Pols-y 103 Test 2
revolving door
The movement of individuals from government positions to jobs with interest groups or lobbying firms, and vice versa.
party organization
a specific political party's leaders and workers at the national, state, and local levels
A __________ is a set of promises explaining what the party's candidates will do if elected.
party platform
The Second Party System ultimately split over the issue of
slavery.
After working for the government for years, Geordi goes to work for an engineering firm that lobbies for more government funding. This is an example of which concept?
the revolving door
Which of the following is an example of a selective incentive?
American Automobile Association (AAA) members getting discounts at hotels
The __________ parties defined the Second Party System on the issue of the tariffs (farmers versus merchants) and slavery.
Democratic and Whig
Which of the following types of group is the most limited in how much they can spend?
PACs
Party in government
The group of officeholders who belong to a specific political party and were elected as candidates of that party.
Sometimes interest groups file ______ briefs in court.
amicus curiae
Laws mandating that students of different races had to attend different schools is an example of what kind of segregation?
de jure
Astroturf lobbying is the name given to the artificial form of what type of lobbying?
grassroots
Material benefits include all of the following EXCEPT
helping a good cause.
Since 2000, spending on lobbying has
increased.
Party System
periods in which the names of the major political parties, their supporters, and the issues dividing them have remained relatively stable
Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924?
Native Americans
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws that mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the south 1876-1964
What is a party platform?
a set of objectives outlining the party's issue positions and priorities, which candidates are not required to support
When voters from any political party can participate in a primary, this is known as
an open primary.
Which of the following is NOT a resource that an interest group might possess?
free riders
Cases involving gender discrimination fall under which legal test?
intermediate scrutiny
Mass associations have ______ as members.
large numbers of individuals
When are business groups most successful at getting their way?
when they are not opposed
When are business groups least successful?
when they oppose the government
Which group faces the greatest disparity between overall size of population and total number of unarmed people killed by police?
white
When comparing wealth levels of white Americans and black and Hispanic Americans,
white households on average have far more wealth than minority households.
In a plurality voting system
whoever gets the most votes wins.
What unique factor benefited Donald Trump's campaign during the primary season?
winner-take-all rules
Which decade saw the biggest ideological gap between House Republicans and Democrats?
2000-2010
When a business group faces a citizen group, how often does the citizen group win?
40 percent of the time
Which of the following groups identify overwhelmingly as Democrats?
African Americans
selective incentives
Benefits that can motivate participation in a group effort because they are available only to those who participate, such as member services offered by interest groups.
In the 2016 Republican primary election cycle, which candidate won in Texas?
Cruz
Which of the following is the best description of party organizations in America?
Party organizations are decentralized and not hierarchical.
Which statement is true regarding the two major political parties today?
The Republican Party is more conservative now than it ever has been.
What is the best explanation for why the number of lobbyists and interest groups has increased over time?
The number of things the federal government is involved in has increased.
Dulverger's Law
The principal that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office, as in US
In Congress, the Democrats are organized by a ______, while the Republicans are organized by a _______.
caucus; conference
Which type of group is MOST likely to be harmed by the free rider problem?
citizens' groups
Are political action committees (PACs) subject to contribution limits? What about 527 organizations?
just PACs
party in the electorate
the group of citizens who identify with a specific political party
Which behaviors are MOST common for interest groups?
using both inside and outside strategies
A __________ is a tax-exempt group that is not subject to contribution limits and spending caps and that is formed primarily to influence elections through voter mobilization efforts and issue ads that do not directly endorse or oppose a candidate.
527 organization
Realignment
A change in the size or composition of the party coalitions or in the nature of the party coalitions or in the nature of the issue that divide the parties
Coercion
A method of eliminating nonparticipation or free riding by potential group members by requiring participation, as in many labor unions.
collective action problem
A situation in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work.
527 organizations
A tax-exempt group formed primarily to influence elections through voter mobilization efforts and issue ads that do not directly endorse or oppose a candidate. Unlike political action committees, they are not subject to contribution limits and spending caps.
Grandfather Clause
A type of law enacted in several southern states to allow those who were permitted to vote before the Civil War, and their descendants, to bypass literacy tests and other obstacles to voting, thereby exempting whites from these tests while continuing to disenfranchise African Americans and other people of color.
National committee
An American political party's principal organization, comprising party representatives from each state.
Political Action Committee (PAC)
An interest group or a division of an interest group that can raise money to contribute to campaigns or to spend on as in support of candidates
In _________________, the Supreme Court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the Constitution, but overruled this decision nearly 20 years later.
Bowers v. Hardwick
Which case ended segregation in public schools?
Brown v. Board of Education
Given the data in the chart, which conclusion is appropriate regarding business group influence?
Business groups are successful when unopposed but are far less successful otherwise.
Which of the following people was an important leader in the fight for Latino rights in America?
Cesar Chavez
What act prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from China?
Chinese Exclusion Act
_______ keep most of the power in the hands of local organizations.
Confederations
Andrew Jackson was the founder of which political party?
