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#A# CORRECT --> Horticulturalists cut down the brush and small trees in a field and allow them to dry out in place. They are then burned. This clears the field of all but large trees and adds potash to the soil surface. The potash acts as a fertilizer.

"Slash and burn" refers to: a) a method of field preparation for farming b) a technique of warfare used by horticulturalists c) a method of eliminating fleas and other insects from a settlement

language

A specific set of rules for generating speech.

gender

A term referring to sexual identity as male or female.

being a brave and successful leader of men as well as by accumulating large herds of animals

How men in pastoralist societies usually acquire prestige and power.

monogamy

Marriage of one woman to one man at a time.

WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY ?

Overview of Anthropology

Mongols

Pastoralists who conquered China and Central Asia in the 13th century A.D. as well as much of Russia and the Middle East in the 14th century.

New Guinea and the Caucasus Mountains north of Turkey and Iran (also Native California in the past)

Regions of the world that have unusually high densities of different native languages today.

#A# CORRECT --> In the case of humans, societies are groups of people who directly or indirectly interact with each other. Culture is created and transmitted to others in a society--cultures are not the product of lone individuals.

Societies are ____________________ . a) groups of interacting organisms b) only found among humans c) created only by technologically sophisticated peoples such as those in the industrialized nations of the world d) none of the above

#B# CORRECT --> In the former Soviet Union and among the former colonies of European nations, there has been a reemergence of tribalism. This is a profound loyalty to one`s tribe or ethnic group and a rejection of others. It has led to brutal wars of ethnic cleansing.

The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic based nations is an example of ___________ . a) globalism b) tribalism c) none of the above

It is discouraged, especially for men

The common attitude In North America in regards to adults touching each other except in moments of intimacy or formal greeting (hand shaking or hugging).

polygyny (one man and several wives)

The common marriage pattern for successful pastoralist men in East Africa.

ethnocentrism

The deep felt belief that your culture is superior to all others.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The early 20th century idea that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, we see the real world only in the terms and categories of our language. This hypothesis was later mostly rejected by anthropologists.

ethnoscience

The field of anthropology that tries to learn about how people in different cultures categorize and interpret things in their environment. The focus is on emic categories.

plants (usually grasses)

The food source for all herd animals kept by pastoralists around the world.

culture

The full range of learned human behavior patterns.

protection from the elements, modesty, supernatural protection, and communication of status, intentions, and other messages

The general functions and purposes of clothing around the world.

bound morpheme

The general term for a morpheme that has meaning but can not stand alone. The prefix "dis" in the English word "disable" is an example.

syntax

The general term for a standardized set of rules that determine how words should be combined to make sense to speakers of a language. Grammar consists of these rules and morphology.

subsistence pattern or subsistence base

The general term for methods a society uses to obtain its food and other necessities (e.g., foraging, and pastoralism).

judgment sampling

The kind of probability sampling that works best if the focus of research concerns cultural information that only some members of the host society possess.

semi-arid open country in which farming can not be easily sustained

The kind of region in which pastoralism is the optimal subsistence pattern when the technological level is low.

language

The most important kind of human symbolic communication system. (Hint: all societies have such a communication system even though they may be illiterate.)

bison or buffalo

The most sought after game animal for the pedestrian foragers of North America.

guanaco

The most sought after game animal for the pedestrian foragers of South America.

#A# CORRECT --> A number of aquatic foraging societies are located in this area. They specialized in salmon fishing along the rivers and hunting seals and whales off the coast.

The most well known aquatic foraging societies in the Americas live on the ___________________________ . a) Northwest Coast of North America b) Gulf Coast of the Southeastern United States c) New England Coast

diffusion

The movement of cultural traits and ideas from one society or ethnic group to another.

zero

The number of languages in which speakers must memorize all possible sentences that can be created. In other words, simply learning the rules for creating sentences is not adequate to be able to speak and understand other people using these languages.

at least 240

The number of languages that have added words to modern English.

The number of phonemes that English usually uses.

zero

The number of societies still existing in total isolation from the outside world.

grammar

The part of language analysis that is concerned with how the sounds are used to make sense. It consists of morphology and syntax.

phonology

The part of language analysis that is concerned with the sounds of a language.

kinesics

The part of non-verbal communication consisting of gestures, expressions, and postures. (Hint: it is also known as body language.)

100%

The percent of all living languages that change over time.

The percent of languages in the world that are primitive in the sense of not having a system of sounds, words, and sentences that can adequately communicate the content of culture.

cooperative with each other but aggressive towards outsiders; realistic with an attitude of self-containment, personal control, and bravery

The personality traits for pastoralist men throughout the world that are encouraged and respected by their societies.

diglossia

The phenomenon in which different dialects of a language or different languages are spoken by a person in different social situations. People who do this may quickly switch back and forth between dialects or languages, depending on the person they are talking to at the time.

horse

The preferred kind of animal for herding among most pastoralists in Central Asia.

by changing the word order

The primary way in which the meaning of a sentence is changed in English.

plantation agriculture

The term for farming based on large labor-intensive farms that mostly produces fruit, sugar, fiber, or vegetable oil products for the international market. The laborers usually work for very low wages that keep them in poverty. Many of these large farms in Indonesia, the Philippines, Central America, the Caribbean, and West Africa are owned by multinational corporations such as Dole and the National Fruit Company. The net effect of this form of agriculture generally has been the flow of wealth from poor nations in the Southern Hemisphere to rich ones in the Northern Hemisphere.

abandon the plot and start a new one in an area that has not been farmed for many years if at all

What horticulturalists do when the nutrients have become depleted in their farm plot and the weeds and insects pests are too much competition for their crops.

force them to stop their migrations in order to control them and reduce the size of their herds in order to prevent over-grazing

What most national governments tried to do with the pastoralists in their territories during the 20th century.

#B# CORRECT --> This disastrous situation has already occurred in some parts of Brazil and Indonesia. Horticulture in these nations is only economically practical as long as the population density remains low and land for new fields is readily available.

What usually has happened to tropical horticulturalists when population pressure and/or governments prevented them from following their traditional shifting pattern of farming? a) The horticulturalists usually became wild plant and animal foragers again. b) The productivity of their crops dropped dramatically due to extreme soil nutrient depletion and the people became impoverished. c) The horticulturalists become cattle or sheep ranchers.

#B# CORRECT --> This approach may be used if there are distinct, identifiable groups of people in the society and the information being sought is not specialized knowledge such as the esoteric activities of a secret organization with restricted membership.

What would a sample be called if the people in it were selected by an ethnographer because they are presumably representative of distinct sub-groups within the society being studied? a) random sample b) stratified sample c) judgment sample

#B# CORRECT --> As the importance of a pidgin language grows, it may replace older now less useful languages. When it does, it becomes a creole. Over time, creoles develop larger vocabularies and become more complex than the pidgins from which they were derived.

