power, influence, and politics
avoid to pitfalls to effectively apply empowerment
- empowerment is not a zero-sum game where one person gain is another's loss - matter of degree, not an either- or proposition
how can I increase my own influence
- know what you what and believe you can get it -credibility -empathy -strong communication capability -be inspirational -open-mindedness
match tactics to influence outcomes
- strong at the core -important, enjoyable, friendly -believable and trustworthy -consultation trumps legitimating -schmoozing benefits are short-lived -subtlety wins long term -we can learn to influence
bad impressions
-doing only the minimum -having negative mindset -overcommitting -taking no initiative -waiting until the last minute to deliver bad news
five bases of power
-legitimate power -reward power -coercive power -expert power -reference power
six principles of persuasion
-liking -reciprocity -social proof -consistency -authority -scarcity
people's perception of politics
-negatively associated with job satisfaction and organizational commitment -Positively related to job stress and intentions to quit
empowerment outcomes
-performance -organizational citisenship behavior -Job satisfaction -turnover intentions -stress
empowerment inputs
-structural empowerment -individual differences -job satisfaction -managerial support -leadership -organizational support
legitimate power
-what most people think of as authority and is anchored to one's formal position - Positive: focus on job performance -Negative: tends to be threatening and demeaning to those being influences, if not simply an exercise in building the power holder's ego.
evolution of power
Domination: authoritarian power Consultation: influence sharing Participation: power-sharing Delegation: power distribution
three primary reactions to our attempts to manage and otherwise influence them
Resistance: Compliance: rewards, coercive, and negative legitimate power tend to produce compliance sometimes resistance Commitment: positive legitimate power, expert power, and reference power tend to foster commitment.
apply your knowledge
Step 1: set goals step 2: identify person(s) who can help you achieve that goal step 3: determine what type of influence outcome Step 4 which bases of power and tactics are most appropriate for the influence outcome you desire Step 5: explicitly describe how you apply the bases of power and tactics you chose
influence tactics
are conscious efforts to affect and change a specific behavior in others -rational persuasion -inspirational appeals -consultation -ingratiation -personal appeals - exchange -pressure -legitimating tactics
organizational politics
are intentional acts of influence to enhance or protects the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed by or align with those of the organization
personal power
as they are sources of influence that you possess independent of your position or job
position power
because the source of influence is associated with a particular job or position within an organization
tendency to assign blame for failure to
blame others blame oneself deny blame
referent power
comes into play when one's personal characteristics and social relationships become the reason for compliance
empowerment
defines as efforts to enhance employee performance, well-being, and positive attitudes
reward power
have if they can obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards
hard tactics
involve more overt pressure -exchange coalition pressure legitimate tactics
coalition
is an informal group bound together by the active pursuit of a single issue
structural empowerment
is based on transferring authority and responsibilities from management to employees
psychological empowerment
meaning competence self-determination Impact at work
levels of political action in organizations
network level: the cooperative pursuit of general interests coalition level : cooperative pursuit of group interests in specific issues individual level: individual pursuit of general self-interests
coercive power
the ability to make threats of punishment and deliver actual punishment
power
the ability to marshal human, informational, and other resources to get something done
soft tactics
they are friendlier than, and not as coercive as, hard tactics -rational persuasion -inspirational appeals - consultation -integration -personal appeals
expert power
valued knowledge or information gives an individual