Democratic
__________ is defined as one party controlling Congress but not the presidency or different parties controlling the House and Senate.
Divided government
__________ states that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office.
Duverger's Law
The __________ parties defined the First Party System on the issue of the proper role and size of the national government.
Federalist and Democratic-Republican
Which of the following amendments provides the MOST substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?
Fourteenth Amendment
Civil Liberties
Freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights, such as Freedom of Speech, and religious expression
What is the difference between a referendum and an initiative?
Initiatives are put on the ballot by citizens, while referenda begin in the state legislature.
__________ strategies involve contact with elected officials or bureaucrats.
Inside
Confederations
Interest groups made up of several independent, local organizations that provide much of their funding and hold most of the power.
Centralized groups
Interest groups that have a headquarters, usually in washington D.C. as well as members and offices throughout the country
Why was the court case Plessy v. Ferguson important?
It established the idea of separate but equal.
Which group has the closest relationship between overall size of population and total number of unarmed people killed by police?
Latino
Why is the collective action problem an issue for interest groups?
Many of their potential members decide to free ride on the group's efforts.
This person was a supporter of nonviolent protest as outlined in their "Letter From a Birmingham Jail."
Martin Luther King Jr.
While court rulings on affirmative action have left substantial grey areas, which of the following best summarizes the current legality of affirmative action in college and university admissions decisions?
Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions.
De Jure
Relating to actions or circumstances that occur "by law," such as the legally enforced segregation of schools in the American South before the 1960s.
de facto
Relating to actions or circumstances that occur outside the law or "by fact," such as the segregation of schools that resulted from housing patterns and other factors rather than from laws.
Free riding
Relying on others to contribute to a collective effort while failing to participate on one's own behalf, yet still benefiting from the group's successes
Civil Rights
Rights that guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination. These rights are generally grounded in the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and more specifically laid out in laws passed by Congress, such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
One of the key early sparks of the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement happened when ________ refused to give up a seat on a bus to a white person.
Rosa Parks
purpose benefits
Satisfaction derived from the experience of working toward a desired policy goal, even if the goal is not achieved.
solidary benefits
Satisfaction derived from the experience of working with like-minded people, even if the group's efforts do not achieve the desired impact.
Since the 1980s, how have the parties changed ideologically?
The Republicans have gotten far more conservative.
Party principal
The idea that a political party exists as an organization distinct from its elected officials or party leaders.
separate but equal doctrine
The idea that racial segregation was acceptable as long as the separate facilities were of equal quality; supported by Plessy v. Ferguson and struck down by Brown v. Board of Education.
Protectionism
The idea under which some people have tried to rationalize discriminatory policies by claiming that some groups, like women or African Americans, should be denied certain rights for their own safety or well-being.
Caucus
The organization of Democrats within the House and Senate that meets to discuss and debate the party's positions on various issues in order to reach a consensus and to assign leadership positions
Conference
The organization of Republicans within the House and Senate that meets to discuss and debate the party's positions on various issues in order to reach a consensus and to assign leadership positions.
Which statement best characterizes the nature of political action committees and 527s?
They are not part of the political party organization.
Which of the following BEST summarizes the political views of "independents"?
They are usually closet partisans and favor one party over another.
How has the Supreme Court ruled on attempts to establish English as the official language in several states?
They have upheld such attempts.
Which strategies did the AIPAC use MOST often in their opposition to the Iran Nuclear Deal?
They used more inside strategies than outside strategies.
In the 2016 Republican primary election cycle, which candidate won in South Carolina?
Trump
What does party identification refer to?
a citizen's loyalty to a specific political party
Which of the following is an example of outside lobbying?
a lobby encouraging its members to write to their members of Congress
During the 1940s, the Democratic party was
about at its most conservative point.
The Court is concerned with classification based on _____ if it is using the rational basis test.
age
A lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals is called
astroturf lobbying.
Among unarmed people killed by police, which racial group is MOST likely to be killed?
black
Which racial group's citizens are MOST likely to be killed by police?
black
Groups with headquarters, often in Washington, D.C., and with members and field offices throughout the country are known as
centralized groups.
The Sierra Club, which lobbies on many environmental and animal rights issues, and the Family Research Council, which lobbies on a variety of conservative issues, are examples of what type of interest group?
citizen group
Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a part of the bureaucracy that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination of employers. The first example deals primarily with ______, while the second is more about ______.
civil liberties; civil rights
Under the strict scrutiny standard, a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some _____ in order to be upheld.
compelling state interest
The National Independent Automobile Dealers Association is an interest group that has 50 state-level organizations that make up most of the association. This is an example of what kind of set up?
confederation
Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ____________ segregation.
de facto
The American political parties are
decentralized organizations with loose coordination across groups.
Over the last several decades, the number of ideologically moderate members in Congress has
decreased significantly.