When a pidgin language becomes the mother tongue of a population, linguists refer to it as a(n): a) Gullah b) creole c) Ebonics

#A# CORRECT --> Anthropologists try to understand the various aspects of the culture they are studying in reference to that culture rather than to their own. Without suspending their own ethnocentrism, it would be difficult to comprehend the other culture.

When anthropologists study other societies, they need to suspend their own culture-based judgments. What is this kind of approach called? a) cultural relativity b) ethnocentric c) diffusion

about 2.5 million years ago

When the first humans evolved. (Hint: the answer is in terms of years ago.)

East Africa

Where the Masai and Kikuyu live.

#A# CORRECT --> First-hand observation of people where they live is necessary because of the complexity of their behavior. The same is true of studying monkeys as well as digging up remains of our ancestors. It isn`t possible to learn much about them in any other way.

Which of the following best describe how anthropologists primarily learn new information about humans? a) field work b) laboratory experiments c) reading travelers accounts d) none of the above

#C# CORRECT --> Culture consists of learned patterns of behavior that allow us to be one of the most successful animals in the struggle for survival. However, culture is a fragile, changing thing in that it consists of ideas, information, and skills in our minds.

Which of the following statements is true of culture? a) Languages are cultures. b) Archaeologists dig up culture in their excavations. c) Culture is a powerful human tool for survival. d) all of the above

#C# CORRECT --> The Tiv had quite different color categories than Europeans and North Americans. Likewise, their terms for frozen water categories are comparatively limited since Nigeria is a tropical nation.

The Tiv of Nigeria: a) had the same color terms as Europeans and North Americans b) had more terms for snow conditions than did Europeans and North Americans c) neither of the above

about 12

The age at which North American children begin to master the subtle cultural aspects of time, such as when one should arrive at a party or a business appointment.

one

The age at which most children have learned to use about three words consisting of single morphemes, such as "eat", "mom", and "more".

about half

The fraction of all languages in the world that are no longer spoken by children.

shifting agriculture

The horticultural practice of abandoning a farm plot and creating another when crop production drops due to the inevitable depletion of soil nutrients. This is also referred to as "swidden cultivation."

#A# CORRECT --> Since the p, s, and t sounds in these words cannot be broken down into smaller units of sound and since they are meaningless themselves but can change the meaning of words, they must be phonemes.

The initial sounds in the English words pill, sill, and till are different: a) phonemes b) morphemes c) neither of the above

#C# CORRECT --> About 1/6 of all languages are spoken in New Guinea despite the fact that far less than 1% of the world`s population lives there. There also has been high densities of languages in native California and the Caucasus Mountains north of Turkey and Iran.

The island of New Guinea is important linguistically because: a) It is unusually homogenous linguistically, with only one language and one dialect. b) Nothing yet is known about its languages. c) It has an extremely large number of different languages.

reindeer

The kind of animal that is predominantly herded by in northern Scandinavia.

cattle

The kind of animal that is predominantly herded by pastoralists in East Africa.

mostly in tropical forests

The kind of environmental zone in which horticulture is still practiced today.

patrilineal descent

The kind of kinship pattern that is most common for pastoralist societies. (Hint: this descent pattern is one in which family ties are followed through the male line only.)

band

The kind of political organization found among most foraging societies. It consists of a few families living together without formal leadership. There are no special integrative mechanisms other than those available to all types of societies--i.e., kinship and personal persuasion. Political power is diffused or dissipated and decision making is highly democratic.

over regularize the common rule (i.e., inappropriately apply it to irregular words)

The kind of syntax error that young children learning English as their native language often make with the past tense of verbs (e.g., "give" becomes "gived", "take" becomes "taked", "eat" becomes "eated").

cultures with complex, diverse economies and advanced technologies

The kinds of cultures that have languages with extremely large vocabularies.

complex, diverse societies, such as the U.S. and Canada, in which people have come from many different parts of the world

The kinds of societies that are most likely to have subcultures.

click sounds used as consonants

The kinds of verbal sounds that the San languages of southwest Africa use that are not found in English or most other languages elsewhere. (Hint: the language of the Ju/'hoansi people uses these sounds.)

Mandarin Chinese

The language that is spoken by the most people in the world today as a native, or first, language.

English

The language that is the most world wide in its distribution. It is an official language in 52 countries as well as many small colonies and territories. In addition, 1/4 to 1/3 of the people in the world understand and speak it to some degree. However, it is only the third most common language in terms of the number of native speakers.

#D# CORRECT --> About 1/2 of the world`s languages are no longer spoken by children. This is the beginning of the end for these mostly unwritten languages from small indigenous societies. This is now particularly the case in Australia and the Americas.

The languages that are most likely to disappear in the near future are: a) indigenous languages of Australia and the New World b) languages spoken only by adults c) unwritten languages spoken in small technologically simple societies d) all of the above

pidgin

The linguistic term for what Chinook was. (Hint: it was used by Indians from different cultures on the Northwest Coast of North America to communicate with each other.)

creole

The linguistic term for what Gullah was. (Hint: it was used on the outer banks of Georgia and South Carolina by former African slaves. It evolved from a form of pidgin English.)

interaction distance

The linguists general term for the distance our bodies are physically apart while talking with each other. (Hint: this is an aspect of proxemics.)

water management systems (e.g., irrigation) and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows

The major innovations that made the original transition of intensive agriculture possible

#B# CORRECT --> Mandarin and several other East Asian and West African languages are tonal. In Mandarin, there are 4 different tones that are used to alter the meaning of a word.

The meaning of words and phrases in the Mandarin Chinese language is mostly altered by changing: a) word order b) tones of sounds c) prefixes and suffixes of words

slash and burn

The method commonly used by horticulturalists to clear fields of heavy vegetation in preparation for planting new crops. With this method, brush and small trees are cut down and allowed to dry out in place. They are then burned.

gender (male or female)

The most important criterion on which the division of labor in pastoralist societies is based.

#C# CORRECT --> Usually, there are at least 1-10 horticulturalists per square mile with community sizes ranging from around 30 to several hundred. This is higher than the densities and settlement sizes of most pedestrian foraging societies.

The population density and community size of horticultural societies is usually _______________ pedestrian foragers. a) about the same as b) smaller than c) larger than

by changing the endings of words (i.e., suffixes).

The primary way in which Latin derived languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian change the meaning of a sentence.

by changing the tone of syllables in words

The primary way in which the meaning of a sentence is changed in Mandarin Chinese.

