PPR Competencies
Error
the teacher much strive to minimize these in their measurements, sot that their assessments will be fair and accurate.
Locus of control
there are two types: internal and external. Internal locus of control is when the learner takes responsibility for his success or failure. External locus of control is when the learner blames someone else or the circumstances for his success or failure that are within his control.
School Board
they approve school budgets, directly hire and evaluate superintendents, and directly hire all employees, including principals and teachers.
Site-based Management
they approve school budgets, directly hire and evaluate superintendents, and directly hire all employees, including principals and teachers.
Reflective Practitioner
they mindfully examine the consequences of and improve their practice will find that teaching is a rewarding profession with many opportunities for professional growth and development.
Formative assessment
typically occur during the instructional process and provide immediate and contextual feedback need to help teachers teach more effectively and students to learn more readily.
WAN
usually connects more than one LAN.
Parental Involvement Plans
ways to increase parental involvement in the schools, at all levels.
Curriculum restructuring
when educators foster conditions favorable to culturally responsive teaching and an acceptance of diversity.
Culturally responsive teaching
when teachers use students' prior knowledge in its cultural context when introducing new concepts.
Principal
work at the building level and must have strong leadership skills to be effective.
Evaluation
a philosophical process involving the examination of a measurement and drawing of appropriate inferences.
Exceptionality
(a) being intellectually gifted. (b) being physically or especially mentally disabled to an extent that special schooling is required.
Dialectical Thinking
A form of analytical reasoning that pursues knowledge and truth as long as there are questions and conflicts.
Stages of Concern
1. Survival concerns 2. Teaching situations concerns 3. Pupil concerns
Erik Erikson
1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Lev Vygotsky
A Russian scholar, identified private speech and emphasized the importance of social interaction to cognitive development.
Stem-and-leaf plot
An efficient way to initially sort scores while simultaneously organizing date. This technique makes it simple to read data from the plot.
Teacher as researcher
Emphasized the importance of teachers conducting research on various aspects of their teaching. This assist teachers in improving all aspects of their teaching.
Formal assessment
Employ systematic methods to determine how well students are progressing academically and assign grades.
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance. The right amount at the right time.
ARD Committee
Admission, Review, adn Dismissal Committee
AEP
Alternative Education Program
Seriation
Arranged from large to small or small to large
Curriculum-based assessment
Assessments designed to measure how well students have mastered state-mandated or district-mandated content.
egocentric
Believing that everyone views the world as you do.
Sensorimotor development
Birth to year two. Child learns through the senses and through motor development. Listening and language development begin at birth, and speech emerges in the latter part of the first year.
Informal assessment
Can be as simple as observing students as they work, asking pertinent questions, listening to students.
FERPA
Family Education Rights and Privacy Act
concrete operational stage
Child can think two directions after experiencing hands on activities with concrete (tangible) items. This age group needs peer interaction.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Child takes more initiative, becomes more assertive, but may be too forceful and become ruthless, leading to guilt feelings. The important event is independence and the significant relation is with the family.
generality vs stagnation
Finds some way to contribute to the next generation. The important event is parenting and the significant relation is with household and workmates.
psychosocial development
Describes the relationship between the emotional needs of the individual to the social environment
Checking for understanding
Determine if the student comprehend the new learning, which will result in increased correct learning.
Bloom's Taxonomy
Developed a classification system for the cognitive domain. The six levels of cognitive processes starting with the lowest are: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Develops intimate relationships or suffers feeling of isolation. The important event is love relationships and the significant relation is with partners and friends.
morality of nonviolence
Do not hurt self and others
ERIC
Educational Resources Information Center is a group of clearinghouses that enables one to research for specific topic areas or journal articles that are identified by the criteria of the ERIC selection that one selects by given description.
Knowledge Base
Effective teachers must acquire knowledge and expertise in the following areas: 1. Content knowledge 2. Pedagogical content Knowledge 3. Knowledge of learners and their characteristics 4. General pedagogical knowledge 5. Knowledge of educational contexts 6. Curriculum knowledge 7. Knowledge of educational ends, purposes, and values.
Depth of Knowledge (DOK)
Focused on the type of thinking required to complete a task; not the difficulty of the assignment. Therefore, the cognitive demand required in producing the student outcome or product reflects the level of complexity. The levels are: recall and reproduction, skills and concepts, short-term strategic thinking, and extended thinking.
FAPE
Free Appropriate Education
Classification
Groups objects according to a characteristic.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Has a sense of self-acceptance and fulfillment. The important event is reflection and respect of one's life and significant relation is with mankind or "my kind".
cognitive development
How knowledge develops
identity foreclosure
In this state adolescents have accepted without question the identity and values that were conferred in childhood.
