Practice 1/30/15

Azimuth

This is usually specified in degrees with respect to the geographic or magnetic north pole. Also known as the compass direction of a directional survey

1103.6 trillion cubic feet

What is Russia's proven gas reserves at the end of 2013 in trillion cubic feet?

617.3 trillion cubic feet

What is Turkmenistan's proven gas reserves at the end of 2013 in trillion cubic feet?

Around 0.25 in. in diameter

What is a common hole size for bit nozzles?

Barefoot Completion

What is another name given to openhole completion or without casing completion?

shoe joint OR shoe track

What is another term for float joint?

Southern Zone

What was the name given to the area in the Indies from which the Japanese had planned on getting sufficient oil within two years?

Great Marianas Turkey Shoot

What was the name given to the battle in the Marianas in June of 1944, in which the Japanese lost 273 planes and the Americans had finally penetrated the inner Japanese defense ring?

Anglo-American Oil Company

What was the name of Standard's first foreign "Affiliate"?

11.3 million barrels per day in 1970

What was the peak American oil production in barrels per day and what year did this happen?

CASOC

What was the subsidary of SOCAL, to which the foreign concessions in Saudi Arabia were awarded?

The possible consequences for the environment of major new projects had to be projected and taken into account before a go ahead would be given.

What were the environmental impact statements?

43,000 barrels per day and 75,000 barrels per day respectively

What where the outputs of the first two wells in idris field

The filtrate volume is doubled.

What woul be the result of using a half-sized cell for an API fluid test?

1971

What year did the Texas Railroad commission allow an all out production at hundred percent capacity?

1871

What year was the Titusville Oil Exchange opened?

He had been a critic and called for greater regulation by the Federal government, and even flirted with the idea of nationalization

When Harold Ickes was tasked with rekindling the relationship between the U.S Government and the oil companies in 1940, he came across a huge liability. What was it?

1956

When did Armand Hammer buy Occidental?

1971

When did British troops leave the Gulf?

April 1927. Baba Gurgur Number 1. Past 1500 ft deep

When did drilling first begin in the Mesopotamian/Iraq region? And what was the name of the well, as well as how deep?

Autumn of 1966, block 102

When did occidental first strike oil and Libya? And in which block?

May 1911

When did the Supreme Court finally order Standard Oil to be dissolved?

December 26, 1967

When was oil first struck in Alaska?

Oil City

Where Oil creek flowed into the Allegheny River the town of Cornplanter was renamed to...?

5 AM November 11, 1918 in Marshal Foch's railway car in the Forest of Compiegne

Where and when was the armistice to end WWI signed?

Wallachian Plains

Where in Rumania did the Germans try to advance in order to gain control of Rumania's oil production in 1916?

Yemen

Where is the port city of Aden?

Minas in Sumatra, and Caltex

Where was Japan's only wildcat well drilled during WWII and who actually owned the rig and right's to drill there? This turned out to be the largest field between California and the Middle East.

Stavelot in eastern Belgium

Where was the Allies largest fueling station during WWII?

Asia Pacific

Which area of the globe holds the least proven oil reserves?

Middle East (47.9%)

Which area of the globe holds the most proven oil reserves?

Los Angeles, CA

Which city was the true incubator of the modern service station which was pioneered by Shell. It's service stations are known for a standard structure with huge signs, restroom facilities, canopies, landscaped grounds, and paved entrances.

Smectite

Which clay suffers most often from clay swelling?

A common term for the infinite-acting radial flow regime. This portion of the pressure-transient response is between wellbore-dominated flow regimes in the early-time transient data and boundary-dominated flow regimes in the late-time transient data.

middle time transient data

The simultaneous flow of more than one fluid phase through a porous medium.

multiphase flow

Tests conducted at a series of different flow rates for the purpose of determining well deliverability, typically in gas wells where non-Darcy flow near the well results in a rate-dependent skin effect.

multiple rate tests

Jean Baptiste August Kessler

After Aeilko Jans Zijlker died suddenly in Singapore (1890) the leadership of the Royal Dutch enterprise passed to this man.

shaped charge

An explosive device that utilizes a cavity-effect explosive reaction to generate a high-pressure, high-velocity jet that creates a perforation tunnel.

capsule gun or strip gun

An exposed gun system used primarily in wireline operations. This gun system has shaped charges that are housed in individual pressure-tight capsules mounted on a metal strip, which is lowered into the well.

Backup curve

An extra curve on a log, designed to appear when the standard curve goes off track. For example, if the standard gamma ray curve is presented on a scale of 0 to 200 gAPI units, this curve may be scaled from 200 to 400 gAPI units.

hydrogen sulphide

An extraordinarily poisonous gas with a molecular formula of H2S. At low concentrations, H2S has the odor of rotten eggs, but at higher, lethal concentrations, it is odorless. H2S is hazardous to workers and a few seconds of exposure at relatively low concentrations can be lethal, but exposure to lower concentrations can also be harmful.

casing-inspection log

An in situ record of casing thickness and integrity, to determine whether and to what extent the casing has undergone corrosion.

capacitance log

An in situ record of the capability of the fluid passing through a sensor to store electrical charge.

fluid-interface log

An in-situ measurement of the flow profile made by pumping different fluids down the tubing and casing and observing the interface between them.

electromagnetic caliper

An in-situ measurement of the inside diameter of a casing or tubing using an electromagnetic technique.

electromagnetic thickness

An in-situ measurement of the thickness of a casing or tubing string using an electromagnetic technique.

injection/pulsed neutron log

An in-situ recording in which a material with high neutron-capture cross section is injected into the flowstream of a production or injection well to determine fluid paths and velocities.

Directional Driller

An individual trained in the science and art of intentionally drilling a well along a predetermined path in three-dimensional space, usually involving deviating the well from vertical and directing it in a specific compass direction or heading.

335 million barrels, 67% of world output

How much oil did the United States produce in 1917 during WWI and how much percent of total world output was it?

Friedrich Bergius

Name the German chemist in 1913, who was the first to succeed in extracting a liquid from coal in a process that became known as hydrogenation.

Casing Point

The location, or depth, at which drilling an interval of a particular diameter hole ceases, so that casing of a given size can be run and cemented

casing point

The location, or depth, at which drilling an interval of a particular diameter hole ceases, so that casing of a given size can be run and cemented.

circulation loss

The loss of drilling fluid to a formation, usually caused when the hydrostatic head pressure of the column of drilling fluid exceeds the formation pressure.

absolute volume

The volume a solid occupies or displaces when added to water divided by its weight, or the volume per unit mass.

net gas production

The volume of gas produced less gas injected

meter slippage

The volume of liquid that is not registered by the meter at a specific flow rate.

net oil production

The volume of oil produced less oil injected. In hydraulic pumping, the oil injected is known as power oil.

drip

The water and heavy hydrocarbons that condense from the gas stream and accumulate in the lower points of the flowlines.

neutron-activation log

n the context of production logging, the term normally refers to the activation of silicon and aluminum to determine the quality of a gravel pack.

Oil and dissolved gas volume at reservoir conditions divided by oil volume at standard conditions.

oil formation volume factor

A producing well with oil as its primary commercial product.

oil well

Petroleum and Lime

oleum incendarium (Greek fire) was a mixture of what two ingredients?

The differential pressure that drives fluids from the reservoir into the wellbore.

pressure drawdown

The pressure decline after halting or reducing fluid injection in a well.

pressure falloff

A device used to measure pressure.

pressure gauge

A change in pressure as a function of distance. This can refer to radial change in pore pressure with distance from the well (which can be calculated from well-test analysis results), to change in pore pressure with depth (which can be measured by formation tests, and implies formation fluid density and/or fluid contacts) or to change in wellbore fluid pressure with depth (which can be measured with production logs, and implies wellbore fluid density).

pressure gradient

British thermal unit

What does B T U stand for?

An abbreviation for oilfield barrel, a volume of 42 US gallons [6.16 m3].

What does BBL stand for?

Bearden units of consistency

What does Bc stand for?

liquified natural gas carrier

What does LNGC stand for?

meter or flowmeter

A device used to measure volumes or rates of fluids (liquid or gas).

perforating gun

A device used to perforate oil and gas wells in preparation for production. Containing several shaped explosive charges, these devices are available in a range of sizes and configurations.

Measuring tanks, or metering tanks, or dump tanks.

A calibrated tank that automatically measures the liquid volume passing through it.

Coating

Any thin material, liquid or powder, which, applied over a structure, forms a continuous film to protect against corrosion.

Aquifer

Any water-bearing formation encountered while drilling.

cracked gas

Which has a better antiknock value, natural gasoline or thermally cracked gas?

loose emulsion

An emulsion with large and widely distributed droplets.

back-in after payout

In oil and gas business, what does the acronym BIAPO stand for?

cathead

A clutched spool connected to the drawworks power system used to tension chains, cables and softlinerope.

slip joint

A completion component designed to accommodate tubing movement or length changes while maintaining a hydraulic seal between the production conduit and the annulus.

spud

1. To start the well drilling process by removing rock, dirt and other sedimentary material with the drill bit.

bridge plug

A downhole tool that is located and set to isolate the lower part of the wellbore.

shots per foot

In the context of perforating, what does spf stand for?

Fighter plane

Outside of tanks, what significant innovation was born in WWI?

aerobic

Referring to a condition or a situation in which free oxygen exists in an environment.

mist

Small liquid droplets (moisture or liquid hydrocarbons) in a gas stream.

rig

The machine used to drill a wellbore.

dope OR doping

To place lubricant on drillpipe

flowmeter

A device for measuring in-situ the velocity of fluid flow in a well, usually one completed for production or injection.

The replacement of produced fluids by formation water.

water influx

slips

1. A device used to grip the drillstring in a relatively nondamaging manner and suspend it in the rotary table. This device consists of three or more steel wedges that are hinged together, forming a near circle around the drillpipe.

jet OR jet mixer

1. A small-diameter tungsten carbide nozzle used in drill bits to produce a high-velocity drilling fluid stream exiting the bit.

drift

1. A term to describe the inclination from vertical of a wellbore.

drop ball

A ball that is dropped or pumped through the wellbore tubulars to activate a downhole tool or device.

Dummy valve

A blank gas-lift valve placed in a gas-lift mandrel to isolate the tubing string from the annulus. Gas-lift valves frequently are replaced with these during intervention work on wells with gas-lift completions.

safety spacer

A blank gun section or spacer installed between the top perforating-gun assembly and firing head in a TCP operation.

outcrop

A body of rock exposed at the surface of the Earth. Construction of highways and other man-made facilities and resultant removal of soil and rock has created spectacular outcrops in some regions.

aquifer

A body of rock whose fluid saturation, porosity and permeability permit production of groundwater. 2. A water-bearing portion of a petroleum reservoir with a waterdrive

Bad hole

A borehole that is not to gauge or is rugose. The term usually refers to the detrimental effect that such a borehole has on the response of logging measurements

limestone

A carbonate sedimentary rock predominantly composed of calcite of organic, chemical or detrital origin. Minor amounts of dolomite, chert and clay are common in limestones. Chalk is a form of fine-grained limestone.

Fluid-friction reducer

A chemical additive that alters fluid rheological properties to reduce friction created within the fluid as it flows through small-diameter tubulars or similar restrictions.

Corrosion inhibitor

A chemical additive used in acid treatments to protect iron and steel components in the wellbore and treating equipment from the corrosive treating fluid.

Clay stabilizer

A chemical additive used in stimulation treatments to prevent the migration or swelling of clay particles in reaction to water-base fluid. Without adequate protection, some water-base fluids can affect the electrical charge of naturally occurring clay platelets in the formation.

Antifoam or antifoam agent

A chemical additive used to prevent the formation of foam during the preparation of a treatment fluid or slurries at surface. Excess foam created during the mixing process may cause handling and pumping difficulties and may interfere with the performance or quality control of the mixed fluid.

bentonite

A clay mineral that is composed principally of three-layer clays, such as montmorillonite, and widely used as a mud additive for viscosity and filtration control.

gamma ray log

A common and inexpensive measurement of the natural emission of gamma rays by a formation. They are particularly helpful because shales and sandstones typically have different gamma ray signatures that can be correlated readily between wells.

Disbonding

A common coating problem in which the protective coating detaches from the pipeline.

Crosslinker

A compound, typically a metallic salt, mixed with a base-gel fluid, such as a guar-gel system, to create a viscous gel used in some stimulation or pipeline cleaning treatments. It reacts with the multiple-strand polymer to couple the molecules, creating a fluid of high, but closely controlled, viscosity.

cycle condensate

A condensate (liquid hydrocarbon) produced at surface from cycle gas.

Belt effect

A condition in deviated wellbores in which an additional friction component is applied as the slickline, wireline or coiled tubing is drawn to the inside radius of the curve. The effect is largely dependent on the load on the string, with the resultant friction forces being of most influence when high loads are encountered under static or slow-moving conditions.

Coiled tubing string

A continuous length of low-alloy carbon-steel tubing that can be spooled on a reel for transport, then deployed into a wellbore for the placement of fluids or manipulation of tools during workover and well-intervention operations.

base slurry

A conventional cement slurry used as the cementitious component of a foamed cement slurry.

natural fracture

A crack or surface of breakage within rock not related to foliation or cleavage in metamorphic rock along which there has been no movement. A fracture along which there has been displacement is a fault. When walls of a fracture have moved only normal to each other, the fracture is called a joint. Fractures can enhance permeability of rocks greatly by connecting pores together, and for that reason, fractures are induced mechanically in some reservoirs in order to boost hydrocarbon flow. Fractures may also be referred to as natural fractures to distinguish them from fractures induced as part of a reservoir stimulation or drilling operation. In some shale reservoirs, natural fractures improve production by enhancing effective permeability. In other cases, natural fractures can complicate reservoir stimulation.

barite

A dense mineral comprising barium sulfate [BaSO4].

barite

A dense sulfate mineral that can occur in a variety of rocks, including limestone and sandstone, with a range of accessory minerals, such as quartz, chert, dolomite, calcite, siderite and metal sulfides.

barite

A dense sulfate mineral that can occur in a variety of rocks, including limestone and sandstone, with a range of accessory minerals, such as quartz, chert, dolomite, calcite, siderite and metal sulfides. It is commonly used to add weight to drilling fluid.

pore

A discrete void within a rock, which can contain air, water, hydrocarbons or other fluids. In a body of rock, the percentage of pore space is the porosity.

Emulsion

A dispersion of droplets of one liquid in another liquid with which it is incompletely miscible.

Depth of investigation

A distance that characterizes how far a logging tool measures into the formation from the face of the tool or the borehole wall.

flux leakage

A distortion of the magnetic flux that has been introduced into a casing by a low-frequency electromagnet or permanent magnet.

Pickett plot

A double logarithmic plot of a resistivity measurement on the x-axis versus a porosity measurement on the y-axis.

Accelerator

A downhole tool used in conjunction with a jar to store energy that is suddenly released when the jar is activated. The energy provides an impact force that operates associated downhole tools or, in a contingency role, helps release a tool string that has become stuck.

casing collar locator

A downhole tool used to confirm or correlate treatment depth using known reference points on the casing string.

box

A female threadform (internally threaded) for tubular goods and drillstring components.

lamination

A fine layer (~ 1 mm thick) in strata, also called a lamina, common in fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale, siltstone and fine sandstone. A sedimentary bed comprises multiple laminations, or laminae.

Gravity-stable displacement

A frontal advance in which gravity and viscous forces are in equilibrium, resulting in a stable, highly efficient frontal advance.

float Joint / shoe joint

A full-sized length of casing placed at the bottom of the casing string that is usually left full of cement on the inside to ensure that good cement remains on the outside of the bottom of the casing. If cement were not left inside the casing in this manner, the risk of overdisplacing the cement (due to improper casing volume calculations, displacement mud volume measurements, or both) would be significantly higher.

float joint

A full-sized length of casing placed at the bottom of the casing string that is usually left full of cement on the inside to ensure that good cement remains on the outside of the bottom of the casing. If cement were not left inside the casing in this manner, the risk of overdisplacing the cement (due to improper casing volume calculations, displacement mud volume measurements, or both) would be significantly higher.

mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU)

A generic term for several classes of self-contained floatable or floating drilling machines such as jackups, semisubmersibles, and submersibles.

asphaltic mud additive

A group of high-viscosity or solid hydrocarbons obtained from naturally occurring deposits or from the residue of petroleum refining, commonly used as additives for oil-base and water-base muds.

tank battery

A group of tanks that are connected to receive crude oil production from a well or a producing lease.

flush production

A high flow rate reached with a new well.

Choke Line

A high-pressure pipe leading from an outlet on the BOP stack to the backpressure choke and associated manifold.

velocity-shot measurement

A method of producing a radioactive-tracer log, in which a slug of radioactive material is injected into the flow stream of a production or injection well from one section of a logging tool and observed as it passes one or more gamma ray detectors in another section.

waterflood

A method of secondary recovery in which water is injected into the reservoir formation to displace residual oil. The water from injection wells physically sweeps the displaced oil to adjacent productionwells.

Fire flooding

A method of thermal recovery in which a flame front is generated in the reservoir by igniting a fire at the sandface of an injection well. Continuous injection of air or other gas mixture with high oxygen content will maintain the flame front. As the fire burns, it moves through the reservoir toward production wells. Heat from the fire reduces oil viscosity and helps vaporize reservoir water to steam. The steam, hot water, combustion gas and a bank of distilled solvent all act to drive oil in front of the fire toward production wells.

Hot waterflooding

A method of thermal recovery in which hot water is injected into a reservoir through specially distributed injection wells. It reduces the viscosity of the crude oil, allowing it to move more easily toward production wells.

horizontal severance

A method to convey or reserve oil, gas or mineral rights at specific depths or geologic horizons.

bonus consideration

A monetary incentive given by the lessee (either an individual or company) to the lessor (mineral owner) for executing or ratifying an oil, gas and mineral lease.

antifoam or antifoam agent

A mud additive used to lower interfacial tension so that trapped gas will readily escape from mud.

steerable motor

A mud motor incorporating a bent housing that may be stabilized like a rotary bottomhole assembly.

froth flow

A multiphase flow regime in near-vertical pipes in which large slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying small droplets of oil or water with them.

annular flow

A multiphase flow regime in which the lighter fluid flows in the center of the pipe, and the heavier fluid is contained in a thin film on the pipe wall. The lighter fluid may be a mist or an emulsion.

stratified flow

A multiphase-flow regime in horizontal or near-horizontal wells in which the fluids are separated into different layers, with lighter fluids flowing above heavier fluids.

slug flow

A multiphase-flow regime in pipes in which most of the lighter fluid is contained in large bubbles dispersed within, and pushing along, the heavier fluid.

emulsion flow

A multiphase-flow regime with oil as the continuous phase, in which water exists as small, approximately homogeneously distributed droplets.

flowing neutron log

A neutron porosity log recorded while the well is flowing to determine the gas-oil contact in the borehole. The log is often compared with a log run while the well is shut-in.

Cold heavy oil production with sand

A non-thermal primary process for producing heavy oil. In this method, continuous production of sand improves the recovery of heavy oil from the reservoir.

listric fault

A normal fault that flattens with depth and typically found in extensional regimes. This flattening manifests itself as a curving, concave-up fault plane whose dip decreases with depth.

Hydrophile-lipophile balance number

A number on the scale of one to 40 according to the HLB system, introduced by Griffin (1949 and 1954). The HLB system is a semi-empirical method to predict what type of surfactant properties a molecular structure will provide. Water-in-oil emulsifiers have a low HLB numbers, typically around 4. Solubilizing agents have high HLB numbers. Oil-in-water emulsifiers have intermediate to high HLB numbers.

Endfire array

A particular arrangement of transmitters and receivers used in the electromagnetic propagation measurement in which the dipoles used as sensors are oriented along the axis of the tool. The orientation is combined with relatively long spacings to give deeper penetration, and hence less effect of mudcake or rugosity.

dog leg

A particularly crooked place in a wellbore where the trajectory of the wellbore in three-dimensional space changes rapidly. While it is sometimes created intentionally by directional drillers, the term more commonly refers to a section of the hole that changes direction faster than anticipated or desired, usually with harmful side effects.

working interest

A percentage of ownership in an oil and gas lease granting its owner the right to explore, drill and produce oil and gas from a tract of property.

drop-off gun

A perforating gun assembly designed to be detached from the tubing or running string after firing. The detached assembly can then drop, or be pushed, to the bottom of the well depending on deviation and production requirements.

casing gun

A perforating gun assembly designed to be used in a wellbore before the production tubulars or completion equipment have been installed, thus allowing access for a larger diameter gun assembly.

through-tubing gun

A perforating gun assembly designed to run through the restricted clearance of production tubing, then operate effectively within the larger diameter of the casing or liner below.

expendable gun

A perforating gun assembly that disintegrates upon firing, thereby reducing the volume and dimensions of retrieved components.

retrievable gun

A perforating gun designed to be retrieved from the wellbore after firing. This type of guns are generally configured for minimal debris and distortion of the gun body to help ensure easy retrieval.

flowline manifold

A pipe fitting with several lateral outlets for connecting flowlines from one or more wells. This connection directs flow to heater-treaters, separators or other devices.

sealbore

A polished bore designed to accept a seal assembly, such as may be used in a permanent productionpacker.

biopolymer

A polymer produced by a strain of bacteria.

oil sand

A porous sand layer or sand body filled with oil.

battery site

A portion of land that contains separators, treaters, dehydrators, storage tanks, pumps, compressors and other surface equipment in which fluids coming from a well are separated, measured or stored.

production payment

A portion of proceeds from production, specified by contract, and payable to the lessor or farmor, or host country until total payment has reached a predetermined limit specified by contract.

cost oil

A portion of produced oil that the operator applies on an annual basis to recover defined costs specified by a production sharing contract.

mud motor

A positive displacement drilling motor that uses hydraulic horsepower of the drilling fluid to drive the drill bit. It is used extensively in directional drilling operations.

rotating control device (RCD)

A pressure-control device used during drilling for the purpose of making a seal around the drillstring while the drillstring rotates. This device is intended to contain hydrocarbons or other wellbore fluids and prevent their release to the atmosphere

seal receptacle

A profiled completion component designed to accept a mating component equipped with a seal assembly. Completions are designed with '' ''' to enable the production string to be removed without removing the packer or permanent completion components.

held by production (lease)

A provision in an oil, gas and mineral lease that perpetuates a companys right to operate a property or concession as long as the property or concession produces a minimum paying quantity of oil or gas.

sheave

A pulley. In oilfield usage, the term usually refers to either the pulleys permanently mounted on the top of the rig (the crown blocks), or the pulleys used for running wireline tools into the wellbore.

multiphase pump

A pump that can handle the complete production from a well (oil, natural gas, water and sand, for example) without needing to separate or process the production stream near or at the wellhead.

Rugosity

A qualitative description of the roughness of a borehole wall. Alternatively, the term pertains to a borehole whose diameter changes rapidly with depth.

production log

A record of one or more in-situ measurements that describe the nature and behavior of fluids in or around the borehole during production or injection.

Acoustic log

A record of some acoustic property of the formation or borehole.

distributed-temperature log

A record of the change in temperature along a well, normally recorded by a fiber-optic cable.

photon log

A record of the density in and around a completed well using a radioactive source of gamma rays and a detector. The log is recorded with a nuclear fluid densimeter. More recently, they have been run to evaluate the quality of gravel packs and sand cavities, and are then synonymous with gravel-pack logs

cement bond log OR cement evaluation log

A representation of the integrity of the cement job, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to the outside of the casing. It is typically obtained from one of a variety of sonic-type tools.