#D# CORRECT --> After hypotheses have been shown to be correct as a result of numerous tests, they must also pass rigorous peer review by other scientists in the same field.

The scientific method of inquiry involves which of the following steps? a) formulation of questions based on preliminary observations b) formulation of hypotheses or predictions that can be tested c) testing of hypotheses through systematic observation and/or experimentation d) all of the above

random sampling

The simple kind of probability sampling approach that may be used in ethnographic field work when there does not seem to be much difference between the people in the population.

morpheme

The smallest combination of sounds that have meaning and cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units. The English words "cow" and "boy" are examples. Words can be one or more of these units.

#C# CORRECT --> Phonemes generally do not have meaning in themselves. For instance, the initial sounds of the English words sit, pit, and kit are meaningless alone but they can change the meaning of words.

The smallest unit of sound that can be altered to change the meaning of a word is called a: a) morpheme b) bound morpheme c) phoneme

phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that can be altered to change the meaning of a word. These units of sound do not have meaning by themselves. The initial sound in the words bit, kit, sit, and pit are examples.

equestrian foraging

The specialized subsistence pattern in which horses are used extensively for transportation and in hunting large game animals. Most of these kinds of foraging societies evolved on the Great Plains of North America and the sparse grasslands of Southern Argentina.

aquatic foraging

The specialized subsistence pattern that concentrates on fish and/or marine mammal hunting. The most well known foraging societies of this type lived on the Northwest Coast of North America from the Klamath River of California to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. These societies specialized in salmon fishing along the rivers and hunting seals and whales off the coast.

#A# CORRECT --> That small range of electromagnetic radiation that our eyes can see is a continuum. There are no distinct colors like red and green.

The spectrum of visible light: a) is a continuum of light waves with frequencies that increase at a continuous rate from one end to the other b) has distinct colors such as red and green that every normal individual can perceive c) is divided up into colors in the same way by all normal people in all cultures of the world d) none of the above

morphology

The study of how sounds are combined by language into larger units called morphemes.

linguistics

The study of the function, structure, and history of languages and the communication process in general.

#B# CORRECT --> The pastoralist way of life is based on raising herds of large herbivores such as domesticated cattle, horses, sheep, or reindeer. Raising large numbers of carnivores is not practical or economically rewarding enough for pastoralists.

The subsistence pattern of pastoralists all around the world is based on maintaining herds of ______________________ . a) cattle b) large herbivores c) both of the above d) none of the above

aquatic foraging

The subsistence pattern of the Kwakiutl and other coastal people of Western Canada.

equestrian foraging

The subsistence pattern of the Sioux, Crow, and Cheyenne societies of North America.

pedestrian foraging

The subsistence pattern that involves diversified hunting and gathering on foot rather than horseback. Most of these societies moved their camps several times a year and had temporary dwellings. The number of people living in a camp also often varied throughout the year depending on the local food supply. Material possessions were generally few and light in weight so that they could be transported easily.

foraging

The subsistence pattern that is least likely to result in a modification of the environment to increase the production of food.

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that is least likely to result in societies that are egalitarian for most people. (Hint: egalitarian means equal in terms of economic and political rights.)

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that is most likely to result in a modification of the environment to increase the production of food.

foraging

The subsistence pattern that is most likely to result in societies that are egalitarian for most people.

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that is used by societies that are most likely to undertake large-scale, prolonged warfare against other societies.

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that is used by societies that have the most devastating epidemics of contagious diseases in terms of the percentage of people in a society who are affected.

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that usually produces the most food per acre of land.

foraging

The subsistence pattern that usually requires the highest percentage of people in a society to be involved in subsistence activities.

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that usually requires the lowest percentage of people in a society to be involved in subsistence activities.

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern that usually results in the highest human population density.

foraging

The subsistence pattern that usually results in the lowest human population density.

#A# CORRECT --> Foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, and intensive agriculture are examples of different major types of subsistence patterns.

The term "subsistence pattern" refers to the sources and methods a society uses to ______________________________ . a) obtain food and other necessities b) construct houses and other dwellings c) educate its children d) none of the above

Black English or Ebonics

The term for a common social dialect spoken by many African Americans.

subculture

The term for a regional, social, or ethnic group that is distinguishable from other groups in a society. Members of such groups often share a common identity, food tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural traits that come from their common ancestral background and experience.

pidgin

The term for a simplified, makeshift language that develops to fulfill the communication needs of people who have no language in common but who need to occasionally interact for commercial and other reasons. Such languages combine a limited amount of the vocabulary and grammar of the different languages. People who use these makeshift languages also speak their own native language.

pastoralism

The term for a subsistence pattern of herding large domesticated animals for food and other necessities.

foraging

The term for a subsistence pattern of hunting and gathering wild plants and animals for food and other necessities.

paralanguage

The term for auxiliary communication methods used by people talking to each other (e.g., variations in tone and character of voice along with non-verbal forms of communication).

cultural universals

The term for cultural traits that are shared by all of humanity collectively. Examples of such general traits are communicating with a verbal language, using age and gender to classify people, and raising children in some sort of family setting.

mechanized grain farming

The term for intensive farming for the production of cereals (e.g., corn, wheat, oats) in which hundreds and even thousands of acres are planted, tended, and harvested by a small number of people using large machinery (e.g., tractors and combines). There usually are heavy applications of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. This highly productive form of intensive mono-cropping agriculture is capital but not labor intensive.

agriculture

The term for large-scale, intensive farming.

participant observation

The term for participating in the social interaction of another society in order to learn about its culture. In practice this usually requires living within the community as a member, learning their language, establishing close friendship ties, eating what they eat, and taking part in normal family activities.

horticulture

The term for small-scale, low intensity farming.

symbols

The term for sounds or things which have meaning given to them by the users. The meaning can not be discovered by mere sensory examination of their forms. They are abstractions created by people.

proxemics

The term for the kind of paralanguage that includes interaction distance and other culturally defined uses of space.

transhumance

The term for the kind of pastoralism in which people follow a cyclical pattern of migrations, usually moving their animals to cool highland valleys in the summer and warmer lowland valleys in the winter. This is seasonal migration between the same two locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses.

pastoral nomadism

The term for the kind of pastoralism in which people follow a seasonal migratory pattern that can vary from year to year. The timing and destinations of migrations are determined primarily by the needs of the herd animals for water and fodder. These societies do not create permanent settlements, but rather they live in tents or other relatively easily constructed dwellings the year round.

linguistic interference

The term for what happens when learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language (e.g., blending of phonemes from the different languages).

ideal behavior

The term for what people believe they should do in their lives rather than what they think they are doing or what they actually are doing.

etic category

The term referring to a classification of things according to some external system of analysis brought in by a visitor to another society. (Hint: this is the approach of biology in using the Linnaean classification system to define new species. It assumes that ultimately, there is an objective reality and that is more important than cultural perceptions of it.)

emic category

The term referring to a classification of things according to the way in which members of a society classify their own world. In other words, this is the way their culture and language divide up and interpret reality.

