POS 210 Exam 3 Study Guide
Trace the connections between fascism and liberalism and socialism
-Fascism does not like an division in the nation state -Liberlaims divides the nation state -Socialism divided the nation state among classes
the land ethic
Professor Aldo Leopold wrote this in the Sand County Almanac, idea that everything that is good for the biotic community is good -A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise
Mein Kampf
autobiographical book by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became anti-semitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany
What is biocapacity?
capacity of a given biologically productive area to generate an on-going supply of renewable resources and to absorb its spillover wastes
Henry Ford
somebody who was openly anti-semitic, Hitler gave him the highest award in Germany at the time, brought fascist elements into America
John Corvino
trying to confront the view that being gay is harmful to society (arguing against)
Jahiliyya
- Age of Ignorance -period in which Arabia had no dispensation, no inspired prophet, and no revealed book
Sheldon Wolin
- American political theorist -US = "inverted totalitarianism" -Submissive citizens -Powerful elite
Inverted Totalitarianism
- a system where corporations have corrupted and subverted democracy and where economics trumps politics -that even when all of the main elements of a 'free society' are in place - free elections, free media, functioning Congress, and the Bill of Rights - they can be ignored by an aggrandizing executive
David Foreman
- dark green -American environmentalist, co-founder of Earth First! -Wrote Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkey Wrenching -Formed the Rewilding Institute
Mussolini
- fascist leader of Italy during WWII - II Duce -Embrace elitism: "Mussolini is always right." and deny human equality
Wendell Barry
- light green -American poet, author, farmer, environmental activist -Advocate for sustainable agriculture, agrarian values, and the simple life -Christian environmentalism
Jihad
-(struggle) = expel or exterminate "infidels" or "apostates" (enemies of Islam) -Attack corrupt Muslims who betray the faith from within (apostates) -Attack infidels who threaten the faith from the outside and try to corrupt Muslims -Educate young people, to prevent their corruption
garden / light greens
-Are moderate -Believe humans are a part of the ecological equation -Favor interest-group politics -Approve of education or buying private land to turn into nature preserves -Examples: social ecologists, Nature Conservancy (buy land), Sierra Club (lobby)
Describe the characteristics common to all liberation ideologies (4)
-Belief that members of specific group are oppressed by dominant group -Desire to "raise consciousness" of oppressed group -Desire to free oppressors from false sense of superiority -Goal to free oppressed group from internal and external restrictions
Describe the main features of an emerging green ideology / ethic
-Critical of using technology To master nature for human ends To fuel economic growth -Critical of the arrogance of modern technological society -Critical of other ideologies
Describe key differences within the green movement
-Dark green and light green - Tactics (Confrontational? Do they use political outlets?) -Is religion a part of the green movement? Should it only be based on science?
Describe the four functions of fascism as an ideology
-Explanation: Heroes and villains/scapegoats -Evaluation: Anything that harms unity is bad -Orientation: Nation is the source for meaning -Program: "believe, obey, fight"
Number of people murdered by Hitler
6 million
Theocracy
a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god
Il Duce
another name for Mussolini
What are the 5 main features of Enlightenment thought?
-Humanism: all humans belong to "kingdom of ends" (Immanuel Kant) -Rationalism: reason can solve all problems -Secularism: religion is private matter and should not govern public life -Progressivism: society will progress and develop, when humans follow reason -Universalism: humans share human nature and are equal within the "kingdom of ends"
What are the main features of Counter-Enlightenment?
-Irrational Subconscious - S. Freud Will to believe - W. James Herd Instinct - G. LeBon Emotion over reason - G Mosca -Elitism: Top 20% - V. Pareto -Racial theory: Races different - de Gobineau
Sayyid Qutb
-Martyr for radical Islamism -Egyptian author, former official in Egyptian Ministry of Education -Exiled to US in 1940s by King Fruq (1936-52) MA in Education from Colorado State College 1949 -Joined Muslim Brotherhood -Initially joined w/ Col. Abdul Nasser (overthrew Faruq), then critical of modernization Executed in 1966
wilderness / dark greens
-More radical -Believe earth can get along fine without humans -Argues preservation is as important as human welfare (strongly biocentric) -Favor confrontation with despoilers and "ecotage" / "monkey-wrenching" -Examples: deep ecologists, Earth First!, Earth Liberation Front, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Describe the ecological view of freedom
-Obstacles: Humanism, short-term economic view -Goal: Survival and flourishing of species
Describe the green critique of the other ideologies examined in preceding lessons
-Other ideologies are human-centric (anthropocentrism) -Every other ideology is based on how humans can use the Earth (human arrogance)
What are the three characteristics of Radical Islamism, according to Bassam Tibi (Workbook)?
-Political religion and the problematic of political order -The practice of violence as a holy terror and irregular war of nonstate actors -Islamism and the conceptual framework of religious fundamentalism
What were Hitler's 3 fascist strategies?