Cement Bond Log

A representation of the integrity of the cement job, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to the outside of the casing. The log is typically obtained from one of a variety of sonic-type tools

cement evaluation log

A representation of the integrity of the cement job, especially whether the cement is adhering solidly to the outside of the casing. The log is typically obtained from one of a variety of sonic-type tools. The newer versions along with their processing software, can give detailed, 360-degree representations of the integrity of the cement job, whereas older versions may display a single line representing the integrated integrity around the casing

cementing plug

A rubber plug used to separate the cement slurry from other fluids, reducing contamination and maintaining predictable slurry performance.

cementing plug

A rubber plug used to separate the cement slurry from other fluids, reducing contamination and maintaining predictable slurry performance. Two types of cementing plug (the top plug and the bottom plug) are typically used on a cementing operation.

subsurface safety valve (SSSV)

A safety device installed in the upper wellbore to provide emergency closure of the producing conduits in the event of an emergency. Two types of ' ' ' ' are available: surface-controlled and subsurface controlled. In each case, the safety-valve system is designed to be fail-safe, so that the wellbore is isolated in the event of any system failure or damage to the surfaceproduction-control facilities.

wellbore diagram

A schematic diagram that identifies the main completion components installed in a wellbore.

blast joint

A section of heavy walled tubing that is placed across any perforated interval through which the production tubing must pass, such as may be required in multiple zone completions.

tie back liner

A section of liner that is run from a liner hanger back to the wellhead after the initial liner and hanger system have been installed and cemented. A '' '' '' may be required to provide the necessary pressure capacity during a flow-test period or for special treatments, and is typically not cemented in place. In some cases, a '' '' '' will be installed as a remedial treatment when the integrity of the intermediate casing string is in doubt.

Bleed off line

A section of manifold containing the valves and piping necessary to bleed off pressure from a vessel or system. They may be exposed to widely fluctuating pressures.

casing coupling

A short length of pipe used to connect two joints of casing.

booster

A small metal tube containing secondary high explosive that is crimped onto the end of the detonating cord. This explosive component is designed to provide reliable detonation transfer between perforating guns or other explosive devices, and often serves as an auxiliary explosive charge to ensure detonation.

Barrel pump

A small pump with an extended suction duct that is designed to pump fluid from barrels. These are commonly used to decant liquid additives during the preparation of treatment fluids at the wellsite.

electric probe

A small sensor in a production logging tool that distinguishes between hydrocarbon and water in its vicinity as it is moved up and down a production well.

optical probe

A small sensor in a production logging tool that distinguishes the type of fluid in its vicinity as it is moved up and down a production well.

local probe

A small sensor, part of a production logging tool, which determines the type of fluid in its vicinity as it moves up and down a production well.

tubing puncher

A special perforating gun, or charge, that is designed for limited penetration to allow an inner tubing or casing string to be perforated without damaging a surrounding outer string. These guns often are used in remedial or workover operations in which downhole communication devices, such as sliding sleeves, cannot be opened to allow circulation of well-kill fluids.

tubing puncher

A special perforating gun, or charge, that is designed for limited penetration to allow an inner tubing orcasing string to be perforated without damaging a surrounding outer string. These guns often are used in remedial or workover operations in which downhole communication devices, such as sliding sleeves, cannot be opened to allow circulation of well-kill fluids.

Bridle

A special section of cable that is placed between the logging cable and the head of the logging tool. Unlike the logging cable, the steel load-bearing element is in the center, surrounded by the conductors that are held in an insulating jacket.

escape line OR Geronimo line

A steel cable attached to the rig derrick or mast near the work platform for the derrickman. This cable is anchored at surface level (on a vessel or the Earth) away from the mast in a loose catenary profile, and fitted with a handle and hand brake that is stored at the top. It provides a rapid escape path for the derrickman should well conditions or massive mechanical failure warrant.

skid

A steel frame on which portable equipment is mounted to facilitate handling with cranes or flatbed trucks.

sucker rod

A steel rod that is used to make up the mechanical assembly between the surface and downhole components of a rod pumping system.They are 25 to 30 ft [7 to 9 m] long and threaded at each end to enable the downhole components to be run and retrieved easily.

horizontal drilling

A subset of the more general term "directional drilling," used where the departure of the wellbore from vertical exceeds about 80 degrees.

desiccant

A substance used in a gas-dehydration unit to remove water and moisture. These compounds can be liquid, such as methanol, glycol (ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, and tetraethylene). These substances also can be solid, such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2].

ultralarge crude carrier

A supertanker with 500,000 deadweight tons of capacity or more.

point bar

An arcuate deposit of sediment, usually sand, that occurs along the convex inner edges of the meanders of channels and builds outward as the stream channel migrates.

Chelation

An equilibrium reaction between a metal ion and a complexing agent.

Dry combustion

An in situ combustion technique in which only air or oxygen-enriched air mixtures are injected into a formation. A drawback related to this method is the highly corrosive and noxious combustion products that are produced.

casing-potential profile

An in situ log of the electrical potential on the inner wall of a casing. The log is used to identify intervals that are susceptible to corrosion.

hatch

An opening in the top of a tank through which samples are taken or inspection is made.

tracer ejector measurement

Another term for velocity-shot measurement, a method of producing a radioactive-tracer log, in which a slug of radioactive material is injected into the flow stream of a production or injection well from one section of a logging tool and observed as it passes one or more gamma ray detectors in another section.

crooked hole

Antiquated term for a deviated wellbore, usually used to describe a well deviated accidentally during the drilling process.

7 billion barrels

Between December 1941 and August 1945, how much oil was consumed between the U.S and its allies?

Ludwig Nobel

Building upon the ruins of his father's business, a great armaments concern. This man also invented the Nobel wheel.

Beneficiation

Chemical treatment or mechanical processes that improve a mineral or ore for its designed use.

True or false - most well test analysis assumes multiphase flow?

False - well test analysis generally assumes single phase flow

$72,500

February, 1865 in Cleveland Ohio. John D. Rockefeller purchased one of the most successful oil refineries from his partner for what price?

Mellons

Galey and Guffey managed to convince these men to put up 300,000$ for the first wildcat on Spindletop.

petroleum system

Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The components and critical timing relationships of a petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic time along the horizontal axis and the petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and prospects are typically developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some likelihood of existing.

Concentric

Having the same center, such as when the casing and the wellbore have a common center point and, therefore, a uniform annular dimension.

aerobic

Referring to a condition or a situation or a living creature, such as a bacteria, in which oxygen is required to sustain life.

Who showed that the common mathematics of heat transfer could be modified to adequately describe fluid flow in porous media?

Henry Darcy

Florida

Henry Flagler of Standard oil is credited with the development of this state.

St. Louis, MO

In 1907, the first drive-in fuel station opened in which city?

1872

In April of "this year" Rockefeller decided to scuttle the South Improvement Company

axial surface

In folded rocks, the imaginary surface bisecting the limbs of the fold. This surface is called the axial plane when the fold is symmetrical and the lines defined by the points of maximum curvature of each folded layer, or hinge lines, are coplanar.

Compatability

In matrix stimulation, a characteristic of rock that indicates formation permeability is not reduced when treating fluids and their additives contact the formation minerals or fluids inside the reservoir. Especially important in sandstone treatments, in which potentially damaging reactions may occur.

effective velocity

In the context of spinner flowmeters, the apparent fluid speed measured by the spinner as the tool is moved up and down the well.

Pan American Petroleum - Edward Doheny. Mexican Eagle - Sir Weetman Pearson later known as Lord Cowdray

In the early twentieth century, exploration in Mexico was dominated by which two companies? Also name the Presidents of both companies.

His secretary - a young German woman, and Adolf Hitler

In the mid-1930s, as he entered his 70s, Henri Deterding developed two infatuations, one of which became a cause of concern for the British. Who were his infatuations for?

drilling, production and storage tanks

In the oil field, what are the different types of tank?

In the oil field, absolute volume is typically given in units of gallons per pound (gal/lbm) or cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg).

In the oilfield, what are the typical units of absolute volume?

William A Smith - "Uncle Billy", A blacksmith who had previously built tools for salt water drillers.

In the spring of 1859 Drake found his driller, what was his name and previous occupation?

Japan did not attack the repair facilities or the oil tanks at Pearl Harbor

Japan managed to sink, capsize, or destroy 8 battle ships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, and 4 auxiliary craft in the bombing of Pearl Harbor. But, Japan made one large strategic mistake which would spell doom for them in the later years. What was Japan's big blunder?

apparent dip

The angle that a plane makes with the horizontal measured in any randomly oriented section rather than perpendicular tostrike.

"$4 a barrel"

John D Archbold caught Rockefeller's eye, when in a Titusville hotel Rockefeller saw Archbold's signature with this written next to it- ""

Henry Flagler

Joining Rockefeller in 1867, this man was also famous for building railways down the east coast of Florida all the way to the keys. What he referred to as the "American Riviera". He was said to have founded both Miami and West Palm Beach.

So the product would sound more like the familiar camphene

Kerosene - from 'Keros' (wax) and 'elaion' (oil). Why did Dr. Abraham Gesner alter the elaion to ene?

Core testing

Laboratory analyses performed on formation core samples as part of a stimulation-treatment design process. Tests such as the formation flow potential, fracture orientation and fluid compatibility tests are commonly run in preparation for stimulation treatments.

Breakout Tongs

Large capacity self-locking wrenches used to grip drillstring components and apply torque. They are the active wrenches during breakout operations. A similar set of tongs is tied off to a deadline anchor during breakout operations to provide backup to the connection, not unlike the way a plumber uses two pipe wrenches in an opposing manner to tighten or loosen water pipes, except that these are much larger.

liquid hydrocarbons

Liquid compounds such as propanes, butanes, pentanes and heavier products extracted from the gas flowstream.

knockout

Liquid condensed by a scrubber following a compression and cooling process.

lean oil

Liquid hydrocarbon utilized to remove heavier components from the gas stream in a gas processing plant.

Preflush

Low salinity water injected prior to chemical flooding.

to wage the oil campaign in all markets simultaneously

Marcus Samuel's brainchild "the coup of 1892" took on what plan to compete with Standard oil?

plankton

Minute organisms that float or drift passively near the surface of oceans and seas. Plant-like plankton, or phytoplankton, include diatoms. Zooplankton are animals that have a limited ability to move themselves. The changes in plankton over time are useful for estimation of relative ages of rocks that contain the fossilized remains of plankton.

Potsdam Declaration

Name the Allied piece of legislature rejected by Japan which would have enabled Japan to quit the war on reasonable grounds, including retention of the Emperor.

Joseph Grew

Name the American ambassador to Japan in 1939, who met with President Roosevelt to discuss the consequences of imposing sanctions. He warned that sanctions will either lead to war between the US and Japan or Japanese movement towards the Dutch East Indies.

Battle of Stalingrad

Name Germany's first major defeat in Europe during WWII.

Independent Petroleum Association of America

Name the organization formed by independent oil men to protest against government involvement in the industry.

Faisal

Name the person who was crowned King of Iraq in Baghdad by Winston Churchill in 1921.

Torsion balance, magnetometer, and seismograph

Name the three valuable tools which came from the discovery of geophysics in the 1920's.

injection gas

Natural gas injected into a formation to maintain or restore reservoir pressure. Other reasons for this procedure are gas-lift operations, cycling in gas-condensate reservoirs or storing gas.

lean gas or dry gas

Natural gas that contains a few or no liquefiable liquid hydrocarbons.

softline

Oilfield slang term for rope not made of steel, such as nylon, cotton, or especially standard manila hemp rope.

Beijing

On July 7 and 8, 1937, two clashes took place between Japanese and Chinese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge near what city? After this incident, in little over a month, on August 14, Japan and China would go to war.

D-Day

On June 6, 1944, the Allied forces hit the beaches of Normandy and opened the invasion of Western Europe, this is famously known as?

WWII

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland which led to the outbreak of which global event?

Asphaltenes

Organic materials consisting of aromatic and naphthenic ring compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen molecules. The organic part of the oil that is not soluble in straight-chain solvents such as pentane or heptane. Exist as a colloidal suspension stabilized by resin molecules in the oil.

benthos

Organisms that live at the bottom of a body of water.

miscible

Pertaining to a condition in which two or more fluids can mix in all proportions and form a single homogeneous phase.

overmature

Pertaining to a hydrocarbon source rock that has generated as much hydrocarbon as possible and is becoming thermally altered.

counterbalance weight

Part of rod pumping unit. This element is installed on the end of the walking beam, opposite to the end over the well, and compensates the weight of the sucker rods and the fluid being pumped.

production bonus

Payment by a well operator to a host country upon achievement of certain levels of production.

Socony-Vacuum. Mobil

Standard of New York bought which California producer and refiner and later merged with the Vacuum Oil company to form which company. They later developed a brand name. Name the company and the brand name.

Amoco

Standard oil of Indiana eventually became?

Exxon

Standard oil of New Jersey eventually became?

Mobil

Standard oil of New York eventually became?

60,000

Shares of Standard Oil were issued in the Standard Oil Trust Agreement of 1882. Out of the 700,000 total shares Rockefeller held 191,700. Flagler, in second, held how many shares?

Sohio, then the American arm of BP

Standard oil of Ohio eventually became?

overpressure

Subsurface pressure that is abnormally high, exceeding hydrostatic pressure at a given depth. The term geopressure is commonly, and incorrectly, used synonymously. Abnormally high pore pressure can occur in areas where burial of fluid-filled sediments is so rapid that pore fluids cannot escape, so the pressure of the pore fluids increases as overburden increases. Drilling into overpressured strata can be hazardous because overpressured fluids escape rapidly, so careful preparation is made in areas of known overpressure.

aeolotropy

Synonym to Anisotropy. Predictable variation of a property of a material with the direction in which it is measured, which can occur at all scales. For a crystal of a mineral, variation in physical properties observed in different directions. Often found where platy minerals such as micas and clays align parallel to depositional bedding as sediments are compacted; common in shales.

Excavation effect

That part of the effect of gas on the neutron porosity measurement that is not explained by differences in hydrogen index. By using the concept of hydrogen index, the only significant contributor to the neutron porosity in a gas zone is the liquid-filled porosity, since the hydrogen indices of gas and matrix are close to zero

bubble count

The frequency with which a local probe detects a change from one type of fluid to another. For example, if water is the continuous phase, the probe will respond digitally each time a bubble of oil or gas passes it.

100 times

The American forces in Europe used how much more gasoline in WWII than in WWI?

critical gas flow rate

The gas flow rate equivalent to the speed of sound in that fluid. Exceeding this limit during gas production accelerates corrosion in the pipelines.

anhydrate

The anhydrous mineral form of calcium sulfate, CaSO4. (Gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O, is the hydrated form.) The presence of anhydrite or gypsum in rock will influence the type of mud selected for drilling the rock because when CaSO4 dissolves in a water mud, Ca+2 and SO4-2 ions are formed. Although both ions are detrimental to freshwater mud properties, Ca+2 is the more harmful of the two.

biostratigraphy

The application of plant and animal fossils to date and correlate strata in order to elucidate Earth history, combining the principles of paleontology and stratigraphy.

Fishing

The application of tools, equipment and techniques for the removal of junk, debris or fish from a wellbore.

damaged zone

The area surrounding the wellbore that has been harmed by the drilling process, generally as a result of mud or cement-filtrate invasion.

cement

The binding material in sedimentary rocks that precipitates between grains from pore fluids. Calcite and quartz are common cement-forming minerals.

Entrained gas

The gas present in the fluids of a wellbore circulatory system. Many well-intervention operations are conducted with the well live or held on balance.

Colonel Robert Stewart

The US was shocked to learn that among those receiving Liberty Bond kickbacks as part of the Teapot Dome scandal was one of America's most distinguished oil men. He had ridden with Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders and had been involved with Continental Trading Company and Liberty Bonds. He admitted to receiving about $760,000 in bonds. Name this individual.

gaswell gas

The gas produced or separated at surface conditions from the full well stream produced from a natural gas reservoir.

overbalance

The amount of pressure (or force per unit area) in the wellbore that exceeds the pressure of fluids in the formation. This excess pressure is needed to prevent reservoir fluids (oil, gas, water) from entering the wellbore. However, excessive pressure can dramatically slow the drilling process by effectively strengthening the near-wellbore rock and limiting removal of drilled cuttings under the bit. In addition, excess pressures coupled with poor mud properties can cause differential sticking problems.

profit oil

The amount of production, after deducting cost oil production allocated to costs and expenses, that will be divided between the participating parties and the host government under the production sharing contract.

retention time

The amount of time a liquid stays in a vessel.

Detergency

The ability of a chemical agent to remove a contaminant from a solid surface. For example, in enhanced oil recovery, a surfactant can be used to remove an oil phase from a mineral surface.

Stoneley permeability

The ability of fluid to move through a rock, as measured by the reduction in amplitude or increase in slowness of the acoustic Stoneley wave generated in the borehole.

residence time

The amount of time a liquid stays in a vessel. This time assures that equilibrium between the liquid and gas has been reached at separator pressure.

Baku

The first wells drilled here took place in 1871-72

make a connection

To add a length of drillpipe to the drillstring to continue drilling.

roll a tank

To agitate a tanks contents with gas or air injected through a roll line. This procedure is performed to settle out impurities or obtain a more homogeneous mixture of the chemicals added to oil, such as when chemicals used to break emulsions.

reciprocate

To alternately raise and lower the drillstring, casing string or liner in the wellbore. It is usually limited to 30 to 60 ft [9 to 18 m] of vertical travel in the derrick. The purpose for doing this to the drillstring is usually to clean cuttings and other debris from the wellbore. It can improve the chances of a good cement job in casing or liners.

erode

To cause or undergo erosion, the wearing away of material, usually rock or steel, by the continuous abrasive action of a solids-laden slurry.

plug and abandon (P&A)

To prepare a well to be closed permanently, usually after either logs determine there is insufficient hydrocarbon potential to complete the well, or after production operations have drained the reservoir.

cementing

To prepare and pump cement into place in a wellbore.

Circulate or Circulation

To pump fluid through the whole active fluid system, including the borehole and all the surface tanks that constitute the primary system.

circulate

To pump fluid through the whole active fluid system, including the borehole and all the surface tanks that constitute the primary system.

circulate out

To pump the drilling fluid until a sample from the bottom of the hole reaches the surface. This is commonly performed when drilling has ceased so that the wellsite geologist may collect a cuttingssample from the formation being drilled, or when the driller suspects that a small amount of gas has entered the wellbore.

nipple up

To put together, connect parts and plumbing, or otherwise make ready for use. This term is usually reserved for the installation of a blowout preventer stack.

desulfurize

To remove sulfur or sulfur compounds from an oil or gas stream.

come out of the hole OR pull out of the hole OR trip out

To remove the drillstring from the wellbore.

William Knox D'Arcy

Two of the immediate groups rivaling for influence in the Middle East were a German group led by Deutsche Bank and another group which eventually merged into the Anglo Persian Oil Company. Who was this other group sponsored by?

stand

Two or three single joints of drillpipe or drill collars that remain screwed together during tripping operations.

Families of the paired pressure change and its derivative computed from a model. T

Type curves

Abbreviation for barrels of oil per day, a common unit of measurement for volume of crude oil.

What does BOPD stand for?

Abbreviation for basic sediment and water. BS&W is measured from a liquid sample of the production stream.

What does BS&W stand for?

102 and 103

What block numbers did occidental get in Libya

British recognition of French control over Syria

What did France receive from Britain in exchange for giving up its claim to Mosul, an oil producing region in northwestern Baghdad weeks after the first war had ended?

acrylamido methyl propane sulfonate polymer

What does AMPS stand for?

Ludwig Nobel

Who is the "Oil King of Baku"

Robert Waley Cohen

Winston Churchill was approached by whom to help create a merger between Anglo-Persian, Burmah Oil, and shell?

driller, roughneck, roustabout, poor boy

With a new language born on Spindletop: a well borer became a: a skilled helper: a semiskilled helper: And by splitting interest with the crew a landowner would " " a well:

Apparent viscosity

With respect to drilling fluids, what does AV stand for?

water cushion

volume of water placed in a tubing string prior to conducting a drillstem test or opening a well to flow. is designed to reduce and control the pressure drawdown applied to the reservoirwhen the downhole valve or tester valve is opened to initiate flow.

Water and dissolved gas volume at reservoir conditions divided by water volume at standard conditions. This value can often be neglected, since it is always close to 1.0.

water formation volume factor

That period when drilling debris and fluids are still coming out of the formation and perforations. During this time, the skin effect is changing and any well-test results may reflect temporary obstruction to flow that will not be present in later tests.

well cleanup

The change in pressure at one well caused by production from one or more other wells.

well interference

John D. Archbold

1897, Not yet 60 years pf age rockefeller, and still retaining the title of president, stepped aside, turning administrative leadership over to one of the other directors, " "

condensate liquids

Hydrocarbons that are in the gaseous phase at reservoir conditions but condense into liquid as they travel up the wellbore and reach separator conditions. These fluids are sometimes called distillate.

1922

In which year were the Los Barroso fields discovered in Venezuela?

tubing hanger

A device attached to the topmost tubing joint in the wellhead to support the tubing string.

Centralizer

A device that helps to maintain the logging tool in the center of the borehole.

compressor plant

A facility consisting of many compressors, auxiliary treatment equipment and pipeline installations to pump natural gas under pressure over long distances.

Flue gas

A gas generated by burning hydrocarbons with air; it is sometimes used as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) injectant. The composition consists mainly of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and excess oxygen with some impurities, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides.

blanket gas

A gas phase maintained above a liquid in a vessel to protect the liquid against air contamination, to reduce the hazard of detonation or to pressurize the liquid. The gas source is located outside the vessel.

hydrogen sulfide

A gas produced during the decomposition of organic matter and occurs with hydrocarbons in some areas. It enters drilling mud from subsurface formations and can also be generated by sulfate-reducing bacteria in stored muds.

acid gas

A gas that can form acidic solutions when mixed with water.

cycle gas

A gas that is compressed and injected back to the reservoir. In gas-condensate reservoirs, after the liquids or condensate are recovered at the surface, the residue gas (dry gas) is returned to the reservoir to maintain pressure.

absorption oil

A light liquid hydrocarbon used to absorb or remove the heavier liquid hydrocarbons from a wet gas stream.

acrylamide acrylate polymer, also called partially hydrolized polyacrilamide

A linear copolymer of acrylate (anionic) and acrylamide (nonionic) monomers.

acrilamide polymer

A linear, nonionic polymer made of acrylamide monomers.

tally

A list containing details of tubulars that have been prepared for running, or that have been retrieved from the wellbore. Each tubing joint is numbered and the corresponding length and other pertinent details noted alongside.

base map

A map on which primary data and interpretations can be plotted. Typically includes locations of lease orconcession boundaries, wells, seismic survey points and other cultural data such as buildings and roads, with a geographic reference such as latitude and longitude or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid information.

lithofacies

A mappable subdivision of a stratigraphic unit that can be distinguished by its facies or lithology-the texture, mineralogy, grain size, and the depositional environment that produced it.

optical index

A measure of the amount of light reflected by a fluid from an optical probe.

tracer-loss measurement

A method of determining injection-flow profiles by monitoring the reduction in tracer material as it moves down the well.

gas interference

A phenomenon that occurs when gas enters the subsurface sucker-rod pump. After the downstroke begins, the compressed gas reaches the pressure needed to open the traveling valve before the traveling valve reaches liquid. The traveling valve opens slowly, without the drastic load change experienced in fluid pound. It does not cause premature equipment failure, but can indicate poor pump efficiency. A bottomhole separator or a gas anchor can correct this phenomenon.

Foaming agent

An additive used in preparation of foam used as a drilling fluid. These are usually nonionic surfactants and contain polymeric materials.

casing string

An assembled length of steel pipe configured to suit a specific wellbore. The sections of pipe are connected and lowered into a wellbore, then cemented in place. The pipe joints are typically approximately 40 ft [12 m] in length, male threaded on each end and connected with short lengths of double-female threaded pipe called couplings. To protect or isolate formations adjacent to the wellbore.

reserve pit

In onshore operations, an earthen-bermed storage area for discarded drilling fluid.

1885

In which year did the Rothchilds enter the Russian Oil Business?

1911

In which year did the US Supreme Court order the dissolution of the Standard Oil Trust?

1892

In which year the Marcus Samuel send the Murex through the Suez Canal?

1969

In which year was oil first discovered in the North Sea?

1928, Oil glut in the market

In which year was the 'As Is' agreement signed and what was the reason?

1928

In which year was the Red Line Agreement signed?

1882

In which year was the Standard Oil Trust formed?

1859

In which year was the first commercial oil well drilled?

1910

In which year were the Golden Lane fields discovered in Mexico?

Albert Fall

Name the first Cabinet officer convicted and imprisoned for a felony committed while in office.

abyssal

Pertaining to the depositional environment of the deepest area of the ocean basins, the abyss.

Chemical potential

The change in the Gibbs free energy of a system when an infinitesimally small amount of a component is added under constant pressure and temperature while keeping the mass of the other components of the system unchanged.

flowstream

The flow of oil, gas or water through a pipe.

displacement fluid

The fluid, usually drilling mud, used to force a cement slurry out of the casing string and into theannulus.