#D# CORRECT --> All of these changes were a consequence of the development and progressive reliance on intensive agriculture for food. Look at the feedback for the other answers to see more detailed explanations.

The transition to intensive agriculture leading to the development of the ancient civilizations ultimately resulted in a number of inevitable major social changes including: a) permanent year round settlements b) a much more complex division of labor c) surplus crops d) all of the above

#A# CORRECT --> Draft animals allowed farmers to get below the top soil to bring buried nutrients up to the surface. It also allowed them to maintain much larger farms. Irrigation allowed farmers to be more productive and to expand into more arid areas.

The transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by: a) water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows b) the discovery of new species of plants that were suitable for domestication c) the creation of cities and an urban way of life

digging stick and/or hoe

The typical kind of farming equipment used by horticulturalists to plant and tend their crops.

globalism

The view that the people and nations of the world should become more economically and politically integrated and unified. Those who advocate this generally believe that ethnocentrism, nationalism, and tribalism are obstacles that must be overcome.

primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers

The way most linguists believe that children learn their native language.

Define the two seminal theories of cultural anthropology contributed by Franz Boas.

The work done by Boas was seminal, both in its concrete results and in its theoretical aspects, which premises-in research on the races, for instance-have defined once and for all, the areas proper to anthropological inquiry. The main elements of Boas's viewpoints in relation to 19th century anthropology can be summed up as follows: 1) a method of research by induction, rather than deduction; i.e., theories and laws can be deduced only after gathering and analyzing the set of data provided by in-field research. This approach is entirely different from the deductive method that utilized and integrated data not gathered directly by ethnological investigation, but originating, instead, from vast cultural inventories which were composed in comparative form; 2) an effort to concretely observe and describe living cultures, according to the classification model of natural science; and refusal of the evolutionist theory according to which modern-day primitive cultures can give valid indications concerning societies of the past; and 3) a "diffusionist" method of research: If two societies which were geographically separated had certain cultural traits or social institutions in common, Boas's distance seemed too great to allow a hypothesis of diffusion could any "autonomous invention" be admitted.

#B# CORRECT --> In all societies, clothing is used to protect from heat, cold, and harsh surfaces. In addition, it is used to cover up or draw attention to parts of the body to satisfy concerns of modesty that are often very culture specific.

Throughout the world: a) people rarely use clothing and other forms of bodily adornment to communicate status b) clothing is used to provide protection from the elements and to satisfy concerns of modesty c) only adults are taught how to manipulate time in order to communicate messages d) A and B

#B# CORRECT --> Winking, nodding the head up and down to indicate agreement, and pointing with the first finger are all examples of North American kinesics (or body language).

Using a wink to acknowledge a shared secret is an example of: a) proxemics b) kinesics c) both of the above

#B# CORRECT --> Growing up in a society, we learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice, and other auxiliary communication devices. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years beginning in early childhood.

We learn our culture's paralanguage: a) mostly in school language classes b) largely by observing others and imitating them c) beginning in our early teenage years

#D# CORRECT --> Understanding any cultural trait requires knowing how it impacts and is in turn impacted by others. Likewise, human biological traits do not function in isolation. To understand them, it is necessary to grasp how they are interrelated with others.

What do anthropologists mean when they refer to the concept of "integration" in regards to cultures? a) Different kinds of people should learn to live together in peace. b) Any successful behavior, strategy, or technique for obtaining food and surviving in a new environment provides a selective advantage in the competition for survival with other creatures. c) The best way to study another culture is by working with a team of researchers from different academic disciplines. d) All aspects of a culture are interrelated.

the concept of individuals being merely stewards of land for the community was replaced by the concept of individuals having absolute personal property rights

What happened to the concept of property ownership as the ancient civilizations developed.

#B# CORRECT --> It dramatically decreased usually as elite groups headed by kings monopolized power. The ruling class ended up controlling the sources of wealth--i.e, land, water, manufacturing, and trade. There were other major social changes that occurred as well.

What happened to the political and economic power of most farmers in the ancient civilizations? a) it increased b) it decreased c) it remained the same

#A# CORRECT --> The rapid increase in the number of people has been paralleled by a rapid increase in scientific knowledge and life expectancy in the developed nations. The time between major technological revolutions has shortened to less than a single generation.

What happened to the rate of culture change in the developed nations during the last two centuries? a) It increased. b) It remained about the same as it was before. c) It slowed down.

they became rigidly divided with power and wealth monopolized by a few people at the top

What happened to the social classes as the ancient civilizations developed.

most of the nutrients are permanently removed leaving the soil impoverished and then rainfall erodes it away leaving a waste land

What happens to a tropical forests nutrients and its soil when forestry product corporations cut down most of the trees and haul them off for lumber.

#B# CORRECT --> This population growth caused our foraging ancestors to change their subsistence patterns. Horticulture and pastoralism solved the food shortage problem for several thousand years, but by 5,000 years ago intensive farming was necessary in some regions.

What has happened to the global human population over the last 10,000 years? a) It has decreased slightly b) It has grown explosively c) It has remained about the same in size

#C# CORRECT --> In practice this requires living within the community as a member and establishing close friendship ties. By becoming an active participant rather than simply an observer, researchers reduce the cultural distance between themselves and the host society.

When cultural anthropologists actively participate in the social interaction of the society they are studying, it is referred to as ____________________ . a) probability sampling b) ethnographic-observation c) participant-observation

#A# CORRECT --> Diglossic people often quickly switch back and forth between dialects or languages, depending on the person they are talking to at the time. This is the case when American TV news reporters speak with a Midwestern dialect on the air instead of their own dialect.

When people speak different forms of a language in different social situations, the phenomenon is referred to as: a) diglossia b) bilingualism c) neither of the above

#C# CORRECT --> An example is the rule for making the past tense of regular English verbs. In most cases it is done by adding the suffix ed, as in worked. Children will often apply it to irregular verbs also. Give becomes gived, take becomes taked, eat becomes eated.

When young children begin to learn standard grammar, they tend to over regularize it. What does this mean? a) They consistently use correct grammar in virtually every sentence. b) They excessively regulate or control what they say to the point that they become inhibited. c) They assume that common syntax rules apply in all situations. d) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> The Yanomamö are an indigenous society living in the tropical forests of southern Venezuela and northern Brazil. They have been studied extensively by Napoleon Chagnon and other ethnographers since the 1960`s.