IEP
Individualized Education Program
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
trust vs mistrust stage
Infant to toddler forms a loving, trusting relationship with caregiver or develops a sense of mistrust. The important event is feeding and the relationship is with the mother.
Equilibrium
Is the assimilation and accommodation of new knowledge.
Disequilibrium
Is when someone holds two conflicting views of a situation.
Post-conventional morality
Judgements are based on abstract, more personal principles and values of an individual that are not necessarily defined by society's law.
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development in children
Conservation
Knows the quantity remains constant even if the shape has changed.
Constructivism
Learning occurs best when the learners "construct" their own knowledge and when they build their own knowledge through experience. That is why we must use the internet in school.
zone of proximal development
Learning occurs in a zone where students' development is advanced enough for them to learn but they require help to get there
industry vs inferiority stage
Learns new skills or risks a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence . Important event is school and the significant relation is with neighborhood and school.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Learns to control physical movement. May develop shame and doubt if not properly patented. The important event is toilet training and the significant relation with parents.
Bias
Means that the wording of a test question is skewed in favor of a particular group of people.
Content Validity
Measures what was taught and tests the content in proportion to the time that was spent teaching the content.
Content validity
Measures what was taught and tests the content in proportion to the time that was spent teaching the content.
Schema
Mental representation or actions that help organize knowledge
Reversibility
Mentally reverses a series of steps
True measure
The best way to maximize true measurement is to have an accurate measuring instrument and carefully check the assessment.
Convergent questions
Promote narrowly focused questions; typically there is a specific answer the teacher is expecting
pre-conventional morality
One's judgement is based solely on a person's needs and perceptions
pre-conventional morality
One's judgement is based solely on a person's needs and perceptions.
Reflection
People learn through their experiences if they understand the consequences and implications of events and ideas.
Gilligan's stages of ethical care
Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional
PDAS
Professional Assessment and Development System to evaluate teachers, although school districts are allowed to develop and use their own evaluation system.
Professional Journals
Professional educators belong to at least one professional organization. These organizations publish well-respected professional journals each year.
Horizontal Teaming
Provides teachers with opportunities to work with teachers from their own grade level or content area.
Community Support
Service learning and experiential learning; reaching out to the community and vice versa. Communicate needs with your communities.
Norm refrenced
Students' scores are compared to the norm, which is established by the scores of their classmates.
Diffusion
The adolescent in this state may have tried to explore identity, but is no longer motivated to do so.
identity vs. role confusion
Struggles to achieve an identity but has gender role, politics, and religion. The important event is peer relationships, and the significant relation is with peer groups and role models.
Funds of knowledge
Students' collective background knowledge and experiences.
TPIA
Texas public Information Act
identity achievement
The crisis of identity has been resolved, and the person has defined basic values and goals after free consideration of alternatives. Typically, these decision making skills lead to a strong sense of commitment to life choices.
conventional morality
The expectations of society and law are taken into account.
identity moratorium
The individual in this state has begun to develop an Id entity but has difficult resolving moral and ethical issues. They suspend their decisions because of the struggle.
Subjective test
The most common is the essay examination. Teachers must make judgments about the quality of each response.
self-actualization
The need for a person to strive to reach his or her potential
Task analyis
The process by which the teacher identifies the components of knowledge or skill essential to the accomplishment of an objective.
Active learning
The process of student engagement and student responsibility for learning.
Role of the student
The student's role in active learning is that of knowledge seeker and gatherer. Under the structure established by the teacher, the student engages in activities that transform then from someone who merely knows something to someone who has learned something.
Reliability
The test must render the same results each time it is administered.
Private speech
Thought and language are interrelated. Speech as thinking out loud.
Lesson design
There are seven elements. Anticipatory set, objective, input, modeling, checking for understanding, guided monitored practice, and independent practice.
Lesson Design
There are seven elements: Anticipatory set, objective, input, modeling, checking for understanding, Guided-monitored practice, and independent practice.
Objective test
There are two types of objective tests: supply-type and select-type. Multiple-choice tests, true-false tests, and matching tests are objective tests.
formal operational stage
There is variation among persons in this age group, and they show some characteristics only some of the time. Most persons test ideas, engage in abstract reasoning, and consider hypothetical situations.
Orientation to individual survival
Transition from feeling of selfishness to a sense of responsibility to others.
Goodness as self-sacrifice
Transition from valuing self-sacrifice as goodness to valuing oneself as a person.
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Trust v. Mistrust, Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt, Initiative v. Guilt, Industry v. Inferiority, Identity v. Role confusion, Intimacy v. isolation, Generativity v. Stagnation, Integrity v. Despair
Formative Asessment
Typically occur during the instructional process and provide immediate and contextual feedback needed to help teachers teach more effectively and students to learn more readily.
Vertical teaming
Typically requires teachers to work with teachers who are one grade or level above them and one below.