Counterbalance winch

The lifting device on a snubbing unit used to pick up and lay down the tool string and running-string tubulars.

Sigma

The macroscopic cross section for the absorption of thermal neutrons, or capture cross section, of a volume of matter, measured in capture units (c.u.).

The University of Houston

The nuclear well log calibration facility was opened in 1959 for the calibration of natural gamma ray and neutron logs. A facility for calibrating natural gamma ray spectroscopy logs was added later. Where is this facility located?

biodegradation

The process by which complex molecules are broken down by micro-organisms to produce simpler compounds.

Drainage

The process of forcing a nonwetting phase into a porous rock.

coiled tubing drilling

The use of coiled tubing with downhole mud motors to turn the bit to deepen a wellbore. Coiled tubing drilling operations proceed quickly compared to using a jointed pipe drilling rig because connectiontime is eliminated during tripping. Coiled tubing drilling is economical in several applications, such as drilling slimmer wells, areas where a small rig footprint is essential, reentering wells and drilling underbalanced.

vertical lift

The vertical distance between two points in a horizontal or deviated wellbore. Any calculations relating to wellbore pressure or downhole pump performance will be based on the vertical lift rather than the distance traveled through the wellbore.

Corrosion rate

The weight loss of a corrosion coupon after exposure to a corrosive environment, expressed as mils (thousandths of an inch) per year penetration.

back-in

This clause allows a lease-owner, lessee or a nonparticipating partner to reserve the option to participate in a well after it has produced enough to pay the operators expenses of drilling and completing that well.

back-in

This clause is typically used in farmout agreements to convert the overriding royalty interest of a lease-owner, lessee or nonparticipating partner into a working interest upon payout of the well.

Ohio Oil Company

This company later known as Marathon had been the largest of Standard Oil's producing companies before the 1911 dissolution. Between, 1926 and 1930, the company's production almost doubled and it controlled half of the immensely prolific Yates field in Texas. Name the original name of the company.

Union Oil

This company, now Unocal, was the dominant oil producer in California during the late 1890s and early 1900s.

Bullhead Procedure

To forcibly pump fluids into a formation, usually formation fluids that have entered the wellbore during a well control event. Though it is intrinsically risky, it is performed if the formation fluids are suspected to contain hydrogen sulfide gas to prevent the toxic gas from reaching the surface. It is also performed if normal circulation cannot occur, such as after a borehole collapse

John D. Rockefeller Jr.

This individual is responsible for ousting Robert Stewart from Standard Oil of Indiana in 1929 for receiving improper benefits. Unlike his father, he was as a philanthropist, not an oil man.

Herbert Hoover

This individual sold some Peruvian oil properties to Waleter Teagle of Standard Oil of New Jersey and believed that a syndicate of American companies should be formed to operate in Mesopotamia. Name the individual.

Back up

To hold one end of a threaded connection while the other is turned to make up the joint. To ensure a secure connection, many types of threaded joints are made up to specific torque requirements in oil- and gas-well applications.

Aeilko Jans Zijlker

This man first realized the oil potential of Sumatra in 1885. His actions paved the path for Royal Dutch

Joseph "Buckskin Joe" Cullinan

This man founded Texas Fuel Company, later known as Texaco.

core

To deepen the wellbore by way of collecting a cylindrical sample of rock. A core bit is used to accomplish this, in conjunction with a core barrel and core catcher.

drilling core

To deepen the wellbore by way of collecting a cylindrical sample of rock. A core bit is used to accomplish this, in conjunction with a core barrel and core catcher.

sidetrack

To drill a secondary wellbore away from an original wellbore. It may be done intentionally or may occur accidentally.

Ludwig Nobel

This man's company was the first anywhere in the world to have a permanent staff position for a professional petroleum geologist.

Beneficiate

To improve a mineral or ore for its designed use through chemical treatments or mechanical processes.

geosteer

To control the direction of a well based on the results of downhole geological logging measurements rather than three-dimensional targets in space, usually to keep a directional wellbore within a pay zone. In mature areas, this action may be used to keep a wellbore in a particular section of a reservoir to minimize gas or water breakthrough and maximize economic production from the well.

strap

To measure a running string or assembled components while running in or out of the wellbore.

1898 in New York City

When and where was Armand Hammer born?

Yemen (+36.35%)

Which country experienced the largest percent increase in natural gas production between 2012 and 2013?

A well produced by use of some kind of downhole pump.

pumping well

Housing

The outside steel case of a cartridge or a sonde in a wireline logging tool.

13.6%

What is North America's share of total proven oil reserves in the world?

deviation survey OR directional survey

A completed measurement of the inclination and azimuth of a location in a well (typically the total depthat the time of measurement).

bioassay

A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine the effect of a condition to which the organism is exposed.

pad

1. A temporary drilling site, usually constructed of local materials such as gravel, shell or even wood. For some long-drilling-duration, deep wells, the temporary drilling site may be paved with asphalt or concrete. After the drilling operation is over, most of the site is usually removed or plowed back into the ground.

*adjustable choke

1. A valve usually used in well control operations to reduce the pressure of a fluid from high pressure in the closed wellbore to atmospheric pressure. It may be adjusted (opened or closed) to closely control the pressure drop.

fish

1. Anything left in a wellbore. It does not matter whether it consists of junk metal, a hand tool, a length of drillpipe or drill collars, or an expensive MWD and directional drilling package. Once the component is lost, it is simply referred to this term.

hopper

1. In general, a funnel-shaped device used to transfer products. It is often at the bottom of any container for holding or using bulk products, especially drilling fluid additives and cementing material.

churn flow

A multiphase flow regime in near-vertical pipes in which large, irregular slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying droplets of oil or water with them.

lease

1. The act of acquiring acreage for exploration or production activity. 2. An area of surface land on which exploration or production activity occurs.

accumulation

1. The phase in the development of a petroleum system during which hydrocarbons migrate into and remain trapped in a reservoir. 2. An occurrence of trapped hydrocarbons, an oil field.

displacement

1. The shortest distance from the surface location of a well to the vertical projection of the bottom of the well (or other point in the well) to the Earth's surface.

slide

1. To drill with a mud motor rotating the bit downhole without rotating the drillstring from the surface. This operation is conducted when the bottomhole assembly has been fitted with a bent sub or a bent housing mud motor, or both, for directional drilling.

pack off

1. To plug the wellbore around a drillstring. This can happen for a variety of reasons, the most common being that either thedrilling fluid is not properly transporting cuttings and cavings out of the annulus or portions of the wellbore wall collapse around the drillstring.

spherical separator

A ball-shaped vessel used for fluid separation.

massif

A block of rock that forms a structural or topographic feature, such as a block of igneous of metamorphic rock within an area of mountain building, or orogeny. A massif can be as large as a mountain and is typically more rigid than the rocks that surround it.

Blind shear ram

A blowout preventer (BOP) closing element fitted with hardened tool steel blades designed to cut the drillpipe or tubing when the BOP is closed, and then fully close to provide isolation or sealing of the wellbore. A shear ram is normally used as a last resort to regain pressure control of a well that is flowing.

active margin

A boundary of colliding lithospheric plates. Examples: The present subduction zones of the Pacific Rim, the older mountains of the Alps, and the Himalayas

oil water contact

A bounding surface in a reservoir above which predominantly oil occurs and below which predominantly water occurs. Although oil and water are immiscible, the contact between oil and water is commonly a transition zone and there is usually irreducible water adsorbed by the grains in the rock and immovable oil that cannot be produced. The oil-water contact is not always a flat horizontal surface, but instead might be tilted or irregular.

connection gas

A brief influx of gas that is introduced into the drilling fluid when a pipe connection is made.

connection gas

A brief influx of gas that is introduced into the drilling fluid when a pipe connection is made. Before making a connection, the driller stops the mud pumps, thereby allowing gas to enter the wellbore at depth. Gas may also be drawn into the wellbore by minor swabbing effects resulting from short movements of the drillstring that occur during the connection. Usually occurs after one lag interval following the connection. On a mud log, it will appear as a short peak above background levels. This peak often appears at 30-foot intervals, depending on the lengths of drillpipe being connected as the well is drilled.

makeup cathead

A clutched, rotating spool that enables the driller to use the drawworks motor to apply tension to a chain connected to themakeup tongs. This tensioned chain, acting at right angles to the tong handle, imparts torque to the connection being tightened.

Breakout Cathead

A clutching mechanism that permits the driller to apply high torque to a connection using the power of the drawworks motor.

Bucking coil

A coil in an induction logging tool designed to buck out, or reduce, the direct coupling between transmitter and receiver coils.

nitrogen cushion

A column of high-pressure nitrogen typically applied to a tubing string in preparation for drillstem testing or perforating operations in which the reservoir formation is to be opened to the tubing string.

liner

A casing string that does not extend to the top of the wellbore, but instead is anchored or suspended from inside the bottom of the previous casing string. There is no difference between the casing joints themselves.

Flapper Valve

A check valve that has a spring-loaded plate that may be pumped through, generally in the downhole direction, but closes if the fluid attempts to flow back through the drillstring to the surface.

flapper valve

A check valve that has a spring-loaded plate that may be pumped through, generally in the downhole direction, but closes if the fluid attempts to flow back through the drillstring to the surface.

Cosurfactant

A chemical added to a process to enhance the effectiveness of a surfactant. Often used to increase the oil-solubilizing capacity of microemulsion surfactant systems.

Chelating agent. EDTA - ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid.

A chemical added to an acid to stabilize iron. The injected acid dissolves iron from rust, millscale, iron scales or iron-containing minerals in the formation.

Chelating agent

A chemical added to an acid to stabilize iron. The injected acid dissolves iron from rust, millscale, iron scales or iron-containing minerals in the formation. Iron can exist as ferric iron [Fe+3] or ferrous iron [Fe+2].

Defoamer or foam breaker

A chemical additive used to prevent the formation of foam during the preparation of a treatment fluid or slurries at surface. Excess foam created during the mixing process may cause handling and pumping difficulties and may interfere with the performance or quality control of the mixed fluid.

Acid inhibitor

A chemical additive used to protect wellbore components and treatment equipment from the corrosive action of an acid. The type and concentration of acid inhibitors are determined by the type of metal to be protected and the specific wellbore conditions, such as temperature and the length of exposure time anticipated during the treatment.

Diverter or diverting agent

A chemical agent or mechanical device used in injection treatments, such as matrix stimulation, to ensure a uniform distribution of treatment fluid across the treatment interval. Injected fluids tend to follow the path of least resistance, possibly resulting in the least permeable areas receiving inadequate treatment.

Chemical diverter

A chemical agent used in stimulation treatments to ensure uniform injection over the area to be treated. They function by creating a temporary blocking effect that is safely cleaned up following the treatment, enabling enhanced productivity throughout the treated interval.

Alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding (ASP flooding)

A chemical enhanced oil recovery flood that uses two sources of surfactant and a polymer.

Contaminant

A chemical or fluid that alters the performance of an engineered slurry or treatment fluid. Some remedial cementing treatments require unpredictable volumes of cement slurry to achieve the desired results.

acidity

A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydrogen ions (H+) in the system, or a potential to produce more hydrogen ions, than there are hydroxyl ions (OH-), or potential to produce hydroxyl ions.

alkalinity or Pf or Pm

A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the system, or a potential to produce more hydroxyl ions, than there are hydrogen ions (H+), or potential to produce hydrogen ions.

scale inhibitor

A chemical treatment used to control or prevent scale deposition in the production conduit or completionsystem. '' '' chemicals may be continuously injected through a downhole injection point in the completion, or periodic squeeze treatments may be undertaken to place the inhibitor in the reservoirmatrix for subsequent commingling with produced fluids.

Cosolvent

A chemical used in small quantities to improve the effectiveness of a primary solvent in a chemical process.

Buffer

A chemical used to adjust and control the pH of stimulation fluids. Gels and complex polymer fluids are sensitive to pH changes, especially during the mixing phase when the dispersion and hydration of some polymers require specific pH conditions.

Breaker

A chemical used to reduce the viscosity of specialized treatment fluids such as gels and foams. Breaking down the fluid viscosity may be desirable either as part of a treatment, such as allowing flow back of the spent treatment fluid, or following a treatment as part of the fluid-disposal process.

seating nipple

A completion component fabricated as a short section of heavy wall tubular with a machined internal surface that provides a seal area and a locking profile. Landing nipples are included in most completions at predetermined intervals to enable the installation of flow-control devices, such as plugs and chokes.

side pocket mandrel

A completion component that is used to house gas-lift valves and similar devices that require communication with the annulus. The design of this device is such that the installed components do not obstruct the production flow path, enabling access to the wellbore and completion components below.

tubingless completion

A completion design in which the reservoir fluids are produced through small-diameter casing. The absence of a separate tubing string significantly limits the operating and contingency options available for the well.

sliding sleeve

A completion device that can be operated to provide a flow path between the production conduit and theannulus. incorporate a system of ports that can be opened or closed by a sliding component that is generally controlled and operated by slickline tool string.

petroleum

A complex mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds found in rock. Petroleum can range from solid to gas, but the term is generally used to refer to liquid crude oil. Impurities such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are common in petroleum. There is considerable variation in color, gravity, odor, sulfur content and viscosity in petroleum from different areas.

drill collar

A component of a drillstring that provides weight on bit for drilling. They are thick-walled tubular pieces machined from solid bars of steel, usually plain carbon steel but sometimes of nonmagnetic nickel-copper alloy or other nonmagnetic premium alloys. The bars of steel are drilled from end to end to provide a passage to pumping drilling fluids through the collars.

bicarbonate or bicarb

A compound containing the bicarbonate ion [HCOO-]. The term is commonly used to refer to the ion itself.

active sulfide

A compound of sulfur that contains the S-2 ion. These compounds can be generated from soluble iron sulfide minerals or from sulfate-reducing bacteria. This term is used to denote compounds that revert to the highly toxic H2S gas when acidified with 2-molar citric acid solution, as opposed to inert sulfide, which is stable.

overtravel

A condition in downhole pumping operations that occurs when the stroke length at the subsurface sucker-rod pump is longer than the surface stroke length (polished rod). This phenomenon is caused by the elongation of the rod string because of dynamic loads imposed by the pumping cycle.

First-contact-miscibility

A condition of two fluids that are miscible that is, they form a single phase when mixed in any proportion when first brought into contact at a given pressure and temperature. In reservoir gasflooding, the injected gas composition, oil composition, temperature and the injection pressure determine the condition of first-contact miscibility.

gas lock

A condition sometimes encountered in a pumping well when dissolved gas, released from solution during the upstroke of the plunger, appears as free gas between the valves.

Ball out

A condition that may occur during ball diversion treatments in which all open perforations capable of receiving fluid are sealed. This is signified by a rapid increase in treating pressure. Maintaining the treatment pressure may result in the breakdown and subsequent treatment of plugged perforations.

screen out

A condition that occurs when the solids carried in a treatment fluid, such as proppant in a fracture fluid, create a bridge across the perforations or similar restricted flow area. This creates a sudden and significant restriction to fluid flow that causes a rapid rise in pump pressure.

differential pressure sticking OR differential sticking OR wall sticking

A condition whereby the drillstring cannot be moved (rotated or reciprocated) along the axis of the wellbore.Typically occurs when high-contact forces caused by low reservoir pressures, high wellbore pressures, or both, are exerted over a sufficiently large area of the drillstring. This is, for most drilling organizations, the greatest drilling problem worldwide in terms of time and financial cost.

Fingering

A condition whereby the interface of two fluids, such as oil and water, bypasses sections of reservoir as it moves along, creating an uneven, or fingered, profile. This is a relatively common condition in reservoirs with water-injection wells. The result is an inefficient sweeping action that can bypass significant volumes of recoverable oil and, in severe cases, an early breakthrough of water into adjacent production wellbores.

Bit Box

A container, usually made of steel and fitted with a sturdy lock, to store drill bits, especially higher cost PDC and diamond bits

multiple service contract

A contract between a host country and an operator that specifies the services and costs of services that the operator must use in the development of a concession.

oil and gas lease

A contract between mineral owner, otherwise known as the lessor and a company or working interest owner, otherwise known as the lessee in which the lessor grants the lessee the right to explore, drill and produce oil, gas and other minerals for a specified primary term and as long thereafter as oil, gas or other minerals are being produced in paying quantities. This lease gives the lessee a working interest.

farmout

A contractual agreement with an owner who holds a working interest in an oil and gas lease to assign all or part of that interest to another party in exchange for fulfilling contractually specified conditions.

acrylamido methyl propane sulfonate polymer

A copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2methyl propane sulfonate and acrylamide. These polymers are highly water-soluble anionic additives designed for high-salinity and high-temperature water-mud applications.

detonating cord

A cord containing high-explosive material sheathed in a flexible outer case, which is used to connect the detonator to the main high explosive. This provides an extremely rapid initiation sequence that can be used to fire several charges simultaneously.

primer cord

A cord containing high-explosive material sheathed in a flexible outer case, which is used to connect the detonator to the main high explosive. This provides an extremely rapid initiation sequence that can be used to fire several charges simultaneously.

bland coring fluid

A coring fluid formulated with components that are not likely to alter the wettability in the pores of the rock sample and that has low dynamic filtration characteristics.

meter factor

A correction number for the meter. It is determined by calibrating the meter using an incompressible fluid (liquid).

Ferrous sulfide

A corrosion by-product formed when hydrogen sulfide contacts the iron present in steel.

Hydrogen probe

A corrosion test instrument mainly used in sour systems (for example, hydrogen sulfide or other sulfide rich environments) to determine qualitatively or semiquantitatively the corrosion of a structure.

cut oil

A crude oil that contains water, normally in the form of an emulsion. The emulsion must be treated inside heaters using chemicals, which will break the mixture into its individual components (water and crude oil).

caliche

A crust of coarse sediments or weathered soil rich in calcium carbonate. It forms when lime-rich groundwater rises to the surface by capillary action and evaporates into a crumbly powder, forming a tough, indurated sheet called calcrete. Typically occurs in desert or semi-arid areas.

mineral

A crystalline substance that is naturally occurring, inorganic, and has a unique or limited range of chemical compositions. These are homogeneous, having a definite atomic structure. Rocks are composed of These, except for rare exceptions like coal, which is a rock but not a mineral because of its organic origin. Minerals are distinguished from one another by careful observation or measurement of physical properties such as density, crystal form, cleavage (tendency to break along specific surfaces because of atomic structure), fracture (appearance of broken surfaces), hardness, luster and color. Magnetism, taste and smell are useful ways to identify only a few minerals.

separator

A cylindrical or spherical vessel used to separate oil, gas and water from the total fluid stream produced by a well.

Compensated density log

A density log that has been corrected for the effect of mud and mudcake by using two or more detectors at different spacings from the source.

basin

A depression in the crust of the Earth, caused by plate tectonic activity and subsidence, in which sediments accumulate. The depression can be bounded by faults. If rich hydrocarbon source rocks occur in combination with appropriate depth and duration of burial, then a petroleum system can develop within the depression. Most of these depressions contain some amount of shale, thus providing opportunities for shale gas exploration and production.

Breakthrough

A description of reservoir conditions under which a fluid, previously isolated or separated from production, gains access to a producing wellbore.

flow structure

A description of the geometrical distribution of a fluid moving through a pipe. The term is similar to the term flow regime, but is used to describe larger scale features in which there may be more than one flow regime. For example, in a deviated well there may be bubble flow of gas in oil in the uppermost part of the pipe, and water only in the lowest part.

flow regime

A description of the geometrical distribution of a multiphase fluid moving through a pipe.

detonator

A device containing primary high-explosive material that is used to initiate an explosive sequence.

Dart

A device dropped or pumped through a tubing or coiled tubing string to activate downhole equipment and tools.

Foam generator

A device fitted in surface treatment lines that helps distribute a liquid foamer phase in a stream of nitrogen gas. This creates a consistent mixture that becomes a stable foam under downhole pressure and temperature conditions.

Cement Head

A device fitted to the top joint of a casing string to hold a cement plug before it is pumped down the casing during the cementing operation

nonparticipating royalty

A percentage share of production, or the value derived from production, which is free of the costs of drilling and producing, created by the lessor or royalty owner and borne by the lessor or royalty owner out of the lessor royalty.

cement head

A device fitted to the top joint of a casing string to hold a cement plug before it is pumped down the casing during the cementing operation. In most operations, a bottom plug is launched before thespacer or cement slurry. The top plug is released from the cement head after the spacer fluid.

scratcher

A device for cleaning mud and mud filter cake off of the wellbore wall when cementing casing in the hole to ensure good contact and bonding between the cement and the wellbore wall.

holdup meter

A device for determining the water holdup in a producing well by measuring the capacitance or impedance of the fluid.

water-cut meter

A device for determining the water holdup in a producing well by measuring the capacitance or impedance of the fluid.

crosscorrelation flowmeter

A device for measuring fluid velocity in a production well. The device measures the transit time of a disturbance between two sensors separated by a fixed distance.

spinner flowmeter

A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well based on the speed of rotation of an impeller, or spinner.

torque flowmeter

A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well based on the torque, or force, produced by the fluid on a stationary impeller.

multi-capacitance flowmeter

A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well by measuring the transit time of a disturbance between two dielectric sensors a fixed distance apart. The device is a type of crosscorrelation flowmeter that uses several pairs of capacitance, or dielectric, sensors held on an arm to span the borehole.

packer flowmeter

A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well in which a packer is inflated between the tool housing and the casing wall, causing the total fluid flow to pass inside the tool and over a spinner.

basket flowmeter

A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well in which the flow is diverted through the spinner by a set of metal vanes, or petals.

diverter flowmeter

A device for measuring in-situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well in which the total fluid flow is diverted to pass over an impeller, or spinner.

Flow meter

A device for measuring in-situ the velocity of fluid flow in a well, usually one completed for production or injection.

gradiomanometer

A device for measuring the average density of the fluid at different depths in a completed production or injection well to produce a fluid-density log. Knowing the density of the individual phases allows their holdups to be determined, directly in the case of biphasic flow, and in combination with other measurements for triphasic flow.

nuclear fluid densimeter

A device for measuring the density of fluids in a completed well, using a radioactive source of gamma rays and a detector.

multifinger caliper

A device for measuring the diameter of the internal wall of a casing or tubing using multiple arms. By using a large number of arms, or fingers, the caliper can detect small changes in the wall of the pipe.

ultrasonic caliper

A device for measuring the internal diameter of a casing, tubing or open borehole using high-frequency acoustic signals.

Scintillation detector

A device for measuring the number and energy of gamma rays. The device consists of a crystal and a photomultiplier. In the crystal, an incident gamma ray imparts energy to electrons through Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption and pair production.

bottomhole heater

A device installed at the bottom of a well to increase the temperature of the fluid coming from the reservoir.

Flowmeter

A device installed in a pump manifold or treating line to measure the fluid flow rate. These can be used to measure the flow rates of liquid or gas and are available in various configurations and with differing operating principles.

Densitometer

A device installed on a mixing or pumping system manifold to measure the density of fluids. The density of fluids pumped into a well is frequently a key operating parameter, requiring constant monitoring and control.

instrumented pig

A device made of rubber or polyurethane that has electronic devices. This tool is run through a pipeline to record irregularities that could represent corrosion.

thief

A device that can be lowered into a tank to obtain samples (liquid or sediments) at different depths. The samples are analyzed to determine the gravity and BS&W content of the fluid into the tank.

ram blowout preventer

A device that can be used to quickly seal the top of the well in the event of a well control event (kick). It consists of two halves of a cover for the well that are split down the middle. Large-diameter hydraulic cylinders, normally retracted, force the two halves of the cover together in the middle to seal the wellbore.

multiphase meter

A device that can register individual fluid flow rates of oil and gas when more than one fluid is flowing through a pipeline. This measuring tool provides accurate readings even when different flow regimes are present in the multiphase flow.

