POS1041 Module 12

Turnout in midterm elections, generally is 27 percentage points higher for those with the lowest incomes compared with those with the highest incomes. for Republicans compared with Democrats. for the most educated as compared with the least educated. among social conservatives compared with those who do not attend church regularly.

for the most educated as compared with the least educated.

Party labels offer a serviceable shorthand cue that keeps voting decisions cheap and simple for the voters. are basically misleading and tend to confuse voters. are usually downplayed during elections so voters do not normally know the party affiliation of the candidates. tend to change dramatically and quickly

offer a serviceable shorthand cue that keeps voting decisions cheap and simple for the voters.

When was universal suffrage for White men achieved? 1780s at the end of the Revolution 1860s at the outset of the Civil War early 1800s with Jefferson's first term as President 1840s, in the wake of the triumph of Jacksonian democracy

1840s, in the wake of the triumph of Jacksonian democracy

Approximately what percentage of funds do House candidates receive from individual contributions? 20% 35% 55% 75%

55%

Turnout for the 2012 presidential election was about 60% 80% 40% 20%

60%

What are the consequences of Duverger's Law for political candidates? They must join one of the existing parties. Office seekers usually join one of the two competitive parties rather than pursuing office as independents or third-party nominees. It incentivizes candidates to pursue office as independents or third-party nominees It means they have to raise a lot more money than they would have otherwise

Office seekers usually join one of the two competitive parties rather than pursuing office as independents or third-party nominees.

The Federalists, one of the first two major parties, faded as a national force when which of the following occurred? Their pro-British leanings put them on the wrong side of the War of 1812. President Adams resigned from the party while in office. President Washington denounced them from the well of the Senate. Their opposition to judicial review reduced public support.

Their pro-British leanings put them on the wrong side of the War of 1812.

What does research say about the influence of negative ads in campaigns? They significantly diminish voter turnout because people say they dislike the ads. They inform people about both candidates and may also increase interest in elections. The overall effect of negative ads is outweighed by candidates running positive ads. Negative ads are rare because there is little evidence that voters remember the ads.

They inform people about both candidates and may also increase interest in elections.

The system of proportional representation tends to produce more legislative parties, but it has never been tried in the United States on any significant scale. True False

True

Most Americans consistently say they prefer that control of government be divided between the parties, and a majority of Americans vote "split-ticket." a large majority of voters identify themselves as Republicans or Democrats and loyally vote for their party's candidate. vote for independent or third party candidates often the portion who identify as a Democrat or Republican has declined

a large majority of voters identify themselves as Republicans or Democrats and loyally vote for their party's candidate.

Divided government is unconstitutional pursuant to Article II of the U.S. Constitution is such a rare phenomenon in American politics that it is virtually nonexistent has not happened at the federal level since the end of the Progressive Era. allows each party to block the other party's more extreme proposals and forces both to compromise when making policy.

allows each party to block the other party's more extreme proposals and forces both to compromise when making policy.

The voting rates for men and women had been roughly equal for decades but women are now more likely to vote. vary depending on the salient issues in a given election. depend on context as greater percentages of men vote in midterm elections, while greater percentages of women vote in presidential elections. are heavily conditioned by race and region so it is hard to draw clear conclusions from the data.

had been roughly equal for decades but women are now more likely to vote.

Universal suffrage for women was achieved after the Civil War with the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. through state-level action alone; the national government has never formally changed the Constitution but has simply reinterpreted it to include women. in 1920 with the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment. at the end of World War II with the adoption of the Universal Women's Suffrage Act.

in 1920 with the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment.

The leadership of political parties is dominated by successful and prominent men who view public service as a temporary duty that falls to members of their class. is dominated by full-time professionals who have the skills to build networks of party workers, manage electoral alliances, and mobilize voters on Election Day. has fallen primarily to the party activists who are willing to volunteer their time because they are deeply invested in promoting the interests of the parties. operates largely through patronage as party leaders attract resources to reward those working on behalf of the party

is dominated by full-time professionals who have the skills to build networks of party workers, manage electoral alliances, and mobilize voters on Election Day.

The first American political parties emerged in Congress because Article I of the Constitution required the House of Representatives be organized around the development of two parties. The President was a nonpartisan figure who did not want to set an agenda so political parties helped create an agenda. legislative leaders found it advantageous to cultivate a stable group of supporters by forming durable alliances. legislative leaders found that only by organizing stable coalitions of supporters could they reduce the conformity costs imposed by Supreme Court decisions.

legislative leaders found it advantageous to cultivate a stable group of supporters by forming durable alliances.

The party brand is created based on satisfying the wishes and desires of voters. is constantly refined through focus groups to find the most attractive way to catch the attention of voters. may impose conformity costs on politicians because they may need to subordinate their views and ambitions to the party's welfare and reputation. eliminates conformity costs on politicians because they almost always agree with party stances

may impose conformity costs on politicians because they may need to subordinate their views and ambitions to the party's welfare and reputation.

Political parties are required by the Constitution prohibited by the Constitution, although the Supreme Court struck down this prohibition shortly after ratification not mentioned one way or another in the Constitution created or disbanded by Constitutional amendments

not mentioned one way or another in the Constitution

Lowering the voting age to 18 in 1971 reflected Supreme Court decisions that the drinking age and the voting age needed to be the same. a deep desire among political reformers to increase electoral turnout. political needs provoked by the Vietnam War as youth argued if they were old enough to die, they were old enough to vote. regulations issued by the Department of Justice following the passage of the Voting Rights Act that any discriminatory barriers in elections needed to be removed.

political needs provoked by the Vietnam War as youth argued if they were old enough to die, they were old enough to vote.

What type of election allows the party's voters to nominate candidates? presidential run-off primary straw

primary

Duverger's law explains why plurality elections always lead to party systems with more than two major competitors. why office seekers will frequently pursue office as independents or third-party nominees. why in a system in which a single winner is chosen by plurality voting, serious competitors will be reduced to two. why the Electoral College is so frequently unable to choose the President.

why in a system in which a single winner is chosen by plurality voting, serious competitors will be reduced to two.