If the Democrats control the Senate and the White House and the Republicans control the House of Representatives, what is this an example of?
divided government
Some civil liberties are rooted in the ___________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the grounding for civil rights is found in the ______________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
due process, equal protection
Which of the following is an example of an outside strategy?
electioneering
Select the correct party coalition for the modern Democratic party:
ethnic and racial minorities, the religiously unaffiliated, and the Millennial generation
When do nominating conventions happen?
every four years when a party must pick its presidential candidate
The integration of the armed forces in 1948 and the establishment of affirmative action in government hiring in 1961 and 1965 are examples of civil rights reform being pushed by which branch?
executive
In determining whether a discriminatory law passes the intermediate scrutiny test, the Court asks
if the policy is substantially related to an "important government objective."
What does grassroots lobbying involve?
interest group members contacting their elected officials
Those who believe that America is a government in which most policy decisions are determined by interest groups believe that American has a(n)
interest group state.
An organization of people who share common political interests and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying is known as a(n)
interest group.
Peak Associations
interest groups whose members are businesses or other organizations rather than individuals
Whom do direct lobbyists generally target in their efforts?
legislators who are in favor of the group's goals
The Stonewall Rebellion was a major moment in the history of civil rights of which group?
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people
On which types of issues would we expect interest groups to be most successful?
low-salience, low-conflict
When it comes to the criminal justice system, blacks are
more likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted.
What do we call the principal or main body in each party organization in America?
national committee
As outlined in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from the Birmingham Jail," what was one of the key parts of civil rights protests in the South in the early 1960s?
nonviolence
Juan considers himself a Republican, while Mariah considers herself a Democrat. These are examples of their
party ID
The national committee is the most important part of which "facet" of parties?
party organization
From 1897 until 1932 one of the major parties, the Republicans, won most presidential elections, while the other major party, the Democrats, won when the Republicans were divided. The major issues of the time were industrialization and immigration. The Republicans had the support of business, while the Democrats relied on urban immigrants and southern whites. This description is an example of a
party system.
What did the "separate but equal" doctrine do?
permitted a system of segregated social facilities
The theory of __________ argues that interest groups are fundamental as America's political actors.
pluralism
If a voting system has a rule that whichever candidate receives the most votes wins, even if he or she does not get over 50 percent of the votes, we describe that system as what kind of voting?
plurality
Which of the following is an organization that runs candidates for office and coordinates the actions of affiliated elected officials?
political party
The American Bar Association represents the interest of lawyers while the American Medical Association represents the interests of doctors. These are examples of what kind of group?
professional associations
The idea by which some people have justified discrimination on the grounds that some people should be denied equal rights for their own good is known as what?
protectionism
Order these three judicial "tests" from most likely to permit to discrimination to least likely to permit discrimination:
rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny
Imagine there are two parties, the Klingons and the Ferengis. Usually the two parties are pretty competitive, but over the course of a decade the Klingons start winning more and more elections until they are clearly the dominant party. This is an example of what phenomenon?
realignment
When the United States goes from one party system to another, this is known as a
realignment.
The ability of parties to ensure that those who run for office do so effectively and that those who win responsibly uphold their elective positions most clearly demonstrates which benefit of political parties?
recruiting good candidates
A T-shirt that a group gives you for becoming a member is an example of what kind of benefit or incentive?
selective
NAACP litigation leading up to Brown v. Board of Education challenged and weakened the __________ doctrine.
separate but equal
Duverger's Law states that in a democracy with __________, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office.
single-member districts and plurality voting
You decide to join a club on campus because you enjoy socializing with other people who share your views. This is an example of what kind of benefit?
solidary
The __________ is one in which individuals who work for the winning party are rewarded with benefits such as jobs in government.
spoils system
The toughest test for allowable discrimination, which is used in situations involving potential discrimination against racial minorities, is the _____ test:
strict scrutiny
When the Court is determining if discrimination is appropriate or not, the standard of protection that has the highest threshold is the __________ test. Group of answer choices
strict scrutiny
In a spoils system,
supporters of the winning party are rewarded.
As a condition of admitting California to the United States as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded Congress pass what law?
the Fugitive Slave Act
__________ is made up of politicians who were elected as candidates of a party, while __________ involves the structure of national, state, and local parties, including party leaders and workers.
the party in government; the party organization
According to Duverger's Law, if we want to know how many major political parties a country will have, what should we look at?
the rules for determining how many votes are needed to win an election, along with other electoral rules
Rational Basis test
the use of evidence to suggest that differences in the behavior of two groups can rationalize unequal treatment of these groups
Why was the Brown v. Board of Education case filed?
to challenge the separate but equal doctrine
The National Beer Wholesalers Association is an interest group made up of individual businesses. This is an example of a
trade association.
After the Iran Nuclear Deal, the AIPAC was
unable to get Congress to stop the deal.
In practice, how many laws has the Court determined meet the strict scrutiny standards of discrimination?
very few of them
When was the era of "Jim Crow" laws?
1877 to 1964