Eccentralizer

A device that helps to keep a wireline logging tool away from the center of the borehole. Typical devices are a single bow spring mounted on the outside surface of the logging tool or a set of rubber fingers mounted at the bottom.

compressor

A device that raises the pressure of air or natural gas.

lessor royalty

A percentage share of production, or the value derived from production, which is granted to the lessor in the oil and gas lease, and which is free of the costs of drilling and producing.

degasser

A device that removes air or gases (methane, H2S, CO2 and others) from drilling liquids. There are two generic types that work by both expanding the size of the gas bubbles entrained in the mud (by pulling a vacuum on the mud) and by increasing the surface area available to the mud so that bubbles escape (through the use of various cascading baffle plates)

dry-bed dehydrator

A device that removes water and water vapor from a gas stream using two or more beds of solid desiccants, such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2]. Wet gas is passed through the solid material, which absorbs the water, and then dry gas is collected at the top of the device.

impeller

A device that responds to fluid flow and is used as the sensor in a flowmeter. In a spinner flowmeter, the term refers to the spinner, or in some cases to one of the blades of the spinner.

annubar

A device that uses Pitot tubes to measure the gas flow rate within a pipeline. The gas volume is calculated from the difference between the flowing pressure and the static pressure of the gas.

Accumulator

A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system.

screen

A device used in sand control applications to support the gravel pack. To form a screen, a profiled wire is wrapped and welded in place on a perforated liner. '' are available in a range of sizes and specifications, including outside diameter, material type and the geometry and dimension of the screen slots. The space between each wire wrap must be small enough to retain the gravel placed behind, yet minimize any restriction to production.

mist extractor

A device used to collect small liquid droplets (moisture or hydrocarbons) from the gas stream before it leaves the separator.

drip accumulator

A device used to collect water and heavy hydrocarbons that drop out of a gas stream in a pipeline.

tell tale

A device used to indicate the position or function of mechanical components that cannot be easily observed, such as to indicate the launch of a cementing plug or dart.

dehydrator

A device used to remove water and water vapors from gas. This process can be accomplished through a glycol dehydrator or a dry-bed dehydrator, which use a liquid desiccant and a solid desiccant, respectively.

drop sub

A device, shaped like a short length of pipe, which is used to drop TCP guns in the rathole or sump. It is commonly used to drop guns that are connected to the completion into the sump, thus providing access to the reservoir for subsequent intervention work. It may also be used to break the tool string into fishable sections.

Fishing diagram

A diagram noting the major profiles and dimensions of tools and equipment run into a wellbore. This diagram should be prepared for every tool operation, enabling contingency plans to be implemented efficiently if the tool string becomes stuck or lost.

skin

A dimensionless factor calculated to determine the production efficiency of a well by comparing actual conditions with theoretical or ideal conditions. A positive value indicates some damage or influences that are impairing well productivity. A negative value indicates enhanced productivity, typically resulting from stimulation.

Bond number

A dimensionless group used in analysis of fluid flow that characterizes the ratio of gravitational forces to surface or interfacial tension forces.

Capillary number

A dimensionless group used in analysis of fluid flow that characterizes the ratio of viscous forces to surface or interfacial tension forces.

Casing patch

A downhole assembly or tool system used in the remedial repair of casing damage, corrosion or leaks. These are most frequently used as short- to medium-term repairs that enable production to be resumed until a major workover operation is scheduled.

Basket

A downhole device or tool component designed to catch debris or objects, such as balls, darts or plugs dropped to actuate downhole equipment or tools.

Circulation valve or unloading valve

A downhole device that enables circulation through the tubing string and associated annulus. As a completion accessory, it is included to circulate fluid for well kill or kickoff.

sand bailer

A downhole device, usually run on slickline, used to remove sand or debris from the bottom of the wellbore. In operation, an atmospheric chamber within the tool is opened to create a surge of fluids into the chamber. Debris is then held within the chamber for recovery at surface.

slip lock

A downhole lock device, run on slickline, that incorporates a slip mechanism that engages on the tubing wall to anchor the lock at the desired setting depth.

positive displacement motor (PDM)

A downhole motor used in the oil field to drive the drill bit or other downhole tools during directional drilling or performance drilling applications. As drilling fluid is pumped through this motor, it converts the hydraulic power of the fluid into mechanical power to cause the bit to rotate.

subsurface surface controlled safety valve (SSCSV)

A downhole safety valve designed to close automatically in an emergency situation. There are two basic operating mechanisms: valves operated by an increase in fluid flow and valves operated by a decrease in ambient pressure.

surface controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV)

A downhole safety valve that is operated from surface facilities through a control line strapped to the external surface of the production tubing.

roughnecks

A floor hand, or member of the drilling crew who works under the direction of the driller to make or break connections as drillpipe is tripped in or out of the hole. On most drilling rigs, they are also responsible for maintaining and repairing much of the equipment found on the drill floor and derrick.

tubing end locator (TEL)

A downhole tool frequently used in slickline or coiled tubing tool assemblies to confirm or correlate the tool position on depth-sensitive applications. With the end of the production tubing as a known reference point, any error in measurement that may occur in reaching the treatment depth will be significantly less than what may have resulted if measuring from surface.

Casing scraper

A downhole tool incorporating a blade assembly that is used to remove scale and debris from the internal surface of a casing string. Generally run on tubing or drillpipe during workover operations to ensure that the wellbore is clean before reinstalling the completion string.

Burn shoe

A downhole tool routinely used in fishing operations to prepare the top and outside surface of a fish, generally to allow an overshot or similar fishing tool to engage cleanly on the fish. In some cases, the outer portion of a fish may be milled out to allow the body and remaining debris to be pushed to the bottom of the wellbore.

chemical cutter

A downhole tool run on wireline to sever tubing at a predetermined point when the tubing string becomes stuck. When activated, this tool use a small explosive charge to forcefully direct high-pressure jets of highly corrosive material in a circumferential pattern against the tubular wall.

Circulation sub

A downhole tool typically used with motors or assemblies that restrict the allowable fluid-circulation rates. When operated, it allows a higher circulation rate to be established by opening a path to the annulus in the top section of the tool string.

External cutler

A downhole tool used to cut tubing or similar tubulars that have become stuck in the wellbore. This slips over the fish or tubing to be cut.

tubing broach

A downhole tool used to repair damaged or collapsed tubing.incorporates a cutter profile that is forced inside the tubing by jarring or hydraulic force to re-form the tubing wall by removing tubing wall material and forcing the tubing wall into place.

Broach

A downhole tool used to repair the internal diameter of the production tubing where a slight collapse or a dent has occurred.

shifting tool

A downhole tool, most commonly associated with slickline operations, that is used to open, close or shift the position of downhole flow control or circulation devices, such as sliding sleeves. '' ''' generally features some means of engaging the components to be shifted and is typically run with upward or downward operating jars to deliver the necessary force or impact.

standing valve

A downhole valve assembly that is designed to hold pressure from above while allowing fluids to flow from below. generally are run and retrieved on slickline with the valve assembly located in an appropriate nipple. Applicationsinclude testing the tubing string, setting packers, or other applications in which it is desirable to maintain fluid in the tubing string.

storm choke

A downhole valve that operates by fluid velocity and closes when the fluid flow from the well exceeds preset limits.

Antiwhirl Bit

A drill bit, usually polycrystalline diamond compact bit (PDC) type, designed such that the individual cutting elements on the bit create a net imbalance force. This imbalance force pushes the bit against the side of the borehole, which in turn creates a stable rotating condition that resists backwards whirling, wobbling and downhole vibration. These type of bits allow faster rates of penetration, yet achieve longer bit life than more conventional bits, which are not dynamically biased to run smoothly, are inherently unstable, are vibration-prone and thus have shorter lives. No bit is whirl-proof, however.

air-cut mud or gas-cut mud

A drilling fluid (or mud) that has gas (air or natural gas) bubbles in it, resulting in a lower bulk, unpressurized density compared with a mud not cut by gas.

settling pit OR settling tank

A drilling mud filled open steel or earthen berm tank that is not stirred or circulated. By having mud slowly pass through such a container, most large drilling solids sink to the bottom, cleaning the mud somewhat

drag bit OR polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit OR fixed drag bit

A drilling tool that uses polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters to shear rock with a continuous scraping motion. These cutters are synthetic diamond disks about 1/8-in. thick and about 1/2 to 1 in. in diameter.

The surface is oil-wet.

A drop of oil is placed on a flat surface. The contact angle the droplet forms with the surface is much greater than 90 degrees. What can you conclude about the surface wettability?

cellar

A dug-out area, possibly lined with wood, cement or very large diameter (6 ft [1.8 m]) thin-wall pipe, located below the rig.

Cellar

A dug-out area, possibly lined with wood, cement or very large diameter thin-wall pipe, located below the rig. This serves as a cavity in which the casing spool and casinghead reside

production penalty

A fine paid to the host country for failure to attain specified production rates over a defined period of time.

plane table

A flat drawing board mounted on a tripod used in combination with an alidade to construct topographic or geologic maps in the field. A sheet of paper or mylar covering the plane table is annotated during map construction.

kick

A flow of formation fluids into the wellbore during drilling operations. It is physically caused by the pressure in the wellbore being less than that of the formation fluids, thus causing flow.

Annular Gas Flow

A flow of formation gas in the annulus between a casing string and the borehole wall. This occurs when there is insufficient hydrostatic pressure to restrain the gas. They can occur in uncemented intervals and even in cemented sections if the cement bond is poor. After cementing, as the cement begins to harden, a gel-like structure forms that effectively supports the solid material in the cement slurry. However, during this initial gelling period, the cement has no appreciable strength. Hence, with the solid (weighting) material now supported by the gel structure, the effective density of the slurry that the reservoir experiences falls rather suddenly to the density of the mix water of the cement, which is usually fresh water, whose density is 8.34 lbm/gal, or a gradient of 0.434 psi/ft of vertical column height. Various chemical additives have been developed to reduce annular gas flow.

turbulent flow

A fluid-flow regime characterized by swirling or chaotic motion as the fluid moves along the pipe or conduit. The linear velocity of the fluid particles is similar regardless of position in the conduit, although particles close to the conduit walls have a lower velocity. This characteristic makes '' flow an efficient flow regime for the pickup and transport of solids. However, the potential for erosion may be significant, especially with abrasive fluids and a tortuous flow path.

Thief Zone

A formation encountered during drilling into which circulating fluids can be lost.

Compton scattering

A gamma ray interaction in which the gamma ray collides with an electron, transferring part of its energy to the electron, while itself being scattered at a reduced energy.

lean gas condensate

A gas condensate with low condensate formation in the reservoir (when the bottomhole pressure is reduced below the dewpoint pressure).

synthetic natural gas

A gas obtained by heating coal or refining heavy hydrocarbons.

Condensing drive

A gasflood process in which an injection gas enriched with components of intermediate molecular weight, for example butane, is injected into a reservoir to achieve multiple-contact miscibility. Upon contact with the oil, intermediate molecular-weight hydrocarbons transfer from the injected gas phase into the oil phase, a process in which those components are said to condense into the oil.

Chemical injection

A general term for injection processes that use special chemical solutions to improve oil recovery, remove formation damage, clean blocked perforations or formation layers, reduce or inhibit corrosion, upgrade crude oil, or address crude oil flow-assurance issues.

Chemical flooding

A general term for injection processes that use special chemical solutions.

fishing tool

A general term for special mechanical devices used to aid the recovery of equipment lost downhole. These devices generally fall into four classes: diagnostic, inside grappling, outside grappling, and force intensifiers or jars

Formation damage

A general term to describe the reduction in permeability to the near-wellbore area of a reservoir formation. A reduction in the natural capability of a reservoir to produce its fluids, such as a decrease in porosity or permeability, or both. Alteration of the far-field or virgin characteristics of a producing formation, usually by exposure to drilling fluids.

gumbo

A generic term for soft, sticky, swelling clay formations that are frequently encountered in surface holes offshore or insedimentary basins onshore near seas. This clay fouls drilling tools and plugs piping, both severe problems for drilling crews.

Closing unit

A generic term given to the hydraulic power pack and accumulators used to control the blowout preventers on a drilling or workover rig.

CT or endless tubing

A generic term relating to the use of a coiled tubing string and associated equipment. As a well-intervention method, coiled tubing techniques offer several key benefits over alternative well-intervention technologies.

Acid

A generic term used to describe a treatment fluid typically comprising hydrochloric acid and a blend of acid additives.

nonconformity

A geological surface that separates younger overlying sedimentary strata from eroded igneous or metamorphic rocks and represents a large gap in the geologic record.

strapping tape

A graduated tape use to measure, or strap, producing tanks.

Coreflooding

A laboratory test in which a fluid or combination of fluids is injected into a sample of rock. Objectives include measurement of permeability, relative permeability, saturation change, formation damage caused by the fluid injection, or interactions between the fluid and the rock.

concessionn

A grant extended by a government to permit a company to explore and produce oil, gas or mineral resources within a strictly defined geographic area, typically beneath government-owned lands or lands in which the government owns the rights to produce oil, gas or minerals. The grant is usually awarded to a company in consideration for some type of bonus or license fee and royalty or production sharing provided to the host government for a specified period of time.

amines

A group of organic chemicals that are analogs of ammonia (NH3), in which either one, two or three hydrogen atoms of ammonia are replaced by organic radicals. These compounds are organic bases (mildly alkaline) and react with acids to form nitrogenous, organic salts. These compounds are made from fatty acids are emulsifiers and oil-wetting agents for oilfield chemicals.

amides

A group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO-NH2 formed from reactions of ammonia (NH3) and a carboxylic acid, RCOO-H+. These compunds are emulsifiers and surfactants, many of which are made from fatty acids.

mica

A group of sheet silicates characterized by a platy appearance and basal cleavage most common in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Several clay minerals, such as chlorite and glauconite, are closely related to the mica group.

drop bar

A heavy steel bar that is dropped through the tubing or running string to fire the percussion detonator on a tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP) gun assembly.

Casing roller

A heavy-duty downhole tool used to restore the internal diameter of collapsed or buckled casing. These generally are configured with an incremental series of rollers that act to gradually form the damaged casing to the desired size.

storm packer

A heavy-duty retrievable packer assembly that can be run in to isolate the wellbore of a new well in the event of suspended activities, for example, during a severe storm.

choke line

A high-pressure pipe leading from an outlet on the BOP stack to the backpressure choke and associated manifold. During well-control operations, the fluid under pressure in the wellbore flows out of the well through this pipe to the choke, reducing the fluid pressure to atmospheric pressure.

kill line

A high-pressure pipe leading from an outlet on the BOP stack to the high-pressure rig pumps. During normal well control operations, kill fluid is pumped through the drillstring and annular fluid is taken out of the well through the choke line to the choke, which drops the fluid pressure to atmospheric pressure.

elevator

A hinged mechanism that may be closed around drillpipe or other drillstringcomponents to facilitate lowering them into the wellbore or lifting them out of the wellbore. In the closed position, its arms are latched together to form a load-bearing ring around the component. In the open position, the device splits roughly into two halves and may be swung away from the drillstring component.

bit record

A historical record of how a bit performed in a particular wellbore. The bit record includes such data as the depth the bit was put into the well, the distance the bit drilled, the hours the bit was being used "on bottom" or "rotating", the mud type and weight, the nozzle sizes, the weight placed on the bit, the rotating speed and hydraulic flow information

evaporation pit

A hole dug to contain brine for disposal by evaporation.

Acid frac

A hydraulic fracturing treatment performed in carbonate formations to etch the open faces of induced fractures using a hydrochloric acid treatment. When the treatment is complete and the fracture closes, the etched surface provides a high-conductivity path from the reservoir to the wellbore.

desander

A hydrocyclone device that removes large drill solids from the whole mudsystem. It should be located downstream of the shale shakers and degassers, but before the desilters or mud cleaners.

desilter

A hydrocyclone much like a desander except that its design incorporates a greater number of smaller cones. As with the desander, its purpose is to remove unwanted solids from the mud system.

liquid desiccant

A hygroscopic liquid used to remove water and water vapor from a gas stream. Some examples of this compounds are glycols (diethylene, triethylene and tetraethylene), which are substances that can be regenerated.

dry bed

A hygroscopic solid such as silica gel, calcium chloride [CaCl2] or other materials used in dry-bed dehydrators to absorb water and water vapor from a gas stream.

Consistometer

A laboratory device used to determine the thickening time of cement slurries under simulated downhole pressure and temperature conditions.

flow loop

A laboratory instrument for investigating the characteristics of fluid flow in pipes and for studying the response of production logging instruments to this flow.

Forward multiple-contact test

A laboratory test to determine the phase envelope between lean gas and oil by equilibrating a gas sample several times with fresh samples of oil. Light and intermediate components are stripped from the oil by multiple contacts with the gas. The test also indicates how many contacts are required before the gas with added components becomes miscible with the oil. The molar ratios at each contact step are typically designed using PVT simulation software that incorporates the fluid composition at each contact.

Backward multiple-contact test

A laboratory test to determine the phase envelope between oil and enriched gas. The test is conducted by equilibrating an oil sample several times with fresh samples of gas. Intermediate components are stripped from the gas by multiple contacts with the oil.

abrasion test

A laboratory test to evaluate drilling-grade weighting material for potential abrasiveness.

Constant composition expansion

A laboratory test usually performed as part of a routine PVT analysis that measures the change in volume of a reservoir fluid as a function of pressure.

Blow Out Preventer or BOP

A large valve at the top of a well that may be closed if the drilling crew loses control of formation fluids. By closing this valve, the drilling crew usually regains control of the reservoir, and procedures can then be initiated to increase the mud density until it is possible to retain pressure control of the formation.

Annular Blowout Preventer (Annular BOP)

A large valve used to control wellbore fluids. In this type of valve, the sealing element resembles a large rubber doughnut that is mechanically squeezed inward to seal on either pipe (drill collar, drillpipe, casing, or tubing) or the openhole.

rotary hose

A large-diameter (3- to 5-in. inside diameter), high-pressure flexible line used to connect the standpipe to the swivel. This flexible piping arrangement permits the kelly (and, in turn, the drillstring and bit) to be raised or lowered while drilling fluid is pumped through the drillstring

kelly hose OR rotary hose

A large-diameter (3- to 5-in. inside diameter), high-pressure flexible line used to connect the standpipe to the swivel. This flexible piping arrangement permits the kelly (and, in turn, the drillstring and bit) to be raised or lowered while drilling fluid is pumped through the drillstring.

drilling riser

A large-diameter pipe that connects the subsea BOP stack to a floating surface rig to take mud returns to the surface.

marine drilling riser

A large-diameter pipe that connects the subsea BOP stack to a floating surface rig to take mud returns to the surface. Without this pipe, the mud would simply spill out of the top of the stack onto the seafloor.

bed

A layer of sediment or sedimentary rock, or stratum. It is the smallest stratigraphic unit, generally a centimeter or more in thickness. To be labeled as this stratigraphic unit, the stratum must be distinguishable from adjacent beds.

quitclaim

A legal instrument of conveyance that is usually used in title curative work to allow an owner or claimant to quit or give up their claim to a title.

spinning chain

A length of ordinary steel link chain used by the drilling crew to cause pipe being screwed together to turn rapidly.

intermediate casing string

A length of pipe used below the surface casing string, but before the production casing is run, to isolate one or more zones of the openhole to enable deepening of the well. There may be several of these strings. Depending on well conditions, these strings may have higher pressure integrity than the prior casing strings, especially when abnormally pressured formations are expected during the drilling of the next openhole section.

joint

A length of pipe, usually referring to drillpipe, casing or tubing. While there are different standard lengths, the most common length is around 30 ft [9 m]. For casing, the most common length is 40 ft [12 m].

Square log

A log in which the changes in reading with depth only occur abruptly, with no transition.

Activation log

A log of elemental concentrations derived from the characteristic energy levels of gamma rays emitted by a nucleus that has been activated by neutron bombardment. The carbon-oxygen log, elemental capture spectroscopy log, pulsed neutron spectroscopy log, aluminum activation log and oxygen activation log are all examples

Gamma ray log

A log of the total natural radioactivity, measured in API units. The measurement can be made in both openhole and through casing. The depth of investigation is a few inches, so that the log normally measures the flushed zone.

casing collar log

A log provided by a casing collar locator tool that generally incorporates a gamma ray log to correlate the relative position of casing string features, such as the location of a pup joint, with the reservoir or formation of interest.

bond log

A log that uses the variations in amplitude of an acoustic signal traveling down the casing wall between a transmitter and receiver to determine the quality of cement bond on the exterior casing wall.

Cement bond log

A log that uses the variations in amplitude of an acoustic signal traveling down the casing wall between a transmitter and receiver to determine the quality of cement bond on the exterior casing wall. The fundamental principle is that the acoustic signal will be more attenuated in the presence of cement than if the casing were uncemented.

lineament

A long linear or gently curving feature on the surface of a terrestrial planet or moon that is suggestive of an underlying geologic structure or contact. Most lineaments are identified through remote sensing, such as satellite imagery or topographic, gravimetric and magnetic data.

Coiled Tubing or CT

A long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool.

coiled tubing (CT) OR endless tubing OR reeled tubing

A long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool.

lubricator

A long, high-pressure pipe fitted to the top of a wellhead or Christmas tree so that tools may be put into a high-pressure well. The top of the pipe assembly includes a high-pressure grease-injection section and sealing elements. The pipe is installed on top of the tree and tested, the tools placed in the lubricator and the lubricator pressurized to wellbore pressure.

Cat Walk

A long, rectangular platform about 3 ft [0.9 m] high, usually made of steel and located perpendicular to the vee-door at the bottom of the slide. This platform is used as a staging area for rig and drillstring tools, components that are about to be picked up and run, or components that have been run and are being laid down.

catwalk

A long, rectangular platform about 3 ft [0.9 m] high, usually made of steel and located perpendicular to the vee-door at the bottom of the slide. This platform is used as a staging area for rig and drillstringtools, components that are about to be picked up and run, or components that have been run and are being laid down.

Dosing pump

A low-volume fluid pump with controllable discharge rate used to inject chemical additives to the mixing or pumping system. These pumps frequently are used to inject fluids that may be difficult to mix efficiently in batch-tank systems because of their low volume.

pin

A male threadform, especially in tubular goods and drillstring components.

drill ship

A maritime vessel modified to include a drilling rig and special station-keeping equipment. The vessel is typically capable of operating in deep water.

Flag

A mark or marker applied to a sand line or similar wire rope to indicate a specific depth or as a means of indicating the end of the line is nearing surface during retrieval. The term may also be used for magnetic or physical marks applied to wireline or coiled tubing strings.

bentonite

A material composed of clay minerals, predominantly montmorillonite with minor amounts of other smectite group minerals, commonly used in drilling mud. This material swells considerably when exposed to water, making it ideal for protecting formations from invasion by drilling fluids.

tubing performance curve (TPC)

A mathematical tool used in production engineering to assess the performance of the completion string by plotting the surface production rate against the flowing bottomhole pressure. The fluid composition and behavior of the fluid phases in the specific completion design will determine the shape of the curve.

inflow performance relationship (IPR)

A mathematical tool used in production engineering to assess well performance by plotting the well production rate against the flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP).

sand consolidation

A means of controlling the undesirable production of sand from weak sandstone formations. '' ''' chemically binds the grains of sand that make up the formation matrix while maintaining sufficient permeability to achieve viable production rates.

British thermal unit

A measure of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

hydraulic horsepower OR HHP

A measure of the energy per unit of time that is being expended across the bit nozzles. It is commonly calculated with the equation P*Q/1714, where P stands for pressure in pounds per square in., Q stands for flow rate in gallons per minute, and 1714 is a conversion factor necessary to yield the result in terms of horsepower.

alkalinity test

A measure of the total amount of hydroxyl ions in a solution as determined by titration with standardized acid. This test is a well-known water-analysis procedure to estimate hydroxyl, carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion concentrations.

perforation penetration

A measure, or indicator, of the length that a useable perforation tunnel extends beyond the casing or liner into the reservoir formation.

kelly spinner

A mechanical device for rotating the kelly, typically pneumatic. It is a relatively low torque device, useful only for the initial makeup of threaded tool joints. It is not strong enough for proper torque of the tool joint or for rotating thedrillstring itself.

Casing Centralizer

A mechanical device that keeps casing from contacting the wellbore wall. A continuous 360-degree annular space around casing allows cement to completely seal the casing to the borehole wall.

casing centralizer

A mechanical device that keeps casing from contacting the wellbore wall. A continuous 360-degreeannular space around casing allows cement to completely seal the casing to the borehole wall.

jar

A mechanical device used downhole to deliver an impact load to another downhole component, especially when that component is stuck. There are two primary types, hydraulic and mechanical. Energy is stored in the drillstring and suddenly released by this mechanical device when it fires. The principle is similar to that of a carpenter using a hammer. Kinetic energy is stored in the hammer as it is swung, and suddenly released to the nail and board when the hammer strikes the nail. This device can be designed to strike up, down, or both.

firing head

A mechanical or electronic device used to detonate perforating charges conveyed by tubing, drillpipe, coiled tubing or slickline.

anhydrite

A member of the evaporite group of minerals and the soft rock comprising anhydrite formed by precipitation of calcium sulfate from evaporation of seawater. It can also form through the dehydration of gypsum, another sulfate mineral found in evaporites. It may occur as a caprock above salt domes.

tank

A metal or plastic vessel used to store or measure a liquid.