-Use pageantry (Appeal to emotion and myth) -Have a propaganda machine (Repeat the message / Control masses) -Follow Gaetano Mosca's the "political formulae" (Use flags, political slogans, national anthems)
Hitler
-fascist chancellor of Germany during WWII -provided Germany with Lebensraum -Wrote Mein Kampf
Aldo Leopold
American author and conservationist -Wrote he Sand County Almanac and the Land Ethic
Garrett Hardin
American ecologist and philosopherwho warned of the dangers of overpopulation. His exposition of the tragedy of the commons, in a famous 1968 paper in Science, called attention to "the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment". He is also known for Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology: "We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable."
Describe the differences between black liberation integrationists and black nationalists
Black Liberation Integrationists -Seek full integration into society for black people -Seek to overturn discriminatory laws -Ensure black people an equal place in society Black Nationalists -Achieve independence by building racial pride and economic self-sufficiency -Black people must free themselves from racist thinking that infects both them and whites
Consciousness raising
Confront and criticize sources of inadequacy and inferiority
Explain Corvino's counter-arguments to the harm and "unnatural" claims about homosexuality
Corvino starts by pointing out the ambiguity of the term "natural", arguing that we detest many "natural" things (e.g., disease) and like many things that are not "natural" (e.g., clothing). The key issue here is how to determine what is "natural" in a way that makes clear why "unnaturalness" implies "wrong"
Trace the connection between the Counter-Enlightenment and fascism
Fascism was founded on ideas from the Counter-Enlightenment but people in the Counter-Enlightenment movement were not necessarily fascist
Robert Michel
German sociologist who wrote the book Political Parties and came up with the Iron Law of Oligarchy
Shar'ia
Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists
Describe the differences between liberal feminism and radical feminism
Liberal Feminism -Fight against Legal and institutional discrimination (laws) - Focus on external barriers of oppression Radical Feminism -Fight against Sexism, Sexist beliefs and attitudes; male power system
What is the main difference between German and Italian Fascism?
Main difference is the element of racism (Germans had an explicit internalization of racism) Italians had corporatism: private businesses for public use
Identify key differences between moderate or mainstream Islam (religion) and radical or fundamentalist Islamism (ideology)
Mainstream Islam -Religion, 7th century -Islam means "submission" Submit to Allah (God) Care for the poor Lead upright life -Qur'an (Koran) -Shar'ia, Islamic law -Spread rapidly: Middle East, North Africa, Spain -Many ways to be Muslim Radical Islam -Ideology, 20th century -Sees Islam as under threat Modernization Secularization -Fundamentalist reading of the Qur'an -Jihad (struggle) = expel or exterminate "infidels" or "apostates" (enemies of Islam)
sexism/ patriarchalism
Men are intellectually and morally superior, and can (and MUST) control the lives and bodies of women
Describe the main tenets of fascism as found in the Italian and German variants
Nationalism + Militarism + Totalitarianism = Fascism
bell hooks
Pen name for author Gloria Watkins -Pushed feminists to be concerned for ALL women -Intersectionality = gender's relation to race, class, and sex
Stonewall Inn
Police raided gay bar in Stonewall Inn, gay bar in NYC -Patrons fight back; rioting continues for days
Describe the fascist view of freedom
Power and glory for the State (did not want individualism, independent groups, and class divisions)
tragedy of the commons
Wrote by Garrett Hardin a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action
deep ecology
an environmental movement and philosophy that regards human life as just one of many equal components of a global ecosystem
postmodern imperialism
an idea based on providing developing nations with order and organization, voluntarism and stability -"Forced Federalism" (110) -1988 Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act -Law used for the "domestication" of indigenous peoples -Through law US government asserts its jurisdiction over Indigenous governments
Indigenism
an identity constructed, shaped, and lived in the politicized context of contemporary colonialism...[it is] an oppositional, place-based existence along with the consciousness of being in struggle against the dispossessing and demeaning fact of colonialization by a foreign peoples
Osama Bin Laden
founder of al-Qaeda, the organization responsible for the September 11 attacks in the United States and many other mass-casualty attacks worldwide
differentiated responsibilities
is a principle within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that acknowledges the different capabilities and differing responsibilities of individual countries in addressing climate change
free rider
occurs when those who benefit from resources, goods, or services do not pay for them, which results in an underprovision of those goods or services
black separatism
political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States. Black separatism is a subcategory of black nationalism, stemming from the idea of racial solidarity, and implies that blacks should organize themselves on the basis of their common experience of oppression as a result of their blackness, culture, and African heritage
the iron law of oligarchy
political theory, first developed by the German sociologist Robert Michels in his book Political Parties. ... Michels' theory states that all complex organizations, regardless of how democratic they are when started, eventually develop into oligarchies
Corporativism
private businesses for public use
social ecology
recognition of the often-overlooked fact that nearly all our present ecological problems arise from deep-seated social problems
monkey wrenching
sabotage (something), especially as a form of protest
ecotage
sabotage carried out for ecological reasons
Qur'an
the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic
Political formula (Mosca)
the observation that all but the most primitive societies are ruled in fact, if not in theory, by a numerical minority. He named this minority the political class. That means that every society could be split between two social classes: the one who rules and the one which is ruled. This is always true, for Mosca, because without a political class there is no rule
Lebensraum
the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany
Malthus's law
theory states that population would grow at a geometric rate while the food supply grows at an arithmetic rate. The theory has been seen as flawed because of the limited factors observed when he developed the Law