Evaluation
Used to determine what the students know at the conclusion of the lesson, chapter, or unit. Usually used as a score in the grade book.
Peer Coaching
Usually consists of dyads of experienced and novice teachers or dyads of teachers at different stages of concern that encourage collaborative reflection that empower teachers to improve their practice
Carol Gilligan
Was Lawrence Kohlberg's student. She was concerned that personality psychology had focused studies on men and had left out half the people on the planet.
Abraham Maslow
Was a humanistic psychologist who suggested that what people need determines the level they function.
Instructional Objectives
What the learner will produce at the end of a lesson to demonstrate mastery of the new skill or knowledge. The purposes of instructional objectives are to: provide direction for instruction, provide guidelines for assessment, and convey the instructional intent to others.
Diagnosis
When a teacher identifies the extent of the students' prior knowledge and determines where to start teaching the new material.
Extrinsic motivation
When someone is extrinsically motivated they complete a task because they want the end result. Rewarding student behaviors, or positive reinforcement, is an example of extrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic Motivation
When someone is intrinsically motivated they complete a task because they enjoy the process.
Cognitive prompts
When students receive interactive feedback such as questions and answers. Indicates to the students what he or she does and doesn't know.
Professional Learning Communitites
When teaming, build on each other's skills as they apply to students. Try to avoid working in isolation.Work together to increase student success. Spend time planning together, doing lesson studies, reviewing assessments, revising lessons, reviewing data from standardized assessments, and problem solving. Experienced teachers mentor faculty.
Bloom's Taxonomy
a classification stystem for the cognitive domain. The six levels of cognitive processes starting with the lowest are: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.
Interdisciplinary lesson
a great vehicle to utilize technology. It is a lesson in which students learn TEKS from more than on subject, in one lesson.
Fair use
a law that says that a copyright owner has exclusive rights to copyrighted works except for certain uses, which are loosely defined in the law.
Normal distribution curve
a mathematical concept that represents hypothetical bell-shaped distributions of scores or data.
Prior Knowledge
a mixture of what a student has learned in the different communities in which they have experienced.
Validity
a valid test measures what it was designed to assess and appropriate inferences can be drawn from the results regarding the characteristic or ability being measured.
Blog
a web site or social media site where users can post a chronological, up-to-date e-journal entry of their thoughts. It is an open forum communication tool that, depending on the Web site, is either very individualistic or performs a crucial function for an organization or school.
AUP
an acronym or an organization's official statement of policy governing the use of a network or computer system.
Standardized scores
are frequently used to compare different groups of students within a state or around the country.
Summative assessment
are more formal and occur at the conclusion of an instructional unit or at the end of a course, often using a standardized test or a teacher-made test.
Standardized test
are paper-and-pencil tests that are administered to large groups of students and scored in a consistent manner.
Regional Support Center
are voluntary structures implemented by County School Superintendents and/or alliance of Education Service Agencies that provide locally defined and accessible professional development, educational services and technical services to address the statewide high priority initiatives.
Apprenticeship of Observation
called it as most Individuals who become teachers have observed their own teachers from between 14,000 to 16,000 hours.
Discussion method
can also be a source of student engagement so long as the teacher serves as the "host" of the discussion forum and allows the students to be the center of the discussion.
Character education
comprehensive character education addresses many tough issues in education while developing a positive school climate.
LAN
connect computers in a small area.
Measurement
derived from tests and is a mathematical process. It has two elements: a number and a scale.
Madeline Hunter
developed a model for teaching and learning that was widely adopted by schools during the last quarter of the 20th century. This model is the Seven Elements of Lesson Design.
Bilingual Education
education programs that enhanced students' abilities to speak, read, write in a a second language at higher levels of literacy.
formal assessment
employ systematic methods to determine how well students are progressing academically and assign grades.
Parent-teacher organization
exists to help parents stay aware of the happenings in the school; volunteers act as liaisons between the school and home.
Service-learning
experiences that are designed to serve communities as well as provide learning experience; campus-to-community; increase student awareness of needs in the community, as well as the importance of giving when possible (time)
moral development
focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. In the field of moral development, morality is defined as principals for how individuals ought to treat one another, with respect to justice, others' welfare, and rights.
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Percentile
indicates the percent of people that scored at or below the test-taker's raw score.
Authentic Assessment
is a form of alternative assessment whereby the student actually performs the task under realistic conditions.
Social skills training
is a form of behavior therapy used by teacher, therapists, and trainers to help persons who have difficulties relating to other people.
Bell Curve
is a mathematical concept that represents hypothetical bell-shaped distributions of scores or data.
Task Analysis
the process by which the teacher identifies the components (i.e., the ingredients) of the knowledge or skills essential to the accomplishment of an objective.
Deductive teaching
is a model of teaching/learning that is most familiar to us. In deductive teaching, the teacher gives students the information to be learned, asks a few questions related to the topic, and then assigns some sort of task in which the students demonstrate their understanding of the topic.