Bow-Spring Centralizer

A metal strip shaped like a hunting bow and attached to a tool or to the outside of casing. These are used to keep casing in the center of a wellbore or casing prior to and during a cement job.

cut and thread fishing technique

A method for recovering wireline stuck in a wellbore. In this operation, the wireline is gripped securely with a special tool and cut at the surface. The cut end is threaded through a stand of drillpipe. While the pipe hangs in the wellbore, the wireline is threaded through another stand of drillpipe, which is screwed onto the stand in the wellbore. The process is repeated until the stuck wireline is recovered.

Dean Stark extraction

A method for the measurement of fluid saturations in a core sample by distillation extraction. The water in the sample is vaporized by boiling solvent, then condensed and collected in a calibrated trap. This gives the volume of water in the sample

Born method

A method of analyzing the response of an induction logging tool that considers the contribution of each element of the formation as a perturbation from the average background conductivity.

controlled time survey

A method of determining injection-flow profiles by monitoring the reduction in tracer material as it moves down the well.

Cable Tool Drilling or Basket Sub Drilling

A method of drilling whereby an impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock. After a few impacts on the bottom of the hole, the cable is reeled in and the cuttings basket emptied, or a bailer is used to remove cuttings from the well

cable-tool drilling

A method of drilling whereby an impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock. The tool is usually fitted with some sort of cuttingsbasket to trap the cuttings along the side of the tool.

cable-tool drilling

A method of drilling whereby an impact tool or bit, suspended in the well from a steel cable, is dropped repeatedly on the bottom of the hole to crush the rock. The tool is usually fitted with some sort of cuttingsbasket to trap the cuttings along the side of the tool. After a few impacts on the bottom of the hole, the cable is reeled in and the cuttings basket emptied, or a bailer is used to remove cuttings from the well. The tool is reeled back to the bottom of the hole and the process repeated. Limited to shallow depths, almost obsolete.

rotary drilling

A method of making hole that relies on continuous circular motion of the bit to break rock at the bottom of the hole. This method, made popular after the discovery of the East Texas Field by "Dad" Joiner in 1930, is much more efficient than the alternative, cable tool drilling.

mud pulse telemetry

A method of transmitting LWD and MWD data acquired downhole to the surface, using pressure pulses in the mud system. The measurements are usually converted into an amplitude- or frequency-modulated pattern of mud pulses. The same system is used to transmit commands from the surface.

vertical severance

A method to convey or reserve oil, gas, or mineral rights in a defined portion of land such as the Northwest Quarter of a tract.

scale

A mineral salt deposit that may occur on wellbore tubulars and components as the saturation of produced water is affected by changing temperature andpressure conditions in the production conduit.

antithetic fault

A minor, secondary fault, usually one of a set, whose sense ofdisplacement is opposite to its associated major and synthetic faults. This kind of fault sets is typical in areas of normal faulting.

Hydrofluoric-hydrochloric acid

A mixture of two acids used as the main fluid in a sandstone matrix treatment. The mixture keep the pH low when it spends, thereby preventing detrimental precipitates. The name mud acid was given to these mixtures because they were originally developed to treat damage from siliceous drilling muds.

Conductive rock matrix model - CRMM

A model, or set of equations, for the resistivity response of formations with conductive minerals, such as shaly sands. The model is used to analyze core data and to calculate water saturation from resistivity and other logs.

plateau

A topographic feature consisting of a large flat area at a relatively high elevation with steep sides.

transition flow

A multiphase flow regime in near-vertical pipes in which large, irregular slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying droplets of oil or water with them. Most of the remaining oil or water flows up along the pipe walls. The flow is relatively chaotic, producing a frothy mixture. Unlike slug flow, neither phase is continuous. The gas slugs are relatively unstable, and take on large, elongated shapes. Also known as churn flow, this flow is an intermediate flow condition between slug flow and mist flow, and occurs at relatively high gasvelocity. As the gas velocity increases, it changes into annular flow.

plug flow

A multiphase flow regime in pipes in which most of the gas moves as large bubbles dispersed within a continuous liquid. The bubbles may span much of the pipe.

bubble flow

A multiphase flow regime in pipes in which one fluid moves as small dispersed bubbles through a continuous fluid.

mist flow

A multiphase-flow regime, with gas as the continuous phase, in which oil or water exists as very small, approximately homogeneously distributed droplets.

slug flow

A multiphase-fluid flow regime characterized by a series of liquid plugs (slugs) separated by a relatively large gas pockets. In vertical flow, the bubble is an axially symmetrical bullet shape that occupies almost the entire cross-sectional area of the tubing. The resulting flow alternates between high-liquid and high-gas composition.

What is an isochronal test?

A multirate test designed as a series of drawdown and buildup sequences at different drawdown flow rates, with each drawdown of the same duration and each buildup reaching stabilization at the same pressure as at the start of the test.

Condensate

A natural gas liquid with a low vapor pressure compared with natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas. It is mainly composed of propane, butane, pentane and heavier hydrocarbon fractions. It is not only generated into the reservoir, but is also formed when liquid drops out, or condenses, from a gas stream in pipelines or surface facilities.

condensate

A natural gas liquid with a low vapor pressure compared with natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas. This liquid is mainly composed of propane, butane, pentane and heavier hydrocarbon fractions.

natural gasoline

A natural gas liquid with a vapor pressure intermediate between condensate and liquefied petroleum gas. This liquid hydrocarbon mixture is recovered at normal pressure and temperature and is much more volatile and unstable than commercial gasoline.

natural gas

A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon gases that is highly compressible and expansible. Methane [CH4] is the chief constituent of most natural gas (constituting as much as 85% of some natural gases), with lesser amounts of ethane [C2H6], propane [C3H8], butane [C4H10] and pentane [C5H12]. Impurities can also be present in large proportions, including carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide.

Critical matrix

A near-wellbore area where injected fluids such as acids can restore original permeability. Most of the reservoir pressure drop during production occurs in this near-wellbore part of the reservoir.

Altered zone

A near-wellbore formation zone, a few inches thick, whose acoustic velocity has been affected by impregnation with drilling fluids, stress relief, or both.

attapulgite

A needle-like clay mineral composed of magnesium-aluminum silicate. Major deposits occur naturally in Georgia, USA. This mineral can be used in saltwater mud to provide low-shear rate viscosity for lifting cuttings out of the annulus and for barite suspension.

anion

A negatively charged ion. Clay surfaces, groups on polymer chains, colloids and other materials have distinct, negatively charged areas or ions.

semisubmersible

A particular type of floating vessel that is supported primarily on large pontoon-like structures submerged below the sea surface. The operating decks are elevated perhaps 100 or more feet above the pontoons on large steel columns

hostile environment

A particularly difficult set of well conditions that may detrimentally affect steel, elastomers, mud additives, electronics, or tools and tool components. Such conditions typically include excessive temperatures, the presence of acid gases (H2S, CO2), chlorides, high pressures and, more recently, extreme measured depths.

shut-in royalty

A payment stipulated in the oil and gas lease, which royalty owners receive in lieu of actual production, when a gas well is shut-in due to lack of a suitable market, a lack of facilities to produce the product, or other cases defined within the shut-in provisions contained in the oil and gas lease.

royalty

A percentage share of production, or the value derived from production, paid from a producing well.

overriding royalty

A percentage share of production, or the value derived from production, which is free of all costs of drilling and producing, and is created by the lessee or working interest owner and paid by the lessee or working interest owner.

gas anchor or bottombole gas separator

A perforated tubular attached to the subsurface sucker-rod pump that controls the entrance of gas. Since it is the only way for formation fluid to enter the pump, its use increases the efficiency of the subsurface sucker-rod pump.

bottomhole gas separator

A perforated tubular attached to the subsurface sucker-rod pump that controls the entrance of gas. Since it is the only way for formation fluid to enter the pump, its use increases the efficiency of the subsurface sucker-rod pump. It also helps to prevent the phenomenon called gas lock.

big hole charge

A perforating charge designed to create perforations with a large-diameter entrance hole. These charges typically are used in sand control completions, in which efficient placement of the gravel pack treatment within the perforation tunnel is crucial.

deep-penetrating charge

A perforating charge designed to provide a long perforation tunnel, such as may be required to bypass any near-wellbore damage.

high-shot density gun

A perforating gun having more than four shots per foot. In addition to providing a greater number of perforations, this type of gun also improves the phasing, or distribution of perforations, around the wellbore.

scallop gun

A perforating gun with a recess profile in the perforating gun body adjacent to the shaped charge.

carrier gun

A perforating gun, consisting of a loading tube and shaped charges. The shaped charges are housed inside a metal tube or pipe known as a carrier. The carrier protects the charges against well fluids.

gravel-pack gun

A perforating-gun system containing big-hole or gravel-pack charges.

oxygen activation

A phenomenon exploited for the purpose of detecting and quantifying the flow of water in or around a borehole based on oxygen activation.

blow-by

A phenomenon in which free gas leaves with the liquid phase at the bottom of the separator. This condition may indicate a low liquid level or improper level control inside the separator.

carryover

A phenomenon in which free liquid leaves with the gas phase at the top of a separator.

Gravity override

A phenomenon of multiphase flow in a reservoir in which a less dense fluid flows preferentially on the top of a reservoir unit and a more dense fluid flows at the bottom. For example, in a steamflood, steam flows on the top and condensed liquid flows at the bottom of the zone. This causes sweep inhomogeneities that can be mitigated through foam flooding.

fluid pound

A phenomenon that occurs when the downhole pump rate exceeds the production rate of the formation. It can also be due to the accumulation of low-pressure gas between the valves.

fill sub

A pipe-shaped housing that protects the firing head of a tubing-conveyed perforating gun. It is used to accommodate or deflect debris that might fall toward the firing head while running into the hole or while on depth before shooting.

downstream pipeline

A pipeline that receives natural gas or oil from another pipeline at some specific connection point

Butterfly chart

A plot representing the effect of invasion on resistivity measurements that have different depths of investigation. The plot assumes a step profile model of invasion and determines true resistivity, flushed zone resistivity and diameter of invasion from ratios of deep-, medium- and shallow-resistivity measurements.

Tornado chart

A plot representing the effect of invasion on resistivity measurements that have different depths of investigation. The plot assumes a step-profile model of invasion and determines true resistivity, flushed zone resistivity and diameter of invasion from ratios of deep-, medium- and shallow-resistivity measurements.

thread rule

A pocket-size thread gauge used in field operations to correctly identify or confirm the thread type and size of tubular goods.

Hydrofluoric acid

A poisonous liquid acid composed of hydrogen and fluorine. It is used primarily because it is the only common, inexpensive mineral acid that can dissolve siliceous minerals.

Gas drive

A primary recovery mechanism for oil wells containing dissolved and free gas, whereby the energy of the expanding gas is used to drive the oil from the reservoir formation into the wellbore.

injectivity test

A procedure conducted to establish the rate and pressure at which fluids can be pumped into the treatment target without fracturing the formation. Most stimulation treatments and remedial repairs, such as squeeze cementing, are performed following this procedure to help determine the key treatment parameters and operating limits.

radio silence

A procedure imposed during perforating operations in which radios at or near the wellsite are switched off to prevent accidental detonation of perforating guns.

bottle test

A procedure in which different chemicals are added to bottle samples of an emulsion to determine which chemical is the most effective at breaking, or separating, the emulsion into oil and water. Once an effective chemical is determined, varying amounts of it are added to bottle samples of the emulsion to determine the minimum amount required to break the emulsion effectively.

drillstem test (DST)

A procedure to determine the productive capacity, pressure, permeability or extent (or a combination of these) of a hydrocarbon reservoir.

Electromagnetic heating

A process to increase thermal energy in a reservoir using electromagnetic means.

sweetening

A process used to remove hydrogen sulfide [H2S] and carbon dioxide [CO2] from a gas stream. These components are removed because they can form acidic solutions when they contact water, which will cause corrosion problems in gas pipelines.

Alford rotation

A processing technique to project formation shear data recorded in any two orthogonal directions into the fast and slow shear directions in the presence of shear-wave anisotropy.

anode

A protective device to prevent electrolytic corrosion. These devices (often made of Mg or Al metal) are sacrificed intentionally to protect a steel system, such as a buried pipeline or offshore platform.

thread protector

A protective sleeve or cap generally made up on the threads of tubular goods during transport and storage.

fluid-density log

A record of the density, or changes in density, of fluids in a production or injection well. Since gas, oil and water all have different densities, the log can determine the percentage, or holdup, of the different fluids, directly in the case of biphasic flow, and in combination with other measurements for triphasic flow.

radial differential-temperature log

A record of the difference in temperature between the opposite sides of the internal wall of a casing.

differential-temperature log

A record of the difference in temperature between two vertical points in a well.

holdup log

A record of the fractions of different fluids present at different depths in the borehole. Various techniques are used to measure these fractions. The earliest techniques measured the fluid density, using a gradiomanometer or a nuclear fluid densimeter, or the dielectric properties, as in the capacitance or water-cut meter.

multiphase holdup log

A record of the holdups of gas, oil and water in a producing well using a combination of nuclear measurements recorded by a pulsed-neutron spectroscopy device. The technique is used mainly in deviated and horizontal wells, where the complex flow regimes cause conventional holdup measurements to be inaccurate.

radioactive-tracer log

A record of the presence of tracer material placed in or around the borehole to measure fluid movement in injection wells.

gravel-pack log

A record of the quality of a gravel pack and the quantity of solid particles it contains. The traditional logging technique uses a type of nuclear fluid densimeter, with a gamma ray source and a single detector.

multiple-isotope log

A record of the quantity of different radioactive isotopes near the borehole. The technique used is the same as for natural gamma ray spectroscopy, but measures the quantities of various short half-life radioactive tracers in addition to natural gamma rays.

noise log

A record of the sound measured at different positions in the borehole.

temperature log

A record of the temperature gradient in a well.

water-flow log

A record of the velocity and direction of water flowing in and around a borehole based on oxygen activation.

phase-velocity log

A record of the velocity with which a particular phase (gas, oil or water) moves in a producing well.

flow profile

A recording of the in-situ rate of fluid flow at different depths in a well, normally one completed for production or injection.

platform

A relatively flat, nearly level area of sedimentary rocks in a continent that overlies or abuts the basement rocks of a craton.

sweep pill

A relatively small volume of viscous fluid, typically a carrier gel, that is circulated to sweep, or remove, debris or residual fluids from the circulation system.

Cat Line

A relatively thin cable used with other equipment to move small rig and drill string components and to provide tension on the tongs for tightening or loosening threaded connections.

cat line

A relatively thin cable used with other equipment to move small rig and drillstring components and to provide tension on the tongs for tightening or loosening threaded connections.

Caliper Log

A representation of the measured diameter of a borehole along its depth. These are usually measured mechanically, with only a few using sonic devices.

caliper log

A representation of the measured diameter of a borehole along its depth. These logs are usually measured mechanically, with only a few using sonic devices. The tools measure diameter at a specific chord across the well.

pay

A reservoir or portion of a reservoir that contains economically producible hydrocarbons. The term derives from the fact that it is capable of "paying" an income. Pay is also called pay sand or pay zone. The overall interval in which pay sections occur is the gross pay; the smaller portions of the gross pay that meet local criteria for pay (such as minimum porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation) are net pay.

In relation to well testing, what is an infinite acting reservoir?

A reservoir with no apparent outer boundary limit affecting fluid flow during a test period.

waterdrive

A reservoir-drive mechanism whereby the oil is driven through the reservoir by an active aquifer. As the reservoir depletes, the water moving in from the aquifer below displaces the oil until the aquifer energy is expended or the well eventually produces too much water to be viable.

standpipe

A rigid metal conduit that provides the high-pressure pathway for drilling mud to travel approximately one-third of the way up the derrick, where it connects to a flexible high-pressure hose (kelly hose).

allocthon

A rock mass formed somewhere other than its present location, which was transported by fault movements, large-scale gravity sliding, or similar processes.

dog collar

A safety device used when running and retrieving tools or drill collars with a flush external surface that may easily pass through the rotary table slips.

spot sample

A sample of liquid or sediments obtained at a specific depth inside a tank using a thief or a bottle. These samples are analyzed to determine the gravity of the oil and BS&W content of the fluid in the tank.

liquified natural gas carrier

A sea vessel used to transport liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

jackup OR jackup rig

A self-contained combination drilling rig and floating barge, fitted with long support legs that can be raised or lowered independently of each other.

alum

A series of double salts of aluminum sulfate and potassium sulfate with the formula Al2(SO4)3·K2SO4·nH2O. This compound is used as a colloidal flocculant in wastewater cleanup.

Choke Manifold

A set of high-pressure valves and associated piping that usually includes at least two adjustable chokes, arranged such that one adjustable choke may be isolated and taken out of service for repair and refurbishment while well flow is directed through the other one.

vertical separator

A vessel with its cylindrical axes perpendicular to the ground that is used to separate oil, gas and water from the production stream.

choke manifold

A set of high-pressure valves and associated piping that usually includes at least two adjustable chokes, arranged such that one adjustable choke may be isolated and taken out of service for repair and refurbishment while well flow is directed through the other one.

block

A set of pulleys used to gain mechanical advantage in lifting or dragging heavy objects. There are two large blocks on a drilling rig, the crown block and the traveling block. Each has several sheaves that are rigged with steel drilling cable or line such that the traveling block may be raised (or lowered) by reeling in (or out) a spool of drilling line on the drawworks.

BOP Stack

A set of two or more BOPs used to ensure pressure control of a well. A typical configuration might consist of one to six ram-type preventers and, optionally, one or two annular-type preventers. It also has the ram preventers on the bottom and the annular preventers at the top. The configuration of preventers is optimized to provide maximum pressure integrity, safety and flexibility in the event of a well control incident.

gun barrel

A settling tank used for treating oil. Oil and brine are separated only by gravity segregation forces. The clean oil floats to the top and brine is removed from the bottom of the tank. These devices are found predominantly in older or marginal fields. It is also called a wash tank.

net profits interest

A share of net proceeds from production paid solely from the working interest owners share. It is sometimes granted in lieu of a royalty interest.

net revenue interest

A share of production after all burdens, such as royalty and overriding royalty, have been deducted from the working interest. It is the percentage of production that each party actually receives.

tanker

A ship designed to transport crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), synthetic natural gas (SNG) or refined products.

saver sub

A short length of drill collar that has male threads on one end and female on the other. It is screwed onto the bottom of the kelly or topdrive and onto the rest of the drillstring.

Casing Coupling

A short length of pipe used to connect two joints of casing. It has internal threads (female threadform) machined to match the external threads (male threadform) of the long joints of casing.

shear pin

A short piece of brass or steel that is used to retain sliding components in a fixed position until sufficient force is applied to break the pin.

Blind box

A simple slickline tool used to dislodge or push tools or equipment down the wellbore. This is generally of heavy construction and is hardened to reduce damage when jarring is required.

tubing joint

A single length of the pipe that is assembled to provide a conduit through which the oil or gas will be produced from a wellbore.

Composite log

A single log created by splicing together two logs of the same type run at different times in the well; or by splicing two different types of log run at the same time.

drip

A small vessel in a pipeline to receive water and heavy hydrocarbons that drop out of a gas stream.

bead tracer

A small, radioactive plastic sphere that is insoluble and used to make a tracer-loss measurement. This tool is designed to have the same density as the injection fluid so that it travels with the fluid when it is placed in the flow stream of an injection well.

keyseat

A small-diameter channel worn into the side of a larger diameter wellbore. This can be the result of a sharp change in direction of the wellbore (a dogleg), or if a hard formation ledge is left between softer formations that enlarge over time. In either case, the diameter of the channel is typically similar to the diameter of the drillpipe.

velocity string

A small-diameter tubing string run inside the production tubing of a well as a remedial treatment to resolve liquid-loading problems. As the reservoir pressure in a gas well depletes, there may be insufficient velocity to transport all liquids from the wellbore. In time these liquids accumulate and impair production. Installing a '' ''' reduces the flow area and increases the flow velocity to enable liquids to be carried from the wellbore.

horizontal separator

A vessel, with its cylindrical axes parallel to the ground, that is used to separate oil, gas and water from the produced stream.

asphalt

A solid or nearly solid form of bitumen that can melt upon heating and contains impurities such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Asphalt forms naturally when the light components or volatiles of petroleum have been removed or evaporated.

Bull plug

A solid plug used as an isolation device in piping systems, conduits or wellbore tubulars.

Bit Breaker

A special tool used by the rig crew to prevent the drill bit from turning while the bit sub on top of it is tightened or loosened.

frac gun

A specialized perforating-gun system that contains shaped charges loaded at 0°, 60°, 120°, or 180° phase angles to provide a casing entrance hole of approximately 0.5 in. [1.3 cm], which is intended to be large enough for hydraulic fracturing operations.

slant hole rig

A specially designed drilling rig capable of drilling directional wells.

tie back packer

A specially designed packer assembly used in conjunction with a tie-back liner. The '' '' '' can be integral to the original liner hanger, or if the tie-back is a remedial treatment, it can be a separate component set above the liner hanger.

pipe dope

A specially formulated blend of lubricating grease and fine metallic particles that prevents thread galling (a particular form of metal-to-metal damage) and seals the roots of threads.

perforating fluid

A specially prepared fluid placed in the wellbore over the interval to be perforated. The ideal fluid is clean and solids-free (filtered), and will not react to cause damaging by-products on contact with the reservoir formation.

bottom sample

A specimen obtained from the bottom part of the tank or lower point in a pipeline.

rathole

A storage place for the kelly, consisting of an opening in the rig floor fitted with a piece of casing with an internal diameter larger than the outside diameter of the kelly, but less than that of the upper kelly valve so that the kelly may be lowered into the rathole until the upper kelly valve rests on the top of the piece of casing.

stock tank

A storage tank for oil production after the oil has been treated.

tapered string

A string comprising tubing or components of varying size or dimension. A tapered production string may be configured with larger OD tubing joints in the upper wellbore area to optimize the hydraulic performance of the string. Although a tapered coiled tubing string will have the same tubing outside diameter throughout, the upper portion of the string may have a greater wall thickness to support the load of the string below.

Tapered String or Combination String

A string of drillpipe or casing that consists of two or more sizes or weights.

tank dike

A structure constructed around an oil tank to contain the oil in case the tank collapses.

abnormal pressure

A subsurface condition in which the pore pressure of a geologic formation exceeds or is less than the expected, or normal, formation pressure. Whenimpermeable rocks such as shales are compacted rapidly, their pore fluids cannot always escape and must then support the total overlying rock column, leading to abnormally high formation pressures.

oil pool

A subsurface oil accumulation. An oil field can consist of one or more of these or distinct reservoirs within a single large trap. The term "pool" can create the erroneous impression that oil fields are immense caverns filled with oil, instead of rock filled with small oil-filled pores.

drilling break

A sudden increase in the rate of penetration during drilling. When this increase is significant (two or more times the normal speed, depending on local conditions), it may indicate a formation change, a change in the pore pressure of the formation fluids, or both. It is commonly interpreted as an indication of the bit drilling sand (high-speed drilling) rather than shale (low-speed drilling).

pipeline gas

A sufficiently dry gas that will not drop out natural gas liquids (NGL) when entering the gas pipeline; also, gas with enough pressure to enter high-pressure gas pipelines.

very large crude carrier

A supertanker with a capacity between 100,000 and 500,000 deadweight tons.

last-shot detection

A surface detection system used to ensure that all tubing-conveyed perforating guns have fired, from the top shot to the bottom shot.

shot detection

A surface detection technique to verify that perforating guns have fired. This technique typically employs sensors that detect vibration or hydraulic shock at surface, and is used with TCP operations.

show

A surface observation of hydrocarbons, usually observed as florescent liquid on cuttings when viewed with an ultraviolet or black light (for oil) or increased gas readings from the mud logger's gas-detection equipment (for gas).

flow line

A surface pipeline carrying oil, gas or water that connects the wellhead to a manifold or to production facilities, such as heater-treaters and separators.

angular unconformity

A surface that separates younger strata from eroded, dipping, older strata and represents a gap in the geologic record.

vapor recovery unit

A system composed of a scrubber, a compressor and a switch. Its main purpose is to recover vapors formed inside completely sealed crude oil or condensate tanks.

