation and develop alt to fossil fuels

civil service created to

protect fed employees from partisan policies 1939: pol influence was rampant throughout the bureau at fed state and local levels response was the Hatch Act

Fed Trade Commission

protects consumers from unfair financials/market place practise

fed regulatory commission

run by a small number of officials (commissioners) who are appointed by pres for fixed number terms and responsible for overseeing sector of econ/pol arena

fed administration repsonsible for

running fed program and overseeing specific areas of fed responsibility TSA was created after 9/11 and placed under department of homeland security

new president and cabinet

select new members but can stay like Robert Gase who was defense for Bush

Jefferson and cabinet

separate room in white house called cabinet and a table where he stored important fed papers Modern pres could not fill all paperwork of bureaucracy in a single desk

president cabinet

set of advisers who are responsible for areas under their jurisdiction... does not include the White House staff (they oversee entire department to implement fed policy)

Historically, bureaucrats were selected through the

spoils system (also known as "patronage")

for every fed job that is professional there are

staff jobs such as: Clerks, office managers, janitors, mechanic who keep bureaucracy running... any skills are gateway to employment in fed gov

1st departments created by Congress in 1789 were

state, treasury and War. Attorney gen sat on president's cabinet, but he did not head a department. Through org, congress wanted to fulfill constitutional responsibilities to reg commerce among states and w/ forign nation, provide defence, collec tax and borrow mona, and establish post offices and post roads

private sect contract workers are nit under direct control of fed bureau but

t carry out tasks for it. Incentive programs put in place to reward civil servants for efficiency Sam way employees in private sector received bonuses

bureau failure ex

terrible loss of life like 9/11 Many people blame fed agencies that oversee intelligence gathering (FBI, CIA, and NSA) for failing to uncover/prevent attacks They detected warnings but did not work together. distrustful and lack coordination= intelligence fail

Some dep and agencies staffed by career employees who aren't in

the civil service ut operate under similar structures

pol appointees get their job bc

they are members of same party that control the exec branch.Connection to pol powerful ppl. / served in pior presidential admin. Uncommon but pol app to be opposition party, especially if they have prior expertise in policy/ president wants contitnuity in departament leadership early in admin

fed corp

type of fed org similar to private business in that it provides service or commodity for a price to the public and also receives fed funding

national endowmnet

type of fed org that uses funds specifically allocated to portmore pub good or service.Funded by fed gov= expected to serve as gateways for expression of many vp and perspective in work they support

other two department

veeterna affairs by bush Dep of homeland security

job of the sec is to

versee implementation, provide advice to pres about issues under department control and develop annual budget Congress authority to create cabinet department but once created it is under control of executive

Nations first 40 y: executive branch jobs for

wealthy elites who had personal pol/social connections to embers in congress/ president Andrew jackson used executive powers of president to appoint pll form wider social and econ backgrounds Demanded pol loyalty of fed employees... (to get job they had to be supprote of Jackson and demo party)aka patronage system Pol enemies called spoils system b/ giving friends

fed workgroups diversity is a gateway for

women and minorities in pub and private sector as employees can later obtain pol appointments to pres cabinet Obama had the greatest number of women but criticized for failing to attract inderrep groups Many minority groups supported Obama and should have been reported by greater number of prominent appointments in the admin

this act

¡Office of Personnel Management which serves as HR of the federal government ¡The Merit System Protection Board which protects federal employees from being fired for political reasons Federal employees permitted to unionize, but not strike

Administrative law and rule making:

¡Sometimes, bureaucracies have the ability to make their own laws ¡They must publish proposed rules and allow the general public the opportunity to comment on them