Scaffolding
is a term that refers to providing support for a student for as long basis for successful learning.
Inductive teaching
is an instructional strategy in which the teacher gives students bits and pieces of the information to be learned and students must draw conclusions on their own.
Inquiry Method
is composed of the following steps: formulating a problem, observing, investigating, analyzing, communicating, and considering solutions.
Database software
is designed to hold large amounts of information in a format that will allow the data to be sorted and classified by the user.
Metacognition
is the brain monitoring itself. It is when you think about what you are thinking about while you are thinking about it. A student metacognates when he is aware of his cognition during a task. They benefit by metacognition so they are more purposeful, monitor, and make improvements in their work.
Feeling tone
is the climate in the classroom. It affects the amount of effort a student will put forth toward learning.
Level of concern
is the degree to which a student is concerned or feels anxiety in a learning situation. There are three levels of concern: high, moderate (ideal), and low.
Superintendent
is the executive officer of a district.
Wait time
is the time that a teacher waits from the end of the question to the beginning of a student's response.
Attribution theory
is to whom or what the learner attributes his success or failure. The goal is to emphasize the effects of effort to transfer the locus of control from external to internal and maintain internal locus of control.
Knowledge of results
is when the feedback is after a fact such as returning a test or homework assignment. It needs to be specific in four ways: • What the learner did right. • What made it right, or well done. • What the learner did wrong. • How to fix it.
Field Experiences
it provides preservice teachers valuable opportunities to observe and work with classroom teachers, and these experiences are especially productive if the interconnections of theory and practice are addressed.
Continuous Assessment
means assessing aspects of learners' language throughout their course and then producing a final evaluation result from these assessments
Copyright
means when a creator/author creates a work product with the mind (known as intellectual property), that person "owns" the work product and has the exclusive right to sell, lease, publish, distribute, copy, license, franchise, etc., that work product.
Acculturation
model that values diversity and encourages people to maintain their native culture as they learn to live democratically in a macro-culture
Ongoing Assessment
occurs when the teacher continuously has a pulse on the instructional activities and the students involved in these activities.
Home Cultrue
one's own culture.
Divergent questions
open-ended questions that allow many correct responses
Parent-teacher confrences
opportunities for parents and teachers to meet and discuss students' behavior and performance in class.
Think Time
part of the guidelines for asking questions where teachers should give students enough time to encourage students to think the answers.
Self-efficacy
people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. These beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
preconventional morality (punishment-obedience and individualism and exchange), conventional morality (good boy nice girl and law and order) , postconventional morality (social contract and individual rights, and universal principles)
assimilation
the process of adapting or adjusting to the culture of a group or nation, or the state of being so adapted.
Application Software
programs that help you do something on your computer.
Convergent Questions
promote narrowly focused questions; typically there is a specific answer the teacher is expecting.
Divergent Questions
questions that are open-ended and have more than one answer.
Convergent questions
questions that have one correct answer
Prior knowledge
refers to the process of building upon what is already there, e.g. what are the prerequisite skills that students must know in order to be successful in an assignment about genetics?
Authentic assessment
refers to the types of assessment that require students to make a product that demonstrates the real-life connection to what they have learned.
Alternative Assessment
require students to demonstrate mastery of the new skill or knowledge using a method other than paper and pencil.
Genearlizability
results from an assessment, survey, or research findings can only be generalized to like populations
Criterion referenced test
scores are not dependent upon how well a student performs compared to other students. It is established and students' grades are determined by how well each student performs compared to the criterion.
Criterion-refrenced test
scores are not dependent upon how well a student performs compared to other students. It is established and students' grades are determined by how well each student performs compared to the criterion.
Macro Culture
shared and overarching values, ideas, and symbols that comprised in a nation.
Micro Culture
smaller cultural group within a nation. Ethnicity, gender, religion, language, socioeconomic, region, and exceptionalities are examples of common micro culture.
Assisted Learning
strategic help in the initial stages of learning gradually diminishes as students gain independence
At-risk students
students or groups of students who are considered to have a higher probability of failing academically or dropping out of school.
norm-refrenced
students' scores are compared to the norm, which is established by the scores of their classmates.
James Marcia
studied adolescent stage of Erikson; divided adolescent into four groups- foreclosed(having parents identity), achieved (your own identity), diffused (not even searching, living day-to-day), moratorium (actively searching for identity)
Cultural Awareness
teachers' knowledge about verbal and nonverbal communication patterns of their students from different cultures.
Public Law 94-142
the All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, that mandates public schools to provide support services for students with disabilities.
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Home Culture
the everyday goings-on in the home; this can include socio-economic status, race, ethnicity, language, etc. It can also be much broader and include behavioral and cultural practices.