Telemetry

A system for converting the measurements recorded by a wireline or measurements-while-drilling (MWD) tool into a suitable form for transmission to the surface. In the case of wireline logging, the measurements are converted into electronic pulses or analog signals that are sent up the cable

tubing grade

A system of classifying the material specifications for steel alloys used in the manufacture of tubing.

casing grade

A system of identifying and categorizing the strength of casing materials.

Casing Grade

A system of identifying and categorizing the strength of casing materials. Since most oilfield casing is of approximately the same chemistry (typically steel), and differs only in the heat treatment applied, the grading system provides for standardized strengths of casing to be manufactured and used in wellbores.

tubing seal assembly

A system of seals arranged on the component that engages in a sealbore to isolate the production-tubing conduit from the annulus.

seal assembly

A system of seals arranged on the component that engages in a sealbore to isolate the production-tubing conduit from the annulus. is typically longer than the sealbore to enable some movement of the components while maintaining an efficient seal.

tank table

A table that shows the tank capacity in barrels as a function of the liquid level inside the tank.

pressure storage tank

A tank designed for storing volatile liquids such as gasoline and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), which generate high internal pressures.

guide shoe OR shoe

A tapered, often bullet-nosed piece of equipment often found on the bottom of a casing string. The device guides the casing toward the center of the hole and minimizes problems associated with hitting rock ledges or washouts in the wellbore as the casing is lowered into the well. The outer portions are made from steel. The inside (including the taper) is generally made of cement or thermoplastic

timed-slug analysis

A technique for determining the velocity of fluid flow in an injection well based on measuring the time a slug of radioactive tracer takes to move down the well.

Fluoroscopy

A technique for imaging a core by moving a core between a source of X-rays and a fluorescent screen. The image on the screen is intensified and recorded by a video camera.

interval method

A technique for improving the accuracy of injection profiles measured using the velocity-shot method.

single-pass method

A technique for interpreting the results from a spinner flowmeter using only one logging run over the zone of interest. Spinner speed is related to fluid velocity using laboratory-determined values for threshold velocity and spinner response.

multipass method

A technique for interpreting the results from a spinner flowmeter using several logging runs of the flowmeter over the zone of interest at different speeds, both up and down.

two-pass method

A technique for interpreting the results from a spinner flowmeter using two logging runs over the zone of interest, one up and one down.

eddy-current measurement

A technique for measuring the effect of pits and holes in the inner wall of a casing on a high-frequency electrical signal induced in the casing.

audio measurement

A technique for recording sound at different positions in the borehole to generate a noise log.

chemical-marker injection

A technique in which a slug of material is introduced into the flowstream of a producing well to determine the flow rate of one or more of the fluids. The marker has specific properties, such as high neutron capture cross section, that allow it to be detected by sensors of a production logging tool.

tracer measurement

A technique in which a tracer is injected into the flow stream of a production or injection well to determine fluid paths and velocities.

Pulse echo

A technique in which an ultrasonic transducer, in transmit mode, emits a high-frequency acoustic pulse towards the borehole wall, where it is reflected back to the same transducer operating in receive mode.

bank firing

A technique in which several perforating guns are run on a single trip into the well, and then all are fired simultaneously.

Diversion

A technique used in injection treatments, such as matrix stimulation, to ensure a uniform distribution of treatment fluid across the treatment interval. Injected fluids tend to follow the path of least resistance, possibly resulting in the least permeable areas receiving inadequate treatment.

Bias weld

A technique used in the assembly of coiled tubing strings at the manufacturing plant. Prior to being formed, the string is assembled from flat steel strips joined by this object that is angled across the strip joint at 45 degrees.

selective perforating

A technique used to fire individual perforating guns when multiple guns have been run together in a single trip into the well. This technique is used to improve operational efficiency when several intervals are to be perforated.

Cathodic protection

A technique used to minimize the rate of corrosion of a structure. It transfers corrosion from the structure under protection to a known location where artificial anodes (plates or metal bars) are placed and could be replaced easily. Used for floating vessels, platforms, storage tanks and pipelines

alidade

A telescopic surveying device used to construct surface topographic and geologic maps in the field. It is mounted on a plane table, which has a sheet of paper on which to draw the map, and an object or location is sighted through the alidade. The edge is aligned in the azimuthal direction of the object or location. The vertical angle from which elevation of the location can be calculated is measured using the calibrated arc.

slip joint OR travel joint

A telescoping joint at the surface in floating offshore operations that permits vessel heave (vertical motion) while maintaining a riser pipe to the seafloor.

simultaneous operation (SIMOP)

A term used mainly on offshore platforms, or installations with multiple wellheads, where more than one wellbore is being accessed, such as where a drilling rig, slickline unit or coiled tubing unit may be operating at the same time.

bentonite equivalent

A term used to express the results of the methylene blue test, which determines the amount of clay-like materials in a water-base drilling fluid based on the amount of methylene blue dye absorbed by the sample.

Carbide Lag Test

A test performed by the mudlogger or wellsite geologist, used to calculate sample lag. The lag period can be measured as a function of time or pump strokes

carbide lag test

A test performed by the mudlogger or wellsite geologist, used to calculate sample lag. The lag period can be measured as a function of time or pump strokes. Acetylene is commonly used as a tracer gas for this purpose.

lead acetate test

A test to detect hydrogen sulfide in a fluid by discoloration of a paper moistened with the lead acetate solution. It is important to determine the presence and amount of hydrogen sulfide because this gas is extremely poisonous, highly flammable, explosive and corrosive.

leak off test (LOT) OR pressure integrity test (PIT)

A test to determine the strength or fracture pressure of the open formation, usually conducted immediately after drilling below a new casing shoe. During the test, the well is shut in and fluid is pumped into the wellbore to gradually increase the pressure that the formation experie

aniline point test

A test to evaluate base oils that are used in oil mud. The test indicates if an oil is likely to damage elastomers (rubber compounds) that come in contact with the oil.

API fluid loss test

A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud at ambient (room) temperature and 100-psi differential pressure, usually performed according to specifications set by API, using a static filter press.

Fluid compatibility test

A test, or series of tests, performed to check that no undesirable reactions occur with a specific fluid. The testing process may include checks for compatibility with other treating fluids, wellbore fluids, reservoir fluids and the reservoir formation.

Blind Ram

A thick, heavy steel component of a conventional ram blowout preventer. In a normal pipe ram, the two blocks of steel that meet in the center of the wellbore to seal the well have a hole through which the pipe fits. It has no space for pipe and is instead blanked off in order to be able to close over a well that does not contain a drillstring

slickline

A thin nonelectric cable used for selective placement and retrieval of wellbore hardware, such as plugs, gauges and valves located in sidepocket mandrels. Valves and sleeves can also be adjusted using slickline tools.

roll line

A thin, perforated pipe placed around the internal circumference of a tank.

swage

A threaded adapter used to connect a circulating line to a casing or tubing string. A casing or tubing ''' generally is required as a contingency option to enable any obstruction or fill to be circulated clear during the running process.

overthrust

A thrust fault having a relatively large lateral displacement.

roller cone bit

A tool designed to crush rock efficiently while incurring a minimal amount of wear on the cutting surfaces. It has conical cutters or cones with spiked teeth around them. Invented by Howard Hughes.

rotary steerable system

A tool designed to drill directionally with continuous rotation from the surface, eliminating the need to slide a steerable motor. This tool is typically deployed when drilling directional, horizontal, or extended-reach wells.

diamond bit

A tool for drilling rock that works by scraping industrial grade diamonds against the bottom of the hole. The diamonds are embedded into the metal structure (usually a sintered or powdered carbide basematrix) during the manufacture.

basket sub

A tool run into the wellbore to retrieve junk from the bottom of the hole.

junk basket OR basket sub OR junk sub

A tool run into the wellbore to retrieve junk from the bottom of the hole.

fluid tester or wireline formation tester

A tool run on wireline to obtain fluid samples and measure formation pressures.

mill

A tool that grinds metal downhole. It is usually used to remove junk in the hole or to grind away all or part of a casingstring.

Henry Doherty

A tough, resourceful businessman, through hard work, pluck, and training in engineering, this individual rose to be a director of no fewer than 150 companies. This empire was composed of gas and electric utilities, thus creating the name "Cities Service". He later involved himself in oil and believed that the solution to Pennsylvania's "rule of capture" was unitizing fields. Name the individual.

American Petroleum Institute (API)

A trade association founded in 1919 with offices in Washington, DC, USA. Among its long-term endeavors is the development of standardized testing procedures for drilling equipment, drilling fluids and cements, called API Recommended Practices ("RPs").

dry oil or clean oil

A treated oil that contains small amounts of basic sediments and water (BS&W)

DEA unit

A treating system used to remove hydrogen sulfide [H2S], carbon dioxide [CO2] and carbonyl sulfide from a gas stream. The acid gases are absorbed by the diethanolamine (DEA), and sweet gas leaves at the top of the absorber.

well stimulation

A treatment performed to restore or enhance the productivity of a well. Stimulation treatments fall into two main groups, hydraulic fracturing treatments and matrix treatments. Fracturing treatments are performed above the fracture pressure of the reservoir formation and create a highly conductive flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore. Matrix treatments are performed below the reservoir fracture pressure and generally are designed to restore the natural permeability of the reservoir following damage to the near-wellbore area. Stimulation in shale gas reservoirs typically takes the form of hydraulic fracturing treatments.

stimulation

A treatment performed to restore or enhance the productivity of a well. These treatments fall into two main groups, hydraulic fracturing treatments and matrix treatments. Fracturing treatments are performed above the fracture pressure of the reservoir formation and create a highly conductive flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore. Matrix treatments are performed below the reservoir fracture pressure and generally are designed to restore the natural permeability of the reservoir following damage to the near-wellbore area

pipeline

A tube or system of tubes used for transporting crude oil and natural gas from the field or gathering system to the refinery.

mosquito bill

A tubular placed at the bottom of the subsurface sucker-rod pump and inside the gas anchor to drive the formation fluid with little or no gas into the pump.

velocity image

A two-dimensional display, using colors or different gray scales, of the bubble velocity around the borehole against depth.

holdup image or holdup map

A two-dimensional display, using colors or different grey scales, of the holdup around the borehole versus depth.

Bingham plastic model

A two-parameter rheological model widely used in the drilling fluids industry to describe flow characteristics of many types of muds. Fluids obeying this model exhibit a linear shear-stress, shear-rate behavior after an initial shear stress threshold has been reached.

Combi BOP

A type of blowout preventer (BOP) in which each ram set combines two conventional ram functions, such as blind/shear and pipe/slip. The principal advantage of this is the reduced height required for rig up of the required ram functions.

aromatic hydrocarbon

A type of compound containing hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a symmetrical 6-carbon ring structure with single (C-C) and double (C=C) bonds alternating around the ring.

Corrosion fatigue

A type of corrosion in which the metal components of a structure fail due to cyclic stresses applied in a corrosive environment, such as salt water. Consequently, a break in the metal will occur at stresses considerably lower than the tensile strength of the material. This is the main cause of sucker-rod and drillstring failures.

Bimetallic corrosion

A type of corrosion in which two different metals are placed in contact in a corrosive environment. A small electric current flows from one piece of metal to the other, accelerating the corrosion rate of the more reactive of the two metals.

Hydrogen induced failures

A type of corrosion produced when a metal absorbs hydrogen atoms. This phenomenon can cause undesirable effects such as blistering, cracking, methane formation above 400F and hydrogen embrittlement.

Erosion-corrosion

A type of corrosion produced when easily removed scales (such as iron carbonate) that were initially protecting the metals in the pipe are eroded and the underlying metals are corroded.

Clay swelling

A type of damage in which formation permeability is reduced because of the alteration of clay equilibrium. This occurs when water-based filtrates from drilling, completion, workover or stimulation fluids enter the formation. It can be caused by ion exchange or changes in salinity.

flow after flow, backpressure or four-point test.

A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR). In this kind of test, a well flows under a constant rate until it reaches stabilized conditions (pseudosteady state). After the stabilized rate and pressure are recorded, the rate is changed and the well flows until pressure stabilizes again. The same procedure is repeated three or four times. The stabilization requirement is an important limitation of this type of test, especially in low-permeability formations, which require longer stabilization times.

modified isochronal test

A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR). In this type of test, the shut-in periods are of equal duration, as are the flowing periods. The final shut-in pressure before the beginning of the new flow is used as an approximation of the average reservoir pressure. The same procedure is typically repeated four times. A stabilized point (pseudosteady state) is usually obtained at the end of the test.

isochronal test

A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells. This test is used to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR) without actually flowing the well for the time required to achieve stabilized conditions (pseudosteady state). This type of test is especially useful for low-permeability reservoirs.

heavyweight drillpipe (HWDP)

A type of drillpipe whose walls are thicker and collars are longer than conventional drillpipe. It tends to be stronger and has higher tensile strength than conventional drillpipe, so it is placed near the top of a long drillstring for additional support.

normal fault

A type of fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, and the fault surface dips steeply, commonly from 50o to 90o. Groups of normal faults can produce horst and graben topography, or a series of relatively high- and low-standing fault blocks, as seen in areas where the crust is rifting or being pulled apart by plate tectonic activity. A growth fault is a type of normal fault that forms during sedimentation and typically has thicker strata on the downthrown hanging wall than the footwall.

turbulent flow

A type of flow for single-phase fluids in which the velocity at any point may vary in both direction and magnitude with time.

fullbore spinner

A type of flowmeter in which the spinner blades are collapsed to pass through the tubing and other restrictions, and then opened up below to sense the full cross section of the casing or openhole. In this way, a much larger fraction of the flow is measured.

positive displacement pump

A type of fluid pump in which the displacement volume of the pump is fixed for each rotation of the pump. Generally associated with high-pressure applications and commonly used in drilling operations tocirculate the drilling fluid and in a range of oil and gas well treatments, such as cementing, matrix treatments and hydraulic fracturing.

Duplex pump

A type of fluid pump, commonly used on workover rigs, that has two plungers or pistons. As a positive-reciprocating pump, the fluid flow rate is typically calculated from the number of strokes per minute that the pump makes and the displacement volume per stroke.

electric gas-lift valves

A type of gas-lift valve that allows a gas-lift port size to be adjusted remotely from surface to positions from fully open to closed. Developed in the last 10 years, these valves offer the possibility of changing gas-injection points without well intervention.

pyrolysis

A type of geochemical analysis in which a rock sample is subject to controlled heating in an inert gas to or past the point of generating hydrocarbons in order to assess its quality as a source rock, the abundance of organic material in it, its thermal maturity, and the quality of hydrocarbons it might generate or have generated. Pyrolysis breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. This process is used to determine the quality of shale as a source rock and is instrumental in evaluating shale gas plays.

Absolute filter

A type of high-specification fluid filter frequently used to remove small solid particles from workover or treatment fluids that may be injected into, or placed adjacent to, the reservoir formation.

Hydrogen blistering

A type of hydrogen-induced failure produced when hydrogen atoms enter low-strength steels that have macroscopic defects, such as laminations.

Dry forward combustion

A type of in situ combustion in which the burning front moves in the same direction as the injected air. As air is continuously supplied at the injection well, the fire ignited at this location moves toward the production wells.

selective nipple

A type of landing nipple designed to be run in a series throughout the wellbore. Two basic typesmay be encountered, a nipple series in which the nipple design or profile determines the selectivity and one in which the running tool is used to find the target nipple.

Braided line

A type of multistrand wireline used for slickline applications in which higher tension or weight-carrying ability is required. When larger sizes are used, it may be necessary to kill the well due to the effect of wellhead pressure on the relatively large cross-sectional area of the line entering the wellbore.

impulse activation

A type of oxygen activation technique for measuring water flow in which a short neutron burst is followed by a long observation period, during which the activated flowing oxygen is recognized at the detector by its signature.

tension-set packer

A type of packer that is set by applying tension to the running string. These packers are less common than compression-set packers due to the potential difficulties associated with retrieval. However, in applications where there is insufficient string weight to set a compression packer, a '' '' is a useful option.

Chain Tongs

A type of pipe wrench used for hand-tightening various threaded connections around the rigsite. It consists of a handle, a set of gripping die teeth, a length of flat chain and a hooking slot where the chain may be adjusted to fit the pipe.

chain tongs

A type of pipe wrench used for hand-tightening various threaded connections around the rigsite. It consists of a handle, a set of gripping die teeth, a length of flat chain and a hooking slot where the chain may be adjusted to fit the pipe.

sealbore packer

A type of production packer that incorporates a sealbore that accepts a seal assembly fitted to the bottom of the production tubing. The '' ''' is often set on wireline to enable accurate depthcorrelation. For applications in which a large tubing movement is anticipated, as may be due to thermal expansion, the '' '' and seal assembly function as a slip joint.

C pump or centrifugal pump

A type of pump commonly used in the handling and mixing of oilfield fluids. The rotary motion of a profiled impeller in combination with a shaped pump housing or volute applies centrifugal force to discharge fluids from the pump.

Gas cap drive

A type of reservoir-drive mechanism in which the energy for the transport and production of reservoir fluids is provided by the expansion of gas in the gas cap.

solution gas drive

A type of reservoir-drive system in which the energy for the transport and production of reservoir fluids is derived from the gas dissolved in the fluid. As reservoir fluids enter the wellbore, changing pressureconditions cause the gas to break from solution to create a commingled flow of gas and liquid that aids production.

wireline retrievable safety valve (WRSV)

A type of safety valve in which the principal components can be run and retrieved by wireline or slickline. The valve assembly is landed in a ported nipple that is equipped with a control line connected to the surface control system.

bichromate salt

A type of salt in which chromium atoms are in the plus-7 valence state, such as potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7.

wire wrapped screen

A type of screen used in sand control applications to support the gravel pack. The profiled wire is wrapped and welded in place on a perforated liner. Screens are available in a range of sizes and specifications, including outside diameter, material type and the geometry and dimension of the screen slots. The space between each wire wrap must be small enough to retain the gravel placed behind the screen, yet minimize any restriction to production.

pipe ram

A type of sealing element in high-pressure split seal blowout preventers that is manufactured with a half-circle hole on the edge (to mate with another horizontally opposed half) sized to fit around drillpipe.

moldic porosity

A type of secondary porosity created through the dissolution of a preexisting constituent of a rock, such as a shell, rock fragment or grain. The pore space preserves the shape, or mold, of the dissolved material.

montmorillonite

A type of smectite clay mineral that tends to swell when exposed to water. Montmorillonite forms through the alteration of silicate minerals in alkaline conditions in basic igneous rocks, such as volcanic ash that can accumulate in the oceans. Montmorillonite is a component of bentonite commonly used in drilling fluids.

sulfide stress cracking

A type of spontaneous brittle failure in steels and other high-strength alloys when they are in contact with moist hydrogen sulfide and other sulfidic environments. Tool joints, hardened parts of blowoutpreventers and valve trim are particularly susceptible. For this reason, along with toxicity risks of hydrogen sulfide gas, it is essential that water muds be kept entirely free of soluble sulfides and especially hydrogen sulfide at low pH.

laminar flow

A type of streamlined flow for single-phase fluids in which the fluid moves in parallel layers, or laminae. The layers flow smoothly over each other with instabilities being dampened by the viscosity.

anticlinal trap

A type of structural hydrocarbon trap whose closure is controlled by the presence of an anticline.

tubing-retrievable safety valve (TRSV)

A type of subsurface safety valve that is run and retrieved as part of the production tubing string. The ' ' ' ' body is integral part of the completion that enables the internal components to be configured to provide near fullbore access through the valve. An external control line is secured to the running string for connection to a surface-control system.

karst

A type of topography formed in areas of widespread carbonate rocks through dissolution. Sink holes, caves and pock-marked surfaces are typical features of a karst topography.

degree API

A unit of measurement established by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that indicates the density of a liquid.

glycol dehydrator

A unit used to remove minute water particles from natural gas if dehydration was not attained using separators.

effective shot density

A value that reflects the number of perforations per unit of length (usually feet) that are producing, or injecting, efficiently.

inside blowout preventer

A valve in the drillstring that may be used to prevent the well from flowing uncontrollably up the drillstring.

wing valve

A valve located on the side of a Christmas tree or temporary surface flow equipment, such as may be used for a drillstem test. Two are generally fitted to a Christmas tree. A flowing '' '' is used to control and isolate production, and the kill wing valve fitted on the opposite side of the Christmas tree is available for treatment or well-control purposes. The term typically is used when referring to the flowing wing.

flare gas

A vapor or gas that is burned through a pipe or burners.

mist drilling

A variation of air drilling in which a small amount of water trickles into the wellbore from exposed formations and is carried out of the wellbore by the compressed air used for air drilling. The onset of this method of drilling often signals the impending end of practical air drilling, at which point the water inflow becomes too great for the compressed air to remove from the wellbore, or the produced water (usually salty) becomes a disposal problem.

free-water knockout

A vertical or horizontal separator used mainly to remove any free water that can cause problems such as corrosion and formation of hydrates or tight emulsions, which are difficult to break.

Batch mixer

A vessel and mixing system used to prepare treatment fluids. This is generally equipped with a means of adding dry and liquid chemicals, an agitation or circulation system and a manifold system to deliver the prepared fluid to storage tanks or treating pumps.

surge tank

A vessel placed in a flowline through which liquids or gases are flowed to neutralize sudden pressure surges.

two-phase separator

A vessel that separates the well fluids into gas and total liquid.

three-phase separator

A vessel that separates the well fluids into gas and two types of liquids: oil and water.

test separator

A vessel used to separate and meter relatively small quantities of oil and gas.

treater

A vessel used to treat oil-water emulsions so the oil can be accepted by the pipeline or transport.

spacer

A viscous fluid used to aid removal of drilling fluids before a primary cementing operation. prepared with specific fluid characteristics, such as viscosity and density, that are engineered to displace the drilling fluid while enabling placement of a complete cement sheath.

Coating flaw

A void in the pipe coating.

safety joint

A weak spot in the drillstring. Such a weak spot sometimes is intentionally put into the drillstring so that if tension in the drillstring exceeds a predetermined amount, the safety joint will part and the rest of the drillstring will be salvageable.

Butt weld or field weld

A welding technique used to join two tubes in which the squared and prepared ends are butted together in preparation for welding. The resulting circumferential weld has relatively good strength characteristics but has limitations where the tube is to be plastically deformed or bent, such as occurs on a coiled tubing string.

subsea well

A well in which the wellhead, Christmas tree and production-control equipment is located on the seabed.

Fracture acidizing

A well-stimulation operation in which acid, usually hydrochloric [HCl], is injected into a carbonate formation at a pressure above the formation-fracturing pressure. Flowing acid tends to etch the fracture faces in a nonuniform pattern, forming conductive channels that remain open without a propping agent after the fracture closes.

Acid wash

A wellbore acid treatment designed to remove scale or similar deposits from perforations and well-completion components. Acid-wash treatments generally do not include injection of treatment fluid into the reservoir formation.

dry hole

A wellbore that has not encountered hydrocarbons in economically producible quantities

gauge hole

A wellbore that is essentially the same diameter as the bit that was used to drill it. It is common to find well-consolidated sandstones and carbonaterocks that remain so after being drilled. For clays, it is common for the hole to slowly enlarge with the passing of time, especially if water-base muds are being used.

deviated hole

A wellbore that is not vertical. The term usually indicates a wellbore intentionally drilled away from vertical.

directional well

A wellbore that requires the use of special tools or techniques to ensure that the wellbore path hits a particular subsurface target, typically located away from (as opposed to directly under) the surface location of the well.

Abrasive jetting

A wellbore treatment in which a fluid laden with solid particles is used to remove deposits from the surface of wellbore tubulars and completion components. The treatment fluid is pumped at high pressure through a downhole tool equipped with nozzles that direct a jet, or jets, of fluid onto the target area.

perforated liner

A wellbore tubular in which slots or holes have been made before the string is assembled and run into the wellbore.

tubing head

A wellhead component that supports the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the Christmas tree to the wellhead.

perforating depth-control log

A wireline log run to provide a means of depth correlation by comparing the position of casing collars to the reference log (gamma ray log). A short casing joint generally is run near the area to be perforated to assist in the correlation process.

