Portuondo Test Ch.20/21 Packet

In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?

As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation

Excerpt: According to Gaskell, by what criteria was the period 1760-1800 the "golden times of manufactures"?

As measured by the morality of workers

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism amongs its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire

The army's violent supression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Field in Manchester in reaction the the revision of the Corn Laws

Battle of Peterloo

who were the luddites

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.

Carlsbad Decrees

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824

Combination Acts

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance and restoration France to fashon a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814

Congress of Vienna

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people

Corn Laws

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

Crystal Palace

Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?

Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugene Delacroix's work typically feature?

Dramatic, colorful scenes

In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?

Electoral reform

Excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley, an eighteen-year-old mine worker (evaluating the Evidence 20.2) Which of the following is implied by Eggley's testimony?

Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by

In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

Extensive cultivation of the humble potato provided sufficient nutrition for population growth

english laws passed from 1802-1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

Factory Acts

why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation

According to Map 21.1: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which nationalities dominated the Habsburg monarchy?

Germans and Hungarians

According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which peoples were located within the Kingdom of Hungary?

Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs (has ruthians and 7 people)

Germaine de Stael urged the French to throw away worn-out classical models and extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of the writer and thinkers of

Germany

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

Great Britain, France and Russia

According to Map 21.2: Europe in 1815, which countries were considered the Great Powers of Europe in the first half of the century?

Great Britain, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, France, and the Austrian Empire

The result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.

Great Famine

A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire but put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by austrian rulers

Greater Germany

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?

He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory

An alliance formed by the conservative formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Russia, and Prussia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

Holy Alliance

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansian that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century

Industrial Revolution

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level

Iron law of wages

How did the French provisional government respond to worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?

It provided free bread and cheese rations in all of the major cities

What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in post-Napoleonic period?

It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.

who invented the spinning jenny

James Hargreaves

a doctrine of economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Laissez faire

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

Luddites

An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Marxism

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

Mines Act of 1842

The idea that each people had its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

Nationalism

In December 1825, some 3,000 army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?

Nicholas I

According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, why was the Austrian Empire able to maintain order in most of Europe between 1815 and 1848?

Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?

Paris, Lyons, Lille

In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of

Poland

What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?

Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle classes

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.

Reform Bill of 1832

The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool a Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour

Rocket

The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon included

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?

Students and urban workers

Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coal mining?

Textiles, iron, and machinery

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?

The Ruhr

In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by

The Russian Empire

On Map 20.1: the industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?

The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool

What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?

The key to progress was proper social organization

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men

In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of the "June Days" in France in 1848?

The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people

What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?

Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French Utopian socialists?

Their utopian schemes were not realistic

What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?

They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?

Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms

The romantic movement was characterized by

a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination

what major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of james hargreaves and richard arkwright

a weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed

Composers in the romantic movement

abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke power for emotions

what was the key demand of the chartist movement

all men must be given the right to vote

who was the william cockerill

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in belgium

how did class-consciousness form during the industrial revolution

as modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to

avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France

the factory act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment

how did industry grow in continental Europe

belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production

The middle class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working class proletariat.

bourgeoisie

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established

by violent revolution

what did james watt gain from his partnership with matthew boulton

capital and skills in salesmanship

Excerpt 21.1: This passage amounts to a sweeping attempt at

censorship

Excerpt 21.3: The Grimms linked Snow White and Sleeping Beauty to

characters from German myths

awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes

class-conciousness

which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain

combination acts of 1799

how did cotton transform the textile industry

cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production

the reformer robert owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819

defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values

what was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature

establishment of limited liability investment

how did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century

family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

in 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work

farming and agriculture

in the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture

The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of

forbidding the important of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high DIFF: Levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832

gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation

excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons about child labor laws (Evaluating the Evidence 20.1)... What claim did Peel make in his testimony?

he asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution

owing to the industrial revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820

why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages

in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

the great exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain

how did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed

it became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

what was an effect of the factory act of 1833

it limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories

what was the function of the crystal palace

it was the location of the great exhibition in 1851 in London

what was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the industrial revolution

james watt's development of the steam engine between 1760s and 1780s

The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before laws as well as indiviual freedoms of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbituary arrest.

liberalism

how did railroads affect the nature of production

markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

what was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780-1851

much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because

of a love of Greek classical culture

thomas malthus argued in his essay on the principle of population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence

Excerpt 21.1: This passage suggests that the authors of the decrees saw universities as

potential centers of political subversion

According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

profit stolen from workers

The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.

proletariat

Excerpt: This list of rights suggests that its authors believed in

radical equality

A movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840's that was in part a revolt against classicism and the enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

romanticism

a gender division of labor with the wife as home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

separate spheres

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.

socialism

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.

spinning jenny

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the

spontaneous overflow of power feeling recollected in tranquility

a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769

steam engines

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

tariff protection

in the condition of the working class in England, friedrich engels stated that wholesome robbery

the British middle class were guilty of mass murder and

Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by

the Napoleonic Wars

Charles Fourier, a Utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged

the abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom

Excerpt 21.3: The Grimms saw folktales as windows into

the distant German past

What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?

the economic relationship between classes

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

the economy as little as possible

Excerpt: which of the following claims did Gaskell make?

the preindustrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life

david ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages subsistence DIFF:Level

what did henry cort develop

the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"

the sexual division of labor replicated a long standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality

how did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century

the spread of coke smelting and the development of steam powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

as the business world grew inincreasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth century Europe

there were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories

how did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths

they supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment

in his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did andrew ure conclude about conditions in most factories

they were not harsh and even quite good

In her advice to women in the middle class, Sarah Stickney Ellis stated: (Evaluating the Evidence 20.3) What did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?

think about how best to help those who need assistance

in nineteenth-century Germany, fritz harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense

what did the mines act of 1842 prohibit

underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

universal male suffrage

the tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill- a factory

water frame

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies

were guided by the principle of the balance of power.

in the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born

why did eighteenth century Britain have a shortage of wood

wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry

Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose

youthful radicalism gave way to middle aged caution