Where do the Yanomamö live? a) South America b) Central America c) Southeast Asia

#B# CORRECT --> Horticulture is still used successfully in tropical forest areas in South and Central America as well as low population density areas of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and Melanesia. In the past, it was a common subsistence pattern elsewhere as well.

Where in the world is horticulture commonly used as a subsistence pattern today? a) Europe and North America b) Central Africa and the Amazon Basin of South America c) Japan, Korea, and China

Kalahari Desert in Namibia and Botswana

Where most of the !Kung or Dobe Ju/'hoansi people live.

Central Asia (Mongolia)

Where the Mongols live.

northern Scandinavia

Where the Saami (or Lapps) live.

South Africa

Where the Zulus live.

tropical and subtropical parts of East and South Africa

Where the first humans evolved in terms of geographic and climatic regions.

river valleys in Egypt, Mesopotamia (now Iraq and part of Syria), India, North China, Mesoamerica, and Western South America

Where the first successful intensive agricultural societies were located. (Hint: these were the early civilizations.)

in growing plants rather than the soil

Where the nutrients for plant growth are mostly located in tropical forests.

#B# CORRECT --> Biological anthropologists mostly research the biological aspects of humans and non-human primates. However, they understand that it is also necessary to take into consideration the culture of the people and other primates that they study.

Which field of anthropology is primarily concerned with the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans? a) archaeology b) biological anthropology c) linguistic anthropology d) cultural anthropology e) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> Archaeologists excavate the material remains of ancient societies and their cultures. This allows them to reconstruct the life ways and histories of these earlier peoples.

Which field of anthropology is primarily interested in the prehistory and early history of societies and their cultures? a) archaeology b) forensics c) ethnobotany d) cultural anthropology e) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> Cultural anthropology research also focuses on such things as social and political organizations, subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs.

Which field of anthropology would most likely be interested in the marriage patterns and kinship systems of different societies around the world? a) cultural anthropology b) linguistic anthropology c) zooarchaeology d) all of the above

#C# CORRECT --> Prehistoric archaeologists excavate and interpret the material remains of ancient preliterate societies.

Which field of archaeology would most likely be interested in ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians? a) classical archaeology b) historical archaeology c) prehistoric archaeology d) primatology e) none of the above

#D# CORRECT --> Anthropologists study all aspects of humans including both biologically inherited and learned traits. This includes such things as culture, physical variation, evolution, and adaptation to different kinds of environments.

Which of the following is a characteristic of anthropology? a) It is concerned with both human biology and culture. b) It is concerned with human variation, evolution, and adaptation. c) It focuses only on prehistoric societies. d) a and b

#A# CORRECT --> As new knowledge and skills are acquired, societies regularly forget old ones that are no longer of value to them. This is the reason most contemporary city dwellers no longer have the wilderness survival skills of their distant ancestors.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of cultural evolution?

#C# CORRECT --> Uniforms of all types communicate status and intentions. As a result, they alter how police act and how others respond to them.

Which of the following is not characteristic of police uniforms? a) They are consciously and overtly symbolic so that they can rapidly and clearly communicate status. b) Putting them on can change police behavior and the behavior of others towards them. c) neither of the above

#C# CORRECT --> Cartography is a field of geography, not anthropology. Cartographers make maps.

Which of the following is not one of the 4 main fields of anthropology? a) archaeology b) biological anthropology c) cartography d) cultural anthropology e) all of the above are main fields of anthropology

#B# CORRECT --> Mandarin is spoken by about 874,000,000 people. English comes in a distant third with about 341,000,000 people speaking it as a native language. However, English is far more widely distributed around the world.

Which of the following is spoken as a principle or native language by the most people in the world? a) English b) Mandarin Chinese c) Spanish d) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> Foraging for wild plants and hunting wild animals is the most ancient of human subsistence patterns. Prior to 10,000 years ago, all people lived in this way. The domestication of plants and animals for food mostly occurred after that time.

Which of the following is the oldest human subsistence pattern? a) foraging b) pastoralism c) horticulture d) all are equally old

#B# CORRECT --> Curiosity about strange people and customs in far off parts of the world is what primarily motivated the early anthropologists. By the late 19th century, anthropology finally became a separate academic discipline in universities.

Which of the following is true about anthropology? a) It usually is preferable to do anthropological research alone rather than with a team of researchers. b) Anthropology as an academic discipline is comparatively young. Its roots go back to the intellectual Enlightenment of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and North America. c) Most anthropologists today are generalists--they master all of the fields of anthropology. d) All professional anthropologists now work in colleges, universities, or museums.

#B# CORRECT --> Both approach the world as high risk takers. They also admire men who are brave. The self-reliant, confident, and modest cowboy is an image that both groups would value.

Which of the following is true of North American cattle ranchers today? a) They still follow a traditional pastoralist subsistence pattern. b) They usually share with traditional pastoralists the same basic outlook on life and also value strong male personalities. c) none of the above

#D# CORRECT --> All of the answers are wrong.

Which of the following is true of the scientific method of inquiry? a) The first step is the formulation of hypotheses or predictions. b) It is used primarily in trying to understand the supernatural world. c) If after repeated testing, a hypothesis still holds up as a valid explanation for a group of facts, it becomes accepted as an unchallengeable theory. d) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> In these areas, there are large, labor-intensive farms that mostly produce fruit, fiber, or vegetable oil products for the international market. The laborers usually work for very low wages and the profits ultimately go to multinational corporations.

Which of the following kinds of agriculture is most likely to be found in the poor developing nations in tropical regions of the world? a) plantation agriculture b) mechanized grain farming c) intensive farming in greenhouses

#A# CORRECT --> Transhumanace pastoralists usually follow a cyclical pattern of migrations between the same two different season locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses.

Which of the following kinds of pastoralists would be most likely to have stable, permanent villages that they return to every year? a) transhumance pastoralists b) nomadic pastoralists c) herbivorous pastoralists

#D# CORRECT --> All of the above are forms of applied anthropology. In addition, some applied anthropologists work as researchers, administrators, implementers, or cultural mediators in major corporations.

Which of the following kinds of work would applied anthropology include? a) cultural resource management b) medical anthropology c) ethnobotany d) all of the above

#D# CORRECT --> Not only are these 3 languages constantly changing, but all languages still being spoken are changing. However, languages change at different rates at different times in response to changing social, cultural, and environmental conditions.

Which of the following languages is now static or unchanging? a) French b) Spanish c) Mandarin Chinese d) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> The Saami of Northern Scandinavia were totally dependent for survival on their herds of reindeer. Cattle and most other large domesticated herbivores cannot survive in their extremely cold environment.

Which of the following pastoralists herded reindeer? a) Saami or Lapps b) Mongols c) Masai of East Africa

#A# CORRECT --> North Americans typically come close to shake hands during formal greeting, but then they typically separate back to a comfortable interaction distance. This informal rule is most rigidly applied to men.

Which of the following statement is true? a) North American culture generally discourages touching by adults except in moments of intimacy or formal greeting (e.g., hand shaking). b) Japanese offices commonly are set up so that the boss is physically isolated in a separate private room. This minimizes personal contact with ordinary workers. c) In comparison to North Americans, Southern Europeans and Middle Easterners expect and prefer much less close physical contact when greeting people. d) A and C

#C# CORRECT --> The development of complex economies and technologies is always accompanied by the invention of specialized words. Because of this trend, English and other major languages today have many hundreds of thousands of technical words and the lists are growing rapidly.

Which of the following statements have linguists found to be true? a) Societies that have simple technologies usually use languages with simple grammars. b) Linguists today generally consider languages that have no written form to be "primitive". c) The more economically diverse and technologically advanced cultures have larger vocabularies. d) none of the above

#C# CORRECT --> In Latin derived languages, meaning is primarily determined by the endings of words (that is suffixes). In contrast, the order of words is more critical in English. Change the order of the following 3 words to see what happens: David hit Mary.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the way different languages alter meaning? a) In Latin derived languages, the word order is not usually as important as some other factors in altering meaning. b) In English, word order is particularly critical to changing meaning. c) both of the above d) neither of the above

#B# CORRECT --> We come into the world without any language and culture. These are all learned. As a result, any of us could have been adopted at birth by any other family in the world and we would have grown up speaking their language as a native.

Which of the following statements is true about communication? a) Humans are the only animals that communicate with each other. b) Human language is 100% learned rather than biologically inherited. c) Humans and all other large mammals use a symbolic communication system.

#B# CORRECT --> At birth, human children do not have a language. However, by age one, most have learned the phonemes of their parent`s language and have mastered a few short words. By age 2, a few very simple sentences are used.

Which of the following statements is true about language acquisition? a) At birth, children know the elementary aspects of the language of their parents. b) By age one, children typically use about three words consisting of single morphemes. c) Babies learn a language best when they are forced to repeat phrases given to them by their parents. d) none of the above

#D# CORRECT --> Unrelated languages often use different sets of sounds and rules for making sense with them (i.e., syntax). The basic rules of grammar are learned in early childhood, before going to school. Formal education only standardizes and augments the rules.

Which of the following statements is true about languages? a) All languages use essentially the same number of sounds. b) All native speakers of a language learn the basic rules of grammar in school. c) While different languages may use different phonemes, they all essentially share the same syntax. d) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> This and all other aspects of paralanguage are progressively learned usually over many years beginning in early childhood.

Which of the following statements is true about the use of clothing and other bodily adornment? a) We begin to recognize the important cultural clues to the meaning of different styles of dress in early childhood. b) We usually need to be near enough to talk to someone in order to understand what they are communicating with their appearance. c) North American culture is unique in the world in that the same style of dress can communicate different messages depending on the age, gender, and physical appearance of the individual wearing it.

#C# CORRECT --> Men dominated these warlike tribes. This was particularly true after the widespread acquisition of guns by these societies in the 19th century. Raiding other tribes to steal horses and defeat enemy warriors was the main path to male success.

Which of the following statements is true concerning equestrian foraging societies? a) They were easily and quickly defeated by European style armies. b) They had highly democratic political systems without leaders. c) They were male dominated. d) none of the above

#B# CORRECT --> They do not plant crops and the only domesticated animals that they usually have are dogs. They take the environment as it comes. If exploitable wild food sources are not available, they usually move on to another area.

Which of the following statements is true concerning foragers? a) The last foraging society adopted a farming subsistence pattern during the early 19th century. b) Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains. c) Most foraging societies used horses for transportation. d) Men and women in foraging societies have a great deal of occupational choice.

#C# CORRECT --> Culture has been a highly successful adaptive mechanism for our species. It has given us a selective advantage in the competition for survival with other life forms. It has made it possible for our population to grow to more than 6 billion people today.

Which of the following statements is true concerning human evolution? a) The first humans evolved in the cold temperate regions of the world because of the need to develop culture for survival in those areas. b) Culture is necessary for survival in the complex industrialized nations, but it is not in small societies that live by hunting and gathering wild foods. c) Culture is an adaptive mechanism for humans.

#C# CORRECT --> Meat usually is shared in the community. This promotes cooperation and solidarity. Often the slaughter of an animal serves ritual purposes as well. Food usually is also obtained from animals without killing them (i.e., they are milked and/or bled).

Which of the following statements is true concerning pastoralists? a) Compared to pedestrian foraging societies, the economic and political power of most pastoralist women is very high. b) The division of labor is based primarily on kinship. c) The animals herded by pastoralists are rarely killed for family use alone.

#A# CORRECT --> If there are fluctuations in the weather, water supply, or periodic die-offs of the selected plant or animal species, specialized foragers will likely experience a disastrous collapse in their food supply.

Which of the following statements is true of a specialized foraging subsistence pattern? a) It can be a very risky way of life in a changing environment. b) It has been the most common subsistence strategy of hunters and gatherers in recent centuries. c) The total amount of food acquired is often less and the amount of time required to secure it is greater compared to a diversified subsistence pattern.

#C# CORRECT --> Some foragers in East Africa and Western North America periodically regenerated the productivity of their environments by intentionally burning the vegetation. This encouraged the growth of tender new grasses which attracted game animals.

Which of the following statements is true of historically known foraging societies? a) They usually created permanent, year-round settlements. b) Because of the efficiency of hunting and gathering, foraging societies have relatively high population densities. c) They intentionally burned grasslands and woodlands.

#B# CORRECT --> A consequence of the transition to intensive agriculture and large-scale societies was a change in the nature of warfare. All of the ancient civilizations frequently carried out bloody wars of conquest. Their armies were much larger and better equipped.

Which of the following statements is true of human warfare? a) The mobility of most foraging societies made them successful conquerors. b) As agriculture became more intensive and populations larger, the scale of war increased dramatically. c) Pastoralists rarely are interested in warfare. d) None of the above

#D# CORRECT --> Learning a language`s logical set of rules for making meaningful phrases allows people to understand sentences they have never heard before. If another language has sounds not used in your language, you may not recognize them as being different.

Which of the following statements is true of language? a) Native speakers do not have to memorize all possible sentences that can be created. b) All languages have logical rules. c) If your language does not have some of the sounds of another language, it is usually difficult for you to hear the differences and to pronounce them correctly. d) all of the above

#C# CORRECT --> Most of these societies moved their camps several times a year and had temporary dwellings. The number of people living in a camp also usually varied throughout the year depending on the local food supply.

Which of the following statements is true of pedestrian foragers? a) There are still many of these societies following their old way of life. b) Pedestrian foragers usually are not able to effectively respond to changing environmental conditions. c) The pedestrian foraging way of life was highly mobile.

#A# CORRECT --> Among the Northwest Coast Indians, villages were occupied year round. On Vancouver Island in Western Canada, the Kwakiutl and some of their neighbors built split plank wood homes and large community halls for ritual performances, dances, and feasts.

Which of the following statements is true of the aquatic foragers of the Northwest Coast of North America? a) Settlements were usually permanent rather than seasonal. b) They had very little leisure time because their fishing was a relatively unproductive, time consuming activity. c) These societies no longer make a living from fishing.

#C# CORRECT --> The shift to personal property ownership allowed some individuals and families to become wealthy and powerful compared to others. This led to disparities in wealth and the emergence of socio-economic classes in intensive agriculture based societies.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient civilizations? a) They were organized in an egalitarian way. b) The status and power of women increased. c) Ownership of property shifted from the community to individuals.

#A# CORRECT --> Most people do not have the same feeling about physical closeness if they do not have eye contact. In a crowd, people usually choose not to look at anyone in order to avoid feeling uncomfortably close.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Comfort in interaction distance mostly has to do with the distance between faces that are looking directly at each other. b) Spitting on another person is a sign of utmost contempt in all cultures. c) Most people around the world share the same view about what is a comfortable interaction distance for talking about impersonal topics.

#C# CORRECT --> Language is flexible, changeable, and expandable. As a result, when a developing economy and technology require more discrete color divisions to describe the characteristics of things, people create them.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Ethnoscience is primarily the study of relations between ethnic groups. b) The number of terms an individual knows related to a particular topic is usually independent of his or her gender. c) The number of color terms usually increases as a society's economy and technology become more complex.

#C# CORRECT --> It can prevent the wrong message from inadvertently being passed on, as often is the case in a telephone call and even more so in a letter.

Which of the following statements is true? a) Humans are the only animals that use non-verbal methods of communication. b) Only about 10% of what we communicate when talking directly with others is through paralanguage. c) Paralanguage is part of the redunda

#A# CORRECT --> The way that we interact and do things in our everyday lives seems natural to us. We are unconscious or unaware of our culture because we are so close to it and know it so well. For most people, it is as if their learned behavior was genetic.

Which of the following statements is true? a) People usually are unconscious of their culture in their daily lives. b) There are always a few people in small-scale societies who know all of their culture. c) In most societies, boys and girls are taught the same things about their culture.

#A# CORRECT --> One consequence of this has been that our bodies have remained those of warm climate animals. We have not needed to develop thick fat layers and heavy fur coats in the cold regions because our culture provided the necessary warmth during winter times.

Which of the following statements is true? a) The fact that cultural evolution can occur faster than biological evolution has altered the effect of natural selection on humans. b) People are pre-adapted by their genes to acquire particular cultures. c) none of the above

#C# CORRECT --> All cultures allow some variation in the way men can be men and women can be women. Culture also tells use how different activities should be conducted, such as how one should act as a husband or wife. The rules are usually flexible to some degree.

Which of the following statements is true? a) The range of permissible ways of dressing and acting as a man or woman are relatively unlimited in traditional Moslem societies. b) It is likely that there still are some societies existing in total cultural isolation from the outside world. c) Cultures usually allow a range of permissible behavior patterns.

#A# CORRECT --> Horticulturalists use simple hand tools to make holes in the soil to plant their seeds, tubers, and cuttings. Hand tools are also used to later tend the crops. This is a labor intensive but not capital intensive farming technology.

Which of the following things are horticulturalists most likely to use in farming? a) pointed sticks, hoes, or other hand tools b) large beasts of burden, such as horses and oxen, to pull plows c) pesticides and herbicides

#B# CORRECT --> With each successive stage in this transition, people have steadily moved away from a passive dependence on the environment. As human populations grew, more food had to be produced, which meant that there had to be greater control of food sources.

Which of the following things happened as people changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture? a) They developed a passive dependence on their environment. b) They progressively had less of a passive dependence on their environment. c) The rate of extinction of wild plant and animal species decreased.

#A# CORRECT --> As people came to rely on intensive agriculture to supply their food, social class stratification and elaborate political systems with hierarchies of leaders and bureaucrats developed. Unlike foraging communities, these were not societies of equals.

Which of the following things happened to human societies as we changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture? a) societies became more complex b) societies became less complex c) there was no significant changes in societies

#D# CORRECT --> The things that are listed in the other answers are culture specific rather than universals. For instance, language is a human cultural universal, but a specific language is not.

Which of the following things would be cultural universals? (Think in term of the way "cultural universal" is used in this tutorial.) a) the language that you speak b) the kinds of clothes that you wear c) the specific knowledge that you acquired in school d) none of the above

#C# CORRECT --> Both of the above statements typify the personality of successful pastoralist men. These characteristics prepare pastoralists to protect and expand their herds.

Which of the following traits are typical of pastoralist men around the world? a) They tend to be cooperative with each other and aggressive towards outsiders. b) They usually have the ability to make important economic decisions quickly and to act on them independently without hesitation. c) both of the above

#D# CORRECT --> Pastoralist societies are patrilineal largely because they are male dominated. In most cases, it is the older men who own the herds and have the most political power. As a result, they often have more than one wife. Young men usually do not marry.

Which of the following traits would likely be found in pastoralists societies? a) polygyny b) patrilineal descent c) older men are the leaders d) all of the above

#C# CORRECT --> High population densities resulting from intensive farming made it far easier for contagion to rapidly pass from person to person. Major epidemics of bubonic plague, small pox, and other diseases are far more likely to spread among dense populations.

Which of the following were a consequence of the transition to intensive agriculture? a) The major contagious diseases were progressively reduced or eliminated from the human population. b) Parasitic diseases appeared for the first time among humans. c) It became easier for contagious diseases to spread and reach epidemic levels.

#C# CORRECT --> Pastoralists make their living by raising cattle, horses, sheep, or other large domesticated animals.

Which of the following would be examples of pastoralism? a) hunting and gathering wild plants and animals b) planting, tending, and harvesting domesticated plants c) herding large animals d) none of the above

#A# CORRECT --> In an 1871 publication, the pioneer English anthropologist, Edward Tylor, developed this concept of human culture. His definition still provides us with a good description of this phenomenon.