Dump bailer

A wireline or slickline tool used to place small volumes of cement slurry, or similar material, in a wellbore. Typically, the slurry is placed on a plug or similar device that provides a stable platform for the low-volume cement plug.

selective running tool

A wireline tool to set and retrieve selectively set downhole equipment such as plugs and similar flow-control devices. enables equipment to be set in a target nipple that may be one of a series placed throughout the wellbore.

carried working interest

A working interest generally paid in consideration for work related to the prospect. This interest is paid, or carried, for the drilling and or completion costs as specified in the contract between the parties, by another working interest owner typically until casing point is reached, or through the tanks, meaning through completion of the well, as agreed upon contractually.

conveyance

A written contract between a grantor and grantee, used to transfer title or rights to real estate or property. These contracts include oil, gas and mineral leases; assignments; deeds and rights of way.

13 million barrels per day

How much did production in the Middle East and North Africa grow between 1960 and 1970?

Alkaline surfactant polymer... in relation to alkaline surfactant polymer flooding - an EOR method.

ASP stands for...

My

Abbreviation for million years apart from Ma.

Lima-Indiana Fields

Accounting for 1/3 of US oil production by 1890, these fields, discovered in the mid-1880s moved the oil boom outside of PA.

Louisiana

After an agreement was reached in 1929 between Standard Oil and I.G Farben, the first hydrogenation plant was built where in the United States? This plant experimentally applied the hydrogenation process to oil to squeeze more gasoline out of each barrel of petroleum.

Benjamin Silliman, Jr.

After the fizzle of the Los Angeles oil boom of the 1860s, this man was so greatly humiliated and disgraced that he was forced to resign his professorship of chemistry at Yale.

Iraq Petroleum Company

Against which company did SOCAL win the bid for concessions in Saudi Arabia in 1933?

Ida Minerva Tarbell

Already well known for her biographies of Napolean and Lincoln, this woman would next tackle standard oil's bography

Electrical coupon

Also called an electrical resistance probe. An instrument used in a corrosion testing to determine metal loss. The probe directly measures the increase in resistance of a metal as its cross-sectional area is reduced by corrosion. At suitable times, once the readings are obtained, these numbers are converted into corrosion rates

Eötvös number

Also called the bond number. A dimensionless group used in analysis of fluid flow that characterizes the ratio of gravitational forces to surface or interfacial tension forces.

formation evaluation while drilling

Also known as logging while drilling or LWD, the measurement of formation properties during the excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use of tools integrated into the bottomhole assembly.

travel joint

Also known as slip joint, a completion component designed to accommodate tubing movement or length changes while maintaining a hydraulic seal between the production conduit and the annulus. The size or length of the slip joint depends on the wellbore conditions and completion characteristics.

Fishing bell

Also known as the head, the device that connects the end of the logging cable or the bridle to the top of the logging tool. It contains the weak point, so that when the weak point is broken and the cable removed, the uppermost assembly left in the hole is the head.

low velocity layer

Also known as weathered layer, a near-surface, possibly unconsolidated layer of low seismic velocity. The base of the weathered layer commonly coincides with the water table and a sharp increase in seismic velocity. The weathered layer typically has air-filled pores.

formation damage

Alteration of the far-field or virgin characteristics of a producing formation, usually by exposure to drilling fluids. The water or solid particles in the drilling fluids, or both, tend to decrease the pore volume and effective permeability of the producible formation in the near-wellbore region.

Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

An 800-mile [1287-km], 48-in. [122-cm] pipeline that transports more than 1 million barrels of oil from Deadhorse (near Prudhoe Bay) to Valdez, Alaska, USA.

short trip

An abbreviated recovery of pipe out of, and then the replacement of same back into the wellbore. The recovery of pipe out of the wellbore is normally limited to 10 or 20 stands of drillpipe.

oil field

An accumulation, pool or group of pools of oil in the subsurface. An oil field consists of a reservoir in a shape that will trap hydrocarbons and that is covered by an impermeable or sealing rock. Typically, industry professionals use the term with an implied assumption of economic size.

Fluoboric acid

An acid mixture that generates more hydrofluoric [HF] acid as the HF is consumed. It can be used as a preflush, an overflush or as a main stage in a sandstone matrix acidizing.

perforating acid

An acid treatment placed in the wellbore over the interval to be perforated. Because of the overbalance conditions at the time of perforating, this acid is forced into the newly formed perforation tunnel to stimulate the crushed zone.

Hydrochloric acid

An acid type commonly used in oil- and gas- well stimulation, especially in carbonate formations.

kelly bushing (KB) OR rotary bushing

An adapter that serves to connect the rotary table to the kelly. It has an inside diameter profile that matches that of the kelly, usually square or hexagonal. It is connected to the rotary table by four large steel pins that fit into mating holes in the rotary table. The rotary motion from the rotary table is transmitted to this adapter through the pins, and then to the kelly itself through the square or hexagonal flat surfaces between the this adapter and the kelly. The kelly then turns the entire drillstring because it is screwed into the top of the drillstring itself.

bactericide or biocide or preservative

An additive that kills bacteria, which are commonly used in water muds containing natural starches and gums that are especially vulnerable to bacterial attack.

technical evaluation agreement(TEA)

An agreement between a host country and operator to allow the operator to evaluate geological, geophysical, engineering and transportation issues involving a concession.

operating agreement

An agreement between parties who own a working interest in a well that sets out responsibilities and duties of the operator and nonoperators, including drilling the test well and subsequent wells, and sharing of expenses and accounting methods.

division order

An agreement between the operator and net revenue interest (NRI) owner in which the parties specify the fractional type of interest attributed to the NRI owner by the operator after an examination of title.

production sharing contract

An agreement between the parties to a well and a host country regarding the percentage of production each party will receive after the participating parties have recovered a specified amount of costs and expenses.

production service contract

An agreement between the parties to a well or wells and a host country to utilize specified goods and services from that country.

bid and study agreement

An agreement between two or more parties to review technical data prior to deciding whether to bid on a concession. The agreement also specifies the interests and the procedure for bidding between the parties in the event that the parties decide to bid on the concession.

marketing agreement

An agreement by which a party sells production on behalf of a producing company and then remits the proceeds, minus agreed-upon costs and expenses, to the producing company.

Closure pressure

An analysis parameter used in hydraulic fracture design to indicate the pressure at which the fracture effectively closes without proppant in place.

anticline

An arch-shaped fold in rock in which rock layers are upwardly convex. The oldest rock layers form the core of the fold, and outward from the core progressively younger rocks occur. They form many excellent hydrocarbon traps, particularly in folds with reservoir-quality rocks in their core and impermeable seals in the outer layers of the fold.

spacing unit

An area allotted to a well by regulations or field rules issued by a governmental authority having jurisdiction for the drilling and production of a well.

play

An area in which hydrocarbon accumulations or prospects of a given type occur. For example the shale gas plays in North America include the Barnett, Eagle Ford, Fayetteville, Haynesville, Marcellus, and Woodford, among many others. Outside North America, shale gas potential is being pursued in many parts of Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America.

prospect

An area of exploration in which hydrocarbons have been predicted to exist in economic quantity. A prospect is commonly an anomaly, such as a geologic structure or a seismic amplitude anomaly, that is recommended by explorationists for drilling a well. Justification for drilling a prospect is made by assembling evidence for an active petroleum system, or reasonable probability of encountering reservoir-quality rock, a trap of sufficient size, adequate sealing rock, and appropriate conditions for generation and migration of hydrocarbons to fill the trap. A single drilling location is also called a prospect, but the term is more properly used in the context of exploration. A group of prospects of a similar nature constitutes a play.

oil kitchen

An area of the subsurface where source rock has reached appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature to generate liquid hydrocarbons as opposed to gas.

flare

An arrangement consisting of a vertical tower and burners used to burn combustible vapors.

sucker rod pump

An artificial-lift pumping system using a surface power source to drive a downhole pump assembly. A beam and crank assembly creates reciprocating motion in a sucker-rod string that connects to the downhole pump assembly. The pump contains a plunger and valve assembly to convert the reciprocating motion to vertical fluid movement.

hydraulic pumping

An artificial-lift system that operates using a downhole pump. A surface hydraulic pump pressurizes crude oil called power oil, which drives the bottom pump.

casing string

An assembled length of steel pipe configured to suit a specific wellbore. The sections of pipe are connected and lowered into a wellbore, then cemented in place.

Deployment system

An assembly of pressure-control equipment that enables the running and retrieval of long tool strings on a coiled tubing string in a live wellbore. This is configured to provide two barriers against well pressure as the tool string is assembled and run into the wellbore.

18.887 million barrels per day

An average of how many barrels of oil does the United States consume daily?

bullet perforating

An early perforating method that used a hardened steel bullet or projectile, propelled by an explosive charge, to create a perforation tunnel. This method creates a low-permeability crushed zone and leaves the bullet and associated debris jammed at the end of the tunnel.

electrodynamic brake

An electric motor that acts as a brake. Braking is accomplished by reversing the electric fields on the motor, effectively turning it into a generator. The usage of the generated power, either in useful applications or dissipation as heat, restrains the motor-turned-generator and provides a braking action.

Array laterolog

An electrode device with multiple current electrodes configured in several different ways to produce several different responses. It typically consists of a central electrode emitting survey current, with multiple guard electrodes above and below it.

Microlaterolog

An electrode device with small spacings from which the current flow, and hence the measurement, is focused a short distance into the formation.

Cable Head

An electromechanical device used to connect an electrical tool string to a logging cable, electrical wireline or coiled tubing string equipped with an electrical conductor. It provides attachments to both the mechanical armor wires and the outer mechanical housing of a logging tool, usually by means of threads.

cable head

An electromechanical device used to connect an electrical tool string to a logging cable, electricalwireline or coiled tubing string equipped with an electrical conductor. It provides attachments to both the mechanical armor wires (which give logging cable its tensile strength) and the outer mechanical housing of a logging tool, usually by means of threads.

tight emulsions

An emulsion with small and closely distributed droplets. These emulsion can be difficult to break.

Foam flooding

An enhanced oil recovery process in which foam is injected into a reservoir to improve the sweep efficiency of a driving fluid. Foam can be generated either in the reservoir pore space or at the surface before injection.

High-pressure air injection

An enhanced oil recovery process utilizing compressed air that is injected into a reservoir. Oxygen in the gas reacts exothermically with some of the oil, producing highly mobile flue gas. The flue gas advances ahead of the reaction front and achieves an efficient displacement of the in situ oil.

Alkaline-flooding

An enhanced oil recovery technique in which chemicals react with certain types of oils, forming surfactants/petroleum soaps in-situ.

Bell Nipple

An enlarged pipe at the top of a casing string that serves as a funnel to guide drilling tools into the top of a well.

anomaly

An entity or property that differs from what is typical or expected, or which differs from that predicted by a theoretical model.

marsh

An environment from which water rarely drains that supports primarily grassy vegetation and does not form peat.

Equation of state

An equation that specifies fluid density as a function of pressure and temperature. A large body of scientific literature describes these functions for all kinds of hydrocarbons, and also for complex mixes of various hydrocarbons with other hydrocarbons and with other fluids.

dope

An especially formulated blend of lubricating grease and fine metallic particles that prevents thread galling (a particular form of metal-to-metal damage) and seals the roots or void spaces of threads.

offset well OR offset

An existing wellbore close to a proposed well that provides information for planning the proposed well.

Offset Well

An existing wellbore close to a proposed well that provides information for planning the proposed well. In planning development wells, there are usually numerous of this type of well, so a great deal is known about the subsurface geology and pressure regimes

directional driller (DD)

An individual trained in the science and art of intentionally drilling a well along a predetermined path in three-dimensional space, usually involving deviating the well from vertical and directing it in a specific compass direction or heading.

6FF40 - 6 coils, 40 inch spacing between main transmitter-receiver pair, FF means vertically and horizontally focussed

An induction log made with a particular array of transmitter and receiver coils. The array was introduced in 1960 and became the industry standard for 30 years....... bonus - what do the letters and numbers stand for?

slimhole well

An inexact term describing a borehole (and associated casing program) significantly smaller than a standard approach, commonly a wellbore less than 6 in. in diameter.

Coke

An insoluble organic deposit that has low hydrogen content. Also known as pyrobitumen, it is formed by thermal cracking and distillation during in-situ combustion.

pipeline patrol

An inspection of a pipeline to check for leaks, washouts or other abnormal conditions. A pipeline patrol is commonly performed using airplanes.

gas processing plant

An installation that processes natural gas to recover natural gas liquids (condensate, natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas) and sometimes other substances such as sulfur.

flowmeter

An instrument that measures the flow rate of fluids through a pipeline.

densimeter or densitometer

An instrument that measures the specific gravity of a mixture of gas, liquid and solids.

orifice meter

An instrument that records the flow rate of gas through a pipeline. The flow rate is calculated from the pressure differential created by the fluid passing through an orifice of a particular size and other parameters such as static pressure, temperature, density of the fluid and size of the pipe.

Coupon or electrical coupon

An instrument used in a corrosion test to determine metal loss. It directly measures the increase in resistance of a metal as its cross-sectional area is reduced by corrosion.

Electrical resistance probe

An instrument used in a corrosion testing to determine metal loss. The probe directly measures the increase in resistance of a metal as its cross-sectional area is reduced by corrosion. At suitable times, once the readings are obtained, these numbers are converted into corrosion rates

dynamometer

An instrument used in sucker-rod pumping to record the variation between the polished rod load and the polished rod displacement.

Bicenter Bit

An integral bit and eccentric reamer used to simultaneously drill and underream the hole

time and materials contract

An intermediate contract depth where the work to deepen the well would likely be done on a day rate basis

goose neck

An inverted "U" shaped section of rigid piping normally used as a conduit for high-pressure drilling fluid. In particular, the term is applied to a structure that connects the top of a vertical standpipe running up the side of a derrick or mast to a flexible kelly hose that in turn is connected to another one of these between the flexible line and the swivel.

swellable packer

An isolation device that relies on elastomers to expand and form an annular seal when immersed in certain wellbore fluids. The elastomers used in these packers are either oil- or water-sensitive. Their expansion rates and pressure ratings are affected by a variety of factors. Oil-activated elastomers, which work on the principle of absorption and dissolution, are affected by fluid temperature as well as the concentration and specific gravity of hydrocarbons in a fluid. Water-activated elastomers are typically affected by water temperature and salinity. This type of elastomer works on the principle of osmosis, which allows movement of water particles across a semi-permeable membrane based on salinity differences in the water on either side of the membrane.

blockage

An obstruction in the pipeline, composed of asphaltenes, hydrates, waxes, scale and sand deposited on the internal wall of the pipeline forming a barrier to the normal flow of fluids. The conditions for this phenomenon are mainly encountered in deepwater operations (low temperature and high pressure).

licensing round

An occasion when a governmental body offers exploration acreage for leasing by exploration and production companies, typically in return for a fee and a performance or work obligation, such as acquisition of seismic data or drilling a well. Exploration licenses are initially of limited duration (about 5 years) after which there might be a requirement to return half or more of the licensed acreage to the state. If hydrocarbons are discovered, a separate production license or production-sharing agreement is usually drawn up before development can proceed.

term lease

An oil and gas lease that expires after a specified period of time, regardless of whether oil, gas and/or other minerals are being produced.

top lease

An oil and gas lease wherein the bonus consideration is paid at the signing of the lease. However, this lease becomes effective only after the expiration or termination of an existing lease on the tract of land.

Brownfield

An oil or gas accumulation that has matured to a production plateau or even progressed to a stage of declining production. Operating companies seek to extend the economic producing life of the field using cost-effective, low-risk technologies.

Enhanced oil recovery

An oil recovery enhancement method using sophisticated techniques that alter the original properties of oil. Once ranked as a third stage of oil recovery that was carried out after secondary recovery, the techniques employed can actually be initiated at any time during the productive life of an oil reservoir. Its purpose is not only to restore formation pressure, but also to improve oil displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir.

balanced activity oil mud

An oil-base mud in which the activity, or vapor pressure, of the brine phase is balanced with that of the formations drilled.

cycling plant

An oilfield installation used when producing from a gas condensate reservoir. In this installation, the liquids are extracted from the natural gas and then the remaining dry gas is compressed and returned to the producing formation to maintain reservoir pressure.

mousehole

An opening in the rig floor near the rotary table, but between the rotary table and the vee-door, that enables rapid connections while drilling. It is usually fitted underneath with a length of casing, usually with a bottom. A joint of drillpipe that will be used next in the drilling operation is placed in this opening, box end up, by the rig crew immediately after the previous connection is made. When the bit drills down and the kelly is near the rotary table, the next piece of drillpipe must be added for drilling to continue. This next piece of drillpipe is standing in this opening when the kelly is screwed into it.

thief hatch

An opening in the top of the stock tank.

stage separation

An operation in which the well stream is passed through two or more separators that are arranged in series.

Formic acid

An organic acid [HCOOH] used in oil- and gas-well stimulation treatments.

Acetic acid

An organic acid used in oil and gas well-stimulation treatments. It is less corrosive than commonly used hydrochloric acid.

Acetic acid

An organic acid used in oil- and gas-well stimulation treatments. Less corrosive than the commonly used hydrochloric acid, acetic acid treatments can be more easily inhibited or retarded for treatments of long duration.

acetic acid

An organic acid used in oil- and gas-well stimulation treatments. Less corrosive than the commonly used hydrochloric acid, treatments using this acid can be more easily inhibited or retarded for treatments of long duration.

Formic acid

An organic acid used in the stimulation of high-temperature oil and gas wells in which conventional hydrochloric acid systems cannot be adequately inhibited, or where contact time with tubulars is likely to be extended.

Blow out

An uncontrolled flow of reservoir fluids into the wellbore, and sometimes catastrophically to the surface. It may consist of salt water, oil, gas or a mixture of these.

methane hydrate

An unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules of methane are trapped in ice molecules. More generally, hydrates are compounds in which gas molecules are trapped within a crystal structure. Hydrates form in cold climates, such as permafrost zones and in deep water. To date, economic liberation of hydrocarbon gases from hydrates has not occurred, but hydrates contain quantities of hydrocarbons that could be of great economic significance. Hydrates can affect seismic data by creating a reflection or multiple.

Dynamic miscibility

Another name for multi-contact miscibility. A dynamic fluid-mixing process in which an injected gas exchanges components with in situ oil until the phases achieve a state of miscibility within the mixing zone of the flood front.

Borehole

Another name to the wellbore itself, including the openhole or uncased portion of the well. It may refer to the inside diameter of the wellbore wall, the rock face that bounds the drilled hole.

combination string

Another term for a tapered string: a string of drillpipe or casing that consists of two or more sizes or weights.

sequestering agent

Another term for chelating agent, a chemical used to bind metal ions to form a ring structure. Chelating agents stabilize or prevent the precipitation of damaging compounds. In the oil field, chelating agents are used in stimulation treatments and for cleaning surface facilities. They are also used to treat or remove scale or weighting agents in reservoir drilling fluids.

endless tubing

Another term for coiled tubing, a long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool.

reeled tubing

Another term for coiled tubing, a long, continuous length of pipe wound on a spool. The pipe is straightened prior to pushing into a wellbore and rewound to coil the pipe back onto the transport and storage spool.

shoe track

Another term for float joint, a full-sized length of casing placed at the bottom of the casing string that is usually left full of cement on the inside to ensure that good cement remains on the outside of the bottom of the casing

Frac job

Another term for hydraulic fracturing, a stimulation treatment routinely performed on oil and gas wells in low-permeability reservoirs. Specially engineered fluids are pumped at high pressure and rate into the reservoir interval to be treated, causing a vertical fracture to open.

rotary bushing

Another term for kelly bushing, an adapter that serves to connect the rotary table to the kelly. The kelly bushing has an inside diameter profile that matches that of the kelly, usually square or hexagonal.

setting tool

Another term for running tool, a generic name for a tool or device that is used in the placement or setting of downhole equipment such as permanent packers or plugs. The running tool can be retrieved after the operation or setting process. In some cases, the running tool also is used to retrieve the equipment or tool that has been set in the wellbore.

tie-back string

Another term for tie-back liner, a section of liner that is run from a liner hanger back to the wellhead after the initial liner and hanger system have been installed and cemented. A tie-back liner may be required to provide the necessary pressure capacity during a flow-test period or for special treatments, and is typically not cemented in place. In some cases, a tie-back liner will be installed as a remedial treatment when the integrity of the intermediate casing string is in doubt.

lag gas

Any gas deliberately introduced into the mud system to help a mudlogger or wellsite geologist track the amount of time or the number of mud pump strokes it takes to circulate mud from the kelly downhole through the drillstring to the bit, and back uphole to the gas trap at the shale shaker. This interval is used to calculate the lag period.

spacer fluid

Any liquid used to physically separate one special-purpose liquid from another. Special-purpose liquids are typically prone to contamination, so the liquid used must be compatible with both.

pill

Any relatively small quantity (less than 200 bbl) of a special blend of drilling fluid to accomplish a specific task that the regular drilling fluid cannot perform. Examples include high-viscosity pills to help lift cuttings out of a vertical wellbore, freshwater pills to dissolve encroaching salt formations, pipe-freeing pills to destroy filter cake and relieve differential sticking forces and lost circulation material pills to plug a thief zone.

nipple

Any short piece of pipe, especially if threaded at both ends with male threads.

connection

Any threaded or nonthreaded union or joint that connects two tubular components. The act of adding a joint or stand of drillpipe to the top of the drillstring,

connection

Any threaded or nonthreaded union or joint that connects two tubular components. The act of adding a joint or stand of drillpipe to the top of the drillstring, also described as "making a connection."

roustabout

Any unskilled manual laborer on the rigsite. This laborer may be part of the drilling contractor's employee workforce, or may be on location temporarily for special operations

junk

Anything in the wellbore that is not supposed to be there. The term is usually reserved for small pieces of steel such as hand tools, small parts,bit nozzles, pieces of bits or other downhole tools, and remnants of millingoperations.

13 million

Approximately how many lives were lost in WWI?

Walter Teagle

As a businessman and not a politician or diplomat, this individual traveled to London in July of 1922 to begin negotiations on American participation in developing whatever petroleum resources were to be found in Mesopotamia. He was the head of Standard Oil. Name this businessman.

13.5%

As a global power in the world, the United States daily oil production increased dramatically between 2012 and 2013. What was the percentage share of increase in daily production?

Refraction seismology

As dynamite charges are set off, the resulting energy waves, refract through underground structures, and are picked up by listening ears - "geophones" - on the surface which help to identify underground salt domes where oil might be trapped. This technique was introduced to the U.S oil industry in the years 1923-1924 by a German company. Name this technique.

Asphaltene onset pressure

As pressure decreases, the pressure at a given test temperature that first causes asphaltene to precipitate from a reservoir fluid.

1839

At the age of 7 Rockefeller launched his first successful venture of selling turkeys. What year was he born?

$108.66 ($/bbl), $97.99 ($/bbl)

At the end of 2013, what were the Brent Crude and West Texas Intermediate spot crude prices for oil?

$105.47 ($/bbl), $111.95 ($/bbl)

At the end of 2013, what were the Dubai and Nigerian Forcados spot crude prices for oil?

The Tidewater Pipeline

At the end of the 1870s with Standard Oil controlling 90% of Americas refining capacity, the construction of a secret 110 mile pipeline from he oil regions to a connection with the Pennsylvania and Reading railroad was being executed. What was the name of this pipeline?

sixty-nine ft, six inches.

At this depth on August 27, 1859 Uncle Billy hit oil 2 miles down Oil Creek from Titusville, PA.

ARCO, and then eventually part of Sun

Atlantic, one of the original entities upon the dissolution of Standard oil eventually became?

"The people's car" Volkswagen

Autobahns, limited-access highways without speed limits, spanned across Germany, and in 1934 Hitler began planning for a new type of vehicle. Name this vehicle.

21 million barrels per day

How much did the free world oil demand grow between 1960 and 1970?

32%

How much of the free world petroleum was being supplied by the Gulf in 1971?

