Population and Society Exam 1

what are the negative economic effects of rapid population growth?

-less jobs -large aging population -lack of resources -higher burden of dependency -poverty and unemployment

what are the positive economic effects of rapid population growth?

-more innovation -more tax payers -younger, more adaptable labor force -stimulates demand

What are the negative environmental effects of Rapid Population Growth?

-more pollution (by products of modern technology) - land use ( deforestation, migration to costs, waste disposal) - Food Production - Water Shortages

What are some of the problems of African agriculture?

-rapid population growth does make it more difficult to bring nutrition. - Government policies are not favorable to farmers ( heavy taxes, little access to credit) - Wars and social unrest have made the region particularly vulnerable.

What challenges have countries such as Nigeria faced in going through the demographic transition?

-their religion resists birth control even though the government has been advocating it. - a lot of men practice having more than one wife. - In Africa, large families signify importance

What mistakes did Malthus make?

- he underestimated the Europe marriage system that showed that they were capable of using preventative checks (believe Mathus believe they were unable to do so) - He underestimated the power of technology that allowed the mortality rates to drop and be able to provide enough food.

what are the positive environmental effects of rapid population growth?

- improved fertility of land (urbanization) - less threatening to animals - adaptive army techniques

What key differences between the nature of the demographic transition in LDRs as opposed to MDRs?

-MDRs went through demographic transition first at a slower pace. (Rapid growth until WWI and increased again in WWII) -LDRs entered demographic transition later and at a much faster pace. (fast transition due to inability to import medicine and effective contraceptives)

When did the world's rate of population growth peak?

1750 due to the benefits of the Industrial Revolution.

Which portion of the world's population that has ever lived is estimated to be alive today?

5.8-11.2% (but most of those who died, died in childhood)

Where do most people live today?

Asia

What environmental variable has the closest direct relationship with population growth?

Ecologists argue a direct link between population growth and pollution/climate change. ( BUT economic development also plays an important role)

How have food patterns changed over time and how do they vary across major regions of the world?

For the world in total has increased since the 1960s but there is an uneven distribution across regions of intakes. 1/4 to 1/3 of all food produce for human consumption is lost or wasted.

How is population growth related to food production?

Historically, food production has kept up wit rapid production growth. But, current trends and changes in climate are cause for concern in the future.

How does population growth and economic development related to polluation and climate change?

I=PAT: Environmental Impact = Population, Affluence (how wealthy a particular society is), Technology.

Which region is likely to grow most rapidly over the next few decades?

Lower Developed Regions (LDR) will rapidly increase over time.

How was Malthus's perspective different from previous perspectives?

Pro-natalist believe that the more births are better for the population. Malthus believes that hence, poverty, and mass starvation are natural consequences of population growth.

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of people of dependent age to people of economically active ages

Cohort

a group of people experiencing the same event at the same time

What is a Census?

a snapshot of size/shape of a population at a given moment.

Period Effects

an event that occurred in a particular year and effected the entire population.

What demographic factors contributed to the slow population growth pattern before 1750.

because mortality was extremely high. (50% of hunters and gatherers died before the age of 5; Women were expected to have 7-8 children due to low survival rate)

What is considered to be the root causes of demographic transition?

because of modernization and the urban, industrial society. (traditional family forms are eroded and individualism is encouraged)

De Facto

counting everyone found in the census, regardless of where they normally reside.

De Jure

counting everyone who is a legal resident in the US on April 1st

What is agricultural extensification?

how much land there is available to farm (land available to till and irrigate for food production)

What groups are more likely to be undercounted?

immigrants, children, college students, homeless, institutionalized.

What are positive checks?

increasing mortality through war, diseases, birth, deaths, etc. (that can control the population).

What is the Census undercount?

is the number of persons estimated by the Census Bureau to have been missed (not counted)

What are major changes that were introduced to the Census after 2000?

long forms were eliminated (ACS) so everyone receives short forms only.

What is agricultural intensification?

methods to increase output from land (new seeds and fertilizers)

What is the demographic transition?

movement from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality.

Ratio

number in group 1/ number in group 2 * 100

Population Momentum

potential for future increase in population size even if fertility levels were to drop to replacement-level, due to history of high fertility.

Demographic Dividend

relatively large population of working age individuals potentially able to contribute to economic growth. Temporary effect of fertility declines, because there are relatively few very young, dependents. ( East Asian "Tiger" Countries).

What was Malthus' perspective on population growth?

talked about the negative views of growing the population, and made 2 assumptions. 1. Food is necessary for the existence of man and the population is growing way more than the food resources. 2. Nothing can successfully reduce the "passion between the sexes

Which is the historical pattern of world population growth?

the historical pattern of the world population growth was very slow throughout most human history until 1750.

Rate

the number of events / the population at risk experiencing that event

Age-Sex Structure

the number or percentage of people in a population that fall into different age/sex categories.

Who were Julian Simon and Ester Boserup and describe their perspectives on population growth.

they are contemporary optimists or boomsters that see population growth as a beneficial to society. They believe you need to be that one person to be that genius to be able to innovate and solve the world's problems, and having a greater population.

Why does the U.S conduct a Census?

used for re-apportioning House of Representative seats.

What are preventative checks?

what we need to do is promote later marriage, and encourage to not marry at all.