Who first defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society?" a) E. B. Tylor b) the author of this tutorial c) Tylor Edwards d) none of the above

the corn stalk provides support for the climbing bean plant and the squash grows over the ground and keeps down the weeds

Why Mesoamerican horticulturalists plant corn, bean, and squash seeds in the same hole.

#B# CORRECT --> Since no fertilizer is regularly applied, soil productivity lasts only for a few years. When labor expenditure is higher than is warranted by the productivity of a field, horticulturalists move on to another area and create new vegetable gardens.

Why do horticulturalists usually have a shifting pattern of field use? That is, why do they abandon their gardens after a few years and create new ones elsewhere? a) Because they don't like to settle down in one area for a long period of time b) Because production drops due to the inevitable depletion of soil nutrients in the old field c) Because water for irrigation becomes scarce

#B# CORRECT --> In most cases, horticulture is more productive than foraging. Some horticulturalists are not just subsistence farmers but also intentionally produce a surplus to sell or exchange in local markets.

With which of the following subsistence patterns are people most likely to intentionally produce a surplus of food to sell or exchange for things that they cannot produce themselves? a) foraging b) horticulture c) both are equally likely

#A# CORRECT --> Anthropologists seek to discover the emic categories of other peoples in order to understand how they perceive things. It is clear that our reality is always filtered by the way our language and culture categorize it.

______ refers to classification according to the way in which members of a society classify their own world. a) emic categories b) etic categories c) neither of the above

#A# CORRECT --> It includes all of the gestures, expressions, and postures that we intentionally or unintentionally use to communicate messages.

_____________ is the study of body language. a) kinesics b) proxemics c) paralanguage

#B# CORRECT --> Ethnographers are cultural anthropologists who travel to another society and study its institutions and customs. The term ethnography is also used to refer to books or monographs describing what was learned about the culture of another society.

________________ is research in which one learns about the culture of another society through fieldwork and firsthand observation in that society. a) ethnology b) ethnography c) anthropology

#B# CORRECT --> Members of a subculture share a common identity that partially sets them apart from other groups that share the same national culture. Subcultures are most likely to exist in complex, diverse societies such as the United States and Canada.

A _________________ is a regional, social, or ethnic group that is distinguishable from other groups in a society by the fact that its members share a common identity, food tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural traits that come from their common ancestral background and experience. a) culture b) subculture c) multi-ethnic society

adaptive mechanism

A behavior, strategy, or technique for obtaining food and surviving in a particular environment. For humans, culture is the most important behavior of this sort. It gives us a selective advantage in the competition for survival with other life forms.

regional dialect

A dialect associated with a geographically isolated speech community. An example is the Texas in contrast to the Midwestern American dialect.

social dialect

A dialect spoken by a speech community that is socially isolated from others. These kinds of dialects are mostly based on class, ethnicity, gender, age, or particular social situations. "Black English" in North America is an example.

#A# CORRECT --> Social dialects result from situations that cause social separation. People speaking different social dialects can live in the same area. This is often the case with so called Standard English and Black English in the U.S.

A dialect that mostly develops as a result of differences in class, ethnicity, gender, age, and/or particular social situations is referred to as a: a) social dialect b) regional dialect c) genderlect or ethnilect

culture shock

A feeling of confusion, alienation, and depression that can result from the psychological stress that commonly occurs during the first weeks or months of a total cultural immersion in an alien society.

society

A group of interacting organisms. In the case of humans, it would be a group of people who directly or indirectly interact with each other. People in such human groups generally perceive that their group as being distinct from others in terms of shared traditions and expectations.

#B# CORRECT --> The term language refers to a specific form of speech such as Korean or Russian. In contrast, speech is the broad generic term used to refer to the way humans communicate. Keep in mind that signs and gestures used by the deaf also is language.

A language is ________________________ . a) a broad term simply referring to human patterned verbal behavior in general b) a set of specific rules for generating speech c) another word for a dialect.

#B# CORRECT --> These click sounds are made with the mouth. They serve as consonants in the San languages of the !Kung and other related peoples.

A major difference between European languages and the San languages of southwest Africa is that the San languages contain: a) only consonants b) click sounds c) no phonemes

#C# CORRECT --> Pidgins combine the vocabulary and grammar of the different languages of people in culture contact with each other. This was the case with the development of Pidgin English in Papua New Guinea. It evolved to facilitate trade and political control.

A pidgin is: a) a dialect like Black English in North America b) the mother tongue, or principle language, of a society c) a simplified makeshift language that develops to fulfill the communication needs of peoples who have no language in common d) a common species of bird

stratified sample

A probability sample in which people are selected because they come from distinct sub-groups within the society. This approach may be used by ethnographers if the information that is being sought is not specialized knowledge such as the esoteric activities of a secret organization with restricted membership.

random sample

A probability sample in which people are selected on a totally unbiased basis. This can be accomplished by assigning a number to everyone in a community and then letting a computer generate a series of random numbers. If a 10% sample is needed, then the first 10% of the random numbers will indicate who will be the focus of the research.

judgment sample

A probability sample that includes only a limited number of key people selected by an anthropologist to be his or her informants based on the likelihood that they possess knowledge concerning the research questions and will be most able to communicate it. For example, religious leaders would be the most likely informants if research concerns religious beliefs and practices.

tribalism

A profound loyalty to one's tribe or ethnic group and a rejection of others. Those who promote this generally believe that globalism is a threat that must be overcome.

probability sample

A sample of people that is carefully chosen for study so that it will be representative of the entire community or population.

intensive agriculture

A subsistence pattern characterized by full-time farming in which large beasts of burden or highly mechanized farm equipment (e.g., rototillers and tractors) are used to prepare the land for planting. There usually is irrigation or other forms of water management. Often there is mono-cropping with heavy applications of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. This form of farming is highly productive but generally capital intensive.

mono-cropping

A term for planting a crop of only one species in a farm field.

multi-cropping

A term for planting a farm field with more than one species of plant.

speech

A term referring broadly to patterned verbal behavior used by humans.

egalitarian

A term that means equal in terms of economic and political rights.

division of labor

A term that refers to how jobs are divided up within the family and society.

dialect

A variant form of a language. (Hint: it usually sounds somewhat different.)

#C# CORRECT --> There are roughly 6000-7000 languages still in use. However, this number will likely decrease significantly in the next few generations.

About how many languages are being spoken in the world today? a) 500-1000 b) 1000-2000 c) 6000-7000

#C# CORRECT --> New cultural skills and knowledge are added onto what was learned in previous generations. Cultural evolution results from the invention and accumulation of new knowledge and skills.

All human cultures evolve over time. Which of the following things is most responsible for this? a) culture is an adaptive mechanism b) culture is instinctive c) culture is cumulative

LANGUAGE AND CULTURE: Analysis of Language