58%

How much of the worlds proven oil reserves where in the Middle East in 1971?

argillaceous

Describing rocks or sediments containing particles that are silt- or clay-sized, less than 0.625 mm in size. Most have a high clay-mineral content, and many contain a sufficient percentage of organic material to be considered a source rock forhydrocarbon.

arcnaceous

Describing sandy-textured rock or sediment. It does not necessarily imply silica-rich, but rather particles of sand size, 0.625 to 2 mm, according to the Udden-Wentworth scale.

Name as many type curves as you can...

Bourdet and Gringarten - that's a log-log type curve, Gringarten et al, Ramey, McKinley,

Basra

British soldiers went on to capture which city of critical importance that guarded the strategic approaches from the West toward Persian Oil. Control of this city also secured the safety of the local rulers friendly to British interests, including the Amir of Kuwait.

University of Chicago

By 1910, Rockefeller had given a university up to $35 million, which university?

Royal Dutch

By July 1898 word got out that this company's wells were beginning to produce salt water, causing panic to grip the oil section of the Amsterdam stock exchange.

25 cents/Bbl

By June of 1901, 6 months after Lucas I was drilled, Shell and Guffey made a contract for the next 20 years to purchase oil at this guaranteed price.

Balikpapan in Borneo

By the 1940s, which harbor originally built by Marcus Samuel had been not only one of the great oil refining centers for the island's production, but also one the the grand jewels of the Royal Dutch Shell Group and a major landmark in world oil industry?

Black Town

By the early 1880s almost 200 refineries were at work in the new industrial suburb of Baku. What was a common nickname for Baku at this time?

266 million barrels, 65% of total world output

How much oil did the United States produce in 1914 during the beginning of WWI and how much percent of total world output was it?

neritic

Describing the environment and conditions of the marine zone between low tide and the edge of the continental shelf, a depth of roughly 200 m [656 ft]. A neritic environment supports marine organisms, also described as neritic, that are capable of surviving in shallow water with moderate exposure to sunlight.

neat cement

Cement that has no additives to modify its setting time or rheological properties

high explosive

Chemical explosive material having an extremely high reaction rate that creates very high combustion pressures, unlike low explosives that have a much lower reaction rate and are commonly used as propellants.

Rotary Drilling

Circa 1893 In Corsica, a new more efficient method of drilling was borrowed from water-well contractors and applied to the search of oil. What method was this?

Frac crew

Collective term for the personnel required to run a successful hydraulic fracturing operation. Members of the prepare the equipment on the wellsite prior to the operation, mix and pump the necessary chemicals and fluids during the frac job and render the wellsite location safe following the completion of the operation.

Compagnie Francaise des Petroles

Colonel Ernest Mercier was tasked by new French premier, Raymond Poincare, to create an entirely French oil company. Name the company that Mercier eventually succeeded in creating in 1924.

barite

Commonly used as a weighting agent for all types of drilling fluids, these minerals are mined in many areas worldwide and shipped as ore to grinding plants in strategic locations, where API specifies grinding to a particle size of 3 to74 microns.

natural gas liquids

Components of natural gas that are liquid at surface in field facilities or in gas-processing plants. These components include include propane, butane, pentane, hexane and heptane, but not methane and ethane, since these hydrocarbons need refrigeration to be liquefied.

hydrate

Compounds or complex ions that are formed by the union of water with other substances. These compounds can form in pipelines and in gas gathering, compression and transmission facilities at reduced temperatures and high pressures. Once these compounds are formed, they can plug the pipelines and significantly affect production operations.

delay rental

Consideration paid to the lessor by a lessee to extend the terms of an oil and gas lease in the absence of operations and/or production that is contractually required to hold the lease. This consideration is usually required to be paid on or before the anniversary date of the oil and gas lease during its primary term, and typically extends the lease for an additional year. Nonpayment of this consideration in the absence of production or commencement of operations will result in abandonment of the lease after its primary term has expired.

nonhydrocarbon contaminants

Contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide [H2S], carbon dioxide [CO2], nitrogen [N2], and water, which are commonly associated with oil and gas production.

Conoco

Continental oil, one of the original entities upon the dissolution of Standard oil eventually became?

Little Inch

Contrary to the Big Inch pipeline, and even larger, 1,475 mile pipeline was built between 1943 and 1944 to carry gasoline and other refined products from the Southwest to the East Coast. Name this pipeline.

sour corrosion

Corrosion associated with the presence of hydrogen sulfide [H2S].'' ''occurs in several forms of hydrogen embrittlement that cause materials to fail at stress levels below their normal yield strength.

Blind Tigers

Created by standard Oil, these companies looked like totally independent distributors. They advertised antitrust campaigns, although they reported secretly to 75 New Street, NY.

naphthene-base crude oil

Crude oil containing asphaltic materials but very little or no paraffin wax. This type of oil is suitable for making gasoline, lubricating oil and asphalt. It is also called asphalt-base crude.

sweet crude

Crude oil containing low levels of sulfur compounds, especially hydrogen sulfide [H2S]. The facilities and equipment to handle this crude are significantly simpler than those required for other potentially corrosive types of crude oil.

light crude oil

Crude oil that has a high API gravity, usually more than 40 degrees.

Capillary desaturation curves

Curve that plots residual saturations as a function of capillary number.

gas cut mud

Drilling fluid whose bulk, unpressurized density is reduced as a small volume of gas displaces an equivalent volume of liquid.

multiple-isotope spectroscopy

The technique used to produce a multiple-isotope log.

radio-safe detonator

Electric detonators used in wireline and electronic firing-head perforating operations, which are immune to radio interference and thus cannot be accidentally triggered by radio transmissions.

palustrine

Describing material deposited in or growing in a marsh.

gunk

Debris, dirt, paraffin, oil, mill scale and rust removed from a pipeline when a scraper or a pig is used for cleaning purposes.

Sweep efficiency

Define conformance

Volume of oil recovered/volume of oil contacted

Define displacement efficiency

Volume of oil contacted/volume of oil in place

Define sweep efficiency

micrite

Dense, fine-grained carbonate mud or rocks composed of mud that forms by erosion of larger carbonate grains, organic precipitation (such as from algae), or inorganic precipitation. The grains in micrite are generally less than 4 microns in size.

Deutsche Bank

Despite it's name, who did British Petroleum actually belong to?

anomalous

Different from what is typical or expected, or different from what is predicted by a theoretical model.

Limestone compatibility scale

Display ranges chosen for the density and neutron porosity logs such that the two curves will overlay at all porosity values providing the matrix is pure calcite and the pores are filled with fresh water.

Sandstone compatible scale

Display ranges chosen for the density and neutron porosity logs such that the two curves will overlay at all porosity values providing the matrix is pure quartz and the pores are filled with fresh water.

solution gas

Dissolved gas in wellbore or reservoir fluids. The gas will remain in solution until the pressure or temperature conditions change, at which time it may break out of solution to become free gas.

10 times

Due to an increase in oil surplus, the cost of producing I.G's Leunabenzin, as the product was called, was up to how much more than the price per gallon of gasoline.

Hussein

During WWI, London encouraged the Sharif of Mecca to take the lead in raising an Arab revolt against Turkey. Name the Sharif

Geophysics

During the 1920's what new field of study was discovered which greatly helped in imaging of the subsurface?

Rising Sun (Japanese affiliate of Royal Dutch Shell) and Standard-Vacuum

During the 1930s, 60% of the internal oil market was held by two Western companies. Name them.

Sumatra

During the Pacific War, the Japanese attacked islands in the East Indies which were known to have oil. With the anticipation of the arrival of the Japanese, Shell destroyed its oil production and facilities in Balikpapan, in what location where did Stanvac follow suit?

Paris Peace Conference

During which conference in 1919, was there a strong disagreement over Syria and oil between members of the Big Three which included Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Wilson.

heater

Equipment that transfers heat to the produced gas stream.

annular pressure

Fluid pressure in the annulus between tubing and casing or between two strings of casing.

migrate

For hydrocarbons to move from their source into reservoir rocks. The movement of newly generated hydrocarbons out of their source rock is primary migration, also called expulsion. The further movement of the hydrocarbons into reservoir rock in a hydrocarbon trap or other area of accumulation is secondary migration. Migration typically occurs from a structurally low area to a higher area because of the relative buoyancy of hydrocarbons in comparison to the surrounding rock. Migration can be local or can occur along distances of hundreds of kilometers in large sedimentary basins, and is critical to the formation of a viable petroleum system.

makeup gas

Gas injected into a gas-condensate reservoir to maintain the pressure level, thus preventing further condensate dropout.

liquefied petroleum gas

Gas mainly composed of propane and butane, which has been liquefied at low temperatures and moderate pressures. The gas is obtainable from refinery gases or after the cracking process of crude oil.

raw natural gas

Gas produced from the well, unprocessed natural gas or the inlet natural gas to a plant. This type of gas still contains natural gas liquids (condensate, natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas), water and some other impurities such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and helium.

contamination gas

Gas that is introduced into the drilling mud from a source other than the formation. It normally evolves as a by-product of oil-base mud systems and those using volatile additives such as diesel fuel or other lubricants.

contamination gas

Gas that is introduced into the drilling mud from a source other than the formation. This gas normally evolves as a by-product of oil-base mud systems and those using volatile additives such as diesel fuel or other lubricants.

gas show

Gas that rises to the surface, usually detected because it reduces the density of the drilling mud. Gas detectors, which the mud logger monitors, measure combustible gases (methane, ethane, butane and others). The mud logger reports total gas, individual gas components, or both, on the mud log. In extreme cases, gas visibly bubbles out of the mud as it returns to the surface.

Alfred Nobel

Gifted in both chemistry and science, this man built a worldwide dynamite empire.

"Shady Lane"

Give Fred Lane's nickname.

A long-chain alcohol

Give an example of a possible cosurfactant

Octyl alcohol, aluminum stearate, various glycols, silicones and sulfonated hydrocarbons

Give some examples of defoamers

Citric acid.

Give two examples of chelating agents

aggregate

Group or cluster of particles in a fluid.

anode

Half of an electrolytic corrosion cell in metal is called the "anode," from which metal dissolves, often leaving pits. The anode is the part of a corrosion cell in which oxidation occurs.

Use of KCl (potassium chloride) based brines in drilling mud. Use of oil-based mud.

How might your avoid clay swelling?

800,000 tons

How much crude oil and petroleum products were destroyed in Norton-Griffith's tutelage of the oilfields in Rumania in 1917?

19 million barrels per day to 44 million barrels per day (increase of 25 million barrels per day)

How much did free world petroleum demand rise from 1960 to 1972?

copper oxide

Herman Frasch, a German chemist employed by standard oil found in 1888 and 89 that the sulfur-rich crude, refined with the presence of this substance would remove the sulfur, rendering Lima oil an acceptable source of kerosene.

back-in after payout (BIAPO).

How do we call the back-in when the election to convert the overriding royalty to working interest takes place?

Abrasiveness is quantified by the rate of weight loss, reported in units of mg/min.

How is abrasiveness quatified?

The apparent viscosity (AV) is one-half of the dial reading at 600 rpm (1022 sec-1 shear rate) using a direct-indicating, rotational viscometer.

How is the apparent viscosity calculated in the Bingham plastic rheology model?

19.6 million barrels per day

How many barrels per day are exported daily from the Middle East?

9.7 million barrels per day

How many barrels per day does the United States import from the rest of the world?

10 billion

How many barrels was the Prudhoe bay estimated to hold?

one million

How many barrels were left in surplus in America by 1970?

200

How many shares did Professor Silliman himself purchase in the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company?

And 800 mile pipeline would go from the bay to the port of Valdez where the oil would be picked up by tankers for shipment through the environmentally sensitive Prince William Sound and onto the market.

How was oil moved from prudhoe bay to the market?

light hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons with low molecular weight such as methane, ethane, propane and butane.

Robert ("Fighting Bob") La Follette

In 1923, this populist US Senator form Wisconsin, conducted highly charged hearings on gasoline prices. He stated that if oil companies can manipulate oil prices for the next few years, then the people of the country must be prepared to pay at least $1 per gallon of gasoline. Name the Senator.

Standard Oil of New Jersey

In 1927, a synthetic fuels pilot plant was built at I.G Farben's Leuna works, and production began the same year. During this time, I.G Farben was seeking potential business partners in other countries, and after negotiations with a leading British chemical company fell through, I.G found a more important partner in who/

10 cents a barrel

In 1861 a barrel of oil, in the oil regions fell to prices as low as...?

Edwin L. Drake

In 1873 The state of Pennsylvania granted this man a small lifetime pension for his services in the oilfield.

Baku-Batum Railroad

In 1883, working off of a Rothschilds loan this railroad opened a door to the west for Russian Oil.

26 Broadway

In 1885, the trust moved into new headquarters, a nine-story office building at what address in lower Manhattan?

"Bnito"

In 1886 the Rothschilds formed the Caspian and Black Sea Petroleum Company, Known ever after by its Russian initials "-"...

the Balaban River

In 1892, a six-mile pipeline linking the wells of Sumatra lead to the refinery on this river.

Ohio

In 1892, in response to a court decision in this state, the Standard trust was dissolved into twenty companies.

alopecia

In 1893, rockefeller came down with a stress related disease, which robbed him of all his hair.

Joseph Seep

In 1895 this man closed down the era of the oil exchanges with a historic "Notice to Oil Producers".

Egypt

In 1896, Calouste Gulbenkian fled by ship to this country due to Turkish massacres of Armenians where he made himself invaluable to two powerful Armenians, an oil millionaire from Baku and Nubar Pasha. Name this country.

Walter Long

In 1917, this individual who was the Secretary of State for the Colonies, warned the House of Commons that "Oil is probably more important at this moment than anything else"

Aerial surveillance

In 1919, Union Oil hired two former lieutenants, who had done aerial work in France for the American Expeditionary Force, to photograph sections of the California landscape. This technique would become vital to the oil industry. Name the technique used.

22,000 acres

In 1921, Standard Oil of New Jersey purchased how many acres in Colorado with the hope of finding a commercially successful method for extracting oil from shale but the production of one barrel of synthetic oil from shale required a ton of rock, and the economics were unattractive?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

In 1923, this individual who had been the Assistant Secretary of the Navy during WWI had written an article known as "Shall We Trust Japan?". Name the author of the article.

free water

In cementing, any water in the slurry that is in excess of what is required to fully hydrate the Portland cement and other additives.

Harold Ickes

In 1934, Henri Deterding and Walter Teagle went to Washington to see both State Department officials and the Oil Administrator. The men would suggest hinting at an oil embargo to prevent further Japanese military progress. Name the Oil Administrator at the time.

German U-boats were sinking American oil tankers

In 1941, Harold Ickes, instituted oil rationing throughout the U.S and tried to get a car pooling program in place. Ickes sold the public on conservation for a different reason than the actual. What was the actual reason which he was afraid to share with the public?

514,000 barrels

In 1945, what was the total production of 100-octane fuel per day of the U.S?

Belridge

In 1979 fifty years after the first attempt of buying this company in 1924, Shell bought which company for $3.6 billion.

3000 barrels a day.

In April 1861 drillers struck the first flowing well in the oil regions which gushed at the astonishing rate of ...? This well ignited killing 19 workers and blazed for 3 days.

South Improvement Company

In February 1872 a railway official in PA mistakenly put up rates doubling the cost of carrying crude from the Oil Regions to New York. Word leaked that this was the doing of an unknown entity...

Mississippi

In January of 1918, the Fuel Administration ordered almost all industrial plants east of this state to close for a week in order to free fuel for hundreds of ships filled with war materials for Europe that were immobilized in East Coast harbors for want of coal. Name this state.

twenty-five thousand Rubles. Russian Walnut for gunstocks.

In March 1873, upon arriving to Baku, Robert Nobel bought a small refinery with the money entrusted to him by Ludwig. How much money did he spend on the refinery? And what was the money intended for?

Rhineland

In March of 1936, Hitler re-militarized which piece of land on the border of France, in violation of treaty agreements? Hitler later called it the most nerve-racking experience of his life as he believed he would be challenged by the Western powers, but that did not happen and his gamble paid off.

Ethiopia, then better known as Abyssinia

In October of 1935, Italy under Benito Mussolini, invaded which country, which in turn, forced the league of nations to enforce oil embargoes to prevent further imperialistic movements?

Winston Churchill

In September 1939, at the age of 66, this individual was abruptly recalled to the post he held more than a quarter century earlier. With Germany's invasion of Poland, he returned as the Lord of Admiralty and Prime Minister of Great Britain. Name this individual.

George Walden and Lloyd "Shorty" Elliott

In September, 1938, in The Hague, two American businessmen discussed a a plan of what to do when the Japanese invasion came as they listened to Hitler's speech on the radio. Both men represented Stanvac in the Americas and the Dutch East Indies respectively. Name the two men.

header

In a gathering system, a pipe arrangement that connects flowlines from several wellheads into a single gathering line. This installation has production and testing valves to control the flow of each well, thus directing the produced fluids to production or testing vessels.

glycol absorber

In a glycol dehydrator unit, the cylinder composed of various perforated trays in which wet gas and glycol are put in contact.

rich glycol

In a glycol dehydrator, glycol that contains water released by wet gas while percolating upward in the absorber.

lean glycol

In a glycol dehydrator, glycol that has been boiled and no longer contains any water.

friction effect

In a gradiomanometer tool or pressure derivative calculation, the apparent increased fluid density observed due to frictional pressure losses along the tool and casing in a fast-flowing fluid.

kinetic effect

In a gradiomanometer tool, the pressure difference observed when the fluid velocity opposite the upper pressure sensor differs from that across the lower pressure sensor.

Relaxation time

In a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement, the characteristic time for a loss of coherent energy, or relaxation, by protons in rocks.

Bulk relaxation

In a nuclear magnetic resonance measurement, the loss of coherent energy by hydrogen atoms as they interact with each other in bulk fluids.

Areal sweep efficiency.

In a reservoir waterflood or other fluid injection using a well pattern, the fraction of the pattern area from which reservoir fluid is displaced by the injected phase at the time of breakthrough.

defoaming plates

In a separator, a series of inclined parallel plates or tubes to promote coalescence, or merging, of the foam bubbles liberated from the liquid.

threshold velocity

In a spinner flowmeter, the theoretical minimum fluid velocity required to initiate spinner rotation, assuming the spinner response is linear.

bypass velocity

In a spinner flowmeter, the theoretical minimum fluid velocity required to initiate spinner rotation, assuming the spinner response is linear. In this sense, it is synonymous with threshold velocity.

Bernard Baruch

In an attempt to sell rationing to the public, the Roosevelt administration used the shortage of rubber supplies to convince the public to ration. Roosevelt appointed a committee to sell the idea to Congress and the public, the two members were the presidents of Harvard and MIT, and as chairman was a revered Wall Street millionaire who had been a great industrial mobilizer during WWI. Name the chairman.

a polysaccharide biopolymer known as XC polymer

In drilling and completion operations, what is the most common type of biopolymer?

differential pressure

In general, a measurement of fluid force per unit area (measured in units such as pounds per square in.) subtracted from a higher measurement of fluid force per unit area.

Corrosion inhibitor

In matrix treatments, a chemical added to acid that adsorbs on the pipe surface to form a protective film. This decreases the destructive reaction of acid with metals.

Taylor bubbles

In multiphase flow, large bubbles of the lighter phase that form by coalescence of small bubbles under certain conditions of fluid flow. The large bubbles occur during slug flow and plug flow.

aulacogen

In plate tectonics, a failed rift arm. At the junctions of tectonic plates, three intersecting lithospheric plates typically are separated by "arms." Arms might be areas of rifting, convergence or transform faults (similar to a strike-slip fault). The arm along which the motion that spreads the plates apart ceases is termed the failed arm, or __________.

Federal Oil Conservation Board

In response to Doherty's letter regarding federal regulation of oil production and techniques, President Calvin Coolidge formed this board within the government. Name this board.

critical flow rate

In sand control operations, the maximum production rate below which the production of solids along with the produced fluid is uniform. When the flow rate exceeds this threshold, the production of sand and fines increases significantly. Sand-production control is important to avoid formation damage, possible casing collapse and deterioration of surface equipment due to drag forces.

Greater Seminole field

In spring of 1926, the first major discoveries were found in what field in the state of Oklahoma?

7% and U.S and Dutch East Indies

In the 1930s, Japan produced how much percent of the oil it consumed? Where was the rest imported from?

Wind power

In the 1930s, due to the rationing of oil, Japan's fishing fleet, which was one of the main sources of food, was ordered to give up oil and instead depend exclusively on what?

90% and 5%

In the 1930s, what percent of Germany's energy was supplied by coal? And by oil?

cementation exponent

In the Archie equation, m stands for what

Shell, Anglo-Iranian, and Jersey's British Subsidiary

In the United Kingdom, 85% of domestic refining and marketing was in the hands of which 3 companies in 1938?

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Name the Commander in Chief of Japan's Combined Fleets in 1940 who loved gambling and had come up with a plan to attack Pearl Harbor by surprise.

December, 1857. 125

In what year did 'Colonel' Edwin L. Drake arrive in Titusville, PA? What was the population of Titusville upon his arrival?

1854

In what year did Dr. Gesner apply for a US patent for the manufacture of a new liquid hydrocarbon, he called kerosene?

1861

In what year did the first sailing ship, transporting kerosene, leave the Philadelphia harbor for London?

1869

In what year was the Suez canal opened?

1912

In what year was the Turkish Petroleum Company formed?

1907. Automobile Gasoline Company. St. Louis

In what year was the first gas station built and by which company? And where was it located?

Battle of Somme

In which battle in 1916 was the tank first used?

1896

In which year did Henry Ford build his first car which cause an increase in the demand for oil?

1870

In which year did JDR form the Standard Oil Company?

1938

In which year did Mexico nationalize all foreign oil companies?

1907, Henri Detering

In which year did Royal Dutch and Shell merge? Who was the Royal Dutch president?

1933

In which year did SOCAL win concessions in Saudi Arabia?

1932, 1933

In which year did Shah Reza Pahlavi cancel all Anglo-Iranian concessions and in which year did Anglo Iranian get them back

1936

In which year did Texaco purchase a 50% stake in CASOC's concessions in Saudi Arabia?

1901

In which year did William D'Arcy acquire his first concession in Persia?

1905

In which year did the 'Glenn Pool' oil gush occur, which gave this town in Oklahoma the name Glenpool?

1873

In which year did the Nobel family enter the oil business in Baku?

1924

In which year did the Teapot Dome scandal erupt?

871.5 trillion cubic feet

What is Qatar's proven gas reserves at the end of 2013 in trillion cubic feet?

mud anchor

Large diameter pipe placed outside the gas anchor to reduce the amount of solids carried by the formation liquid entering the subsurface sucker-rod pump.

Admiral Chester Nimitz

Name the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet who believed that if the 4.5 million barrels of oil was attacked by Japan, the war would have prolonged another 2 years.

Iran, Russia, Qatar, Turkmenistan, United States

Name the top 5 countries in order with the largest proven gas reserves in the world.

makeup tongs

Large-capacity, self-locking wrenches used to grip drillstring components and apply torque which are active during tightening operations. As with opposing pipe wrenches for a plumber, the tongs must be used in opposing pairs. As a matter of efficiency, one set of tongs is essentially tied off with a cable or chain to the derrick, and the other is actively pulled with mechanical catheads.

Casing

Large-diameter pipe lowered into an openhole and cemented in place.

casing

Large-diameter pipe lowered into an openhole and cemented in place. The well designer must design casing to withstand a variety of forces, such as collapse, burst, and tensile failure, as well as chemically aggressive brines.

Idris field

What was the name given to block number 103 in Libya?

Miami

Near which city were the largest number of oil tankers sunk in 1942 due to six miles of beach front which was lit up by neon lights?

acrylate polymer polyacrylate

Linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic acid.

black list

List of products considered unsuitable by the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR) for discharge, including mercury, cadmium and 'persistent oils and hydrocarbons of a petroleum origin.'

autochthon/ autochthonous

Materials, especially rock masses, that formed in their present location and have not been transported. Fault surfaces can separate indigenous rocks from allochthonous rocks, although some allochthonous rocks are clearly delineated by their differing composition. Antonym: Allochthon

"Gift from Brighton"

Marcus Samuel's little knicknack boxes covered in seashells were known as...

alluvium

Material deposited in an alluvial environment, typically detrital sediments that are poorly sorted.

Bridging agent or bridging material

Material of a coarse, fibrous or flaky composition used to form an impermeable barrier across a formation interface or perforation. These materials are most commonly used when lost circulation occurs during drilling. