post quiz evolution
According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear?
the asiatic black bear
In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species?
Asexual species cannot be distinguished using this concept.
Which grouping includes all of the protists?
Domain Eukarya
Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare?
Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses.
What term describes the failure of one species' sperm to fertilize the egg of a different species?
Gametic incompatibility
Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?
Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.
Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.
How did Dr. Allison test his hypothesis that sickle cell disease was connected to malaria?
He expanded his study area beyond Kenya to the rest of East Africa to see if malaria and sickle disease were connected.He evaluated blood samples for malaria parasites and the presence of sickle cells.
In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize?
He hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease.
Your friend wants a cat but doesn't want to brush it. Which of the following is true?
He would do well to avoid getting a long-haired ragdoll
As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection?
Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.
What does fitness mean when speaking in terms of evolution?
How many offspring an individual produces
Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos?
Human embryos share a common ancestor who had gills.
When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?
If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.
Before Darwin published his work, Lamarck and others had suggested mechanisms for evolution. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?
Natural selection
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?
Overproduction of organisms and limited food resources
All prokaryotes are in the domain ________.
Prokaryotes are in different domains.
Compare sickle cell disease and malaria.
Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases.
Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?
That species were permanent and unchanging
The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat?
The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.
Which model of evolution is closest to what was originally suggested by Charles Darwin?
The graduated model matches best the reasoning of Charles Darwin.
If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true?
The person is susceptible to malaria.The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus.
What is radiometric dating?
The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes
Despite an abundance of habitat, why will it be difficult for the human species to recover?
The reduced genetic diversity will make it difficult for the population to adapt to new diseases or other environmental changes.
Natural selection is best described as _____.
a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations
Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?
genus
Which of the following most often leads to allopatric speciation?
habitat isolation
In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift
has more effect on the evolution of a small population.
In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence?
in a Scandinavian country where people historically raised dairy cattle and made cheese
Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve.
individuals, populations
A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________
inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide
The oldest fossils are typically found in the sediments ________.
located deep under the surface
Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime?
no
Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?
nonbranching evolution
If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,
the frequency of the green allele will increase.
What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
the population
If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________.
these two species are very closely related
In many ways, a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. Mules are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why, then, are mules considered to be a "weak hybrid"?
they are sterile
Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ________.
survive and reproduce
You invent a new cat brush that mimics a cat's tongue. Which of the following liquids does your brush contain?
synthetic cat saliva
Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?
- The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time.- Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population.- Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.
What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"?
-Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.-Natural selection acts on traits.-Natural selection favors some mutations.
When did life first appear on the planet?
3.5 billion years ago
How old is our planet Earth?
4.6 billion years old
You have a housecat. Which of the following would likely work the best for your cat?
A brush that penetrates her fur and reaches the skin.
Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
Which of the following best defines microevolution?
Changes in genes within a population over time
Mutations are always __________.
a change in an individual's DNA
Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?
Adult humans did not consume dairy products until fairly recently in our evolutionary history.
Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action?
All are evidence for evolution
Which of the following is true?
All housecats have the same size tongue papillae.
Which of the following are considered fossils?
All of the above are considered fossils
What is an adaptation?
All of the above are correct
Which of the following are examples of macroevolution?
All of the above are examples of macroevolution: Mass extinctions that wipe 50% or more of living speciesThe evolution of novel biological featuresThe creation of new species
Which of the following are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
All of the above are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution
What is the leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs?
An asteroid impact
Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes?
Both crossing over and independent assortment
in some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies?
Individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population.
A weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________.
Inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide
What defines a population in evolution?
Interbreeding members of the same species
Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products?
Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells that line the small intestine.
Most people are lactose intolerant as adults, but nearly everyone produces sufficient lactase as an infant. However, in some cases, genetic mutations can occur that make an infant lactose intolerant. From an evolutionary perspective -- over thousands of years -- why would lactose intolerance in infants be very rare in the population?
Lactose intolerant infants could not digest breast milk and therefore usually died, never having the chance to pass the mutation on to their children.
Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated.
The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency.
How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant?
The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products.
The eastern meadowlark and the western meadowlark are two bird species that look very similar to each other. Why do biologists not consider them the same species?
The two species experience the reproductive barrier of habitat isolation.Species are not determined by appearance but by their ability to interbreed naturally.The two species do not live in the same habitat and thus do not interbreed in nature.
What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?
There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.
Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?
They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.
Your aunt conducts research on ocelots in Central America. Which of the following is true of her research subjects?
They have papillae on their tongues.
Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why?
Today there are alternatives to breast milk, such as lactose-free formula and soy milk, so lactose intolerant infants can survive.
HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____.
any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time
Apples that we find in the grocery store today are much larger and sweeter than those found in the wild hundreds of years ago. Which process is responsible for this change?
artificial selection
The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products.
at the same time the dairy product is consumed, so that the lactase will be in contact with the lactose
What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species?
biogeography
The approach that consists in comparing DNA sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.
bioinformatics
A sudden volcanic eruption kills many members of a population of elk. By chance, the individuals that remain do not have the same mix of genes as the original population. The mechanism of evolution is
bottleneck effect
Certain traits will have been lost from the gene pool forever. This loss of diversity in a reduced population is called ________.
bottleneck effect
The evolution of populations due to chance is
genetic drift
Evolution can be best defined as ________.
change in the gene pool of a population
Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.
comparative anatomy
Which of the following processes is most likely to occur on this small population of humans?
genetic drift
Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?
domain
In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?
extinct species
As habitats change, populations of northern pine trees that were once separated can now exchange pollen. This exchange of genes between populations is allowing the previously isolated gene pools to mix. The mechanism of evolution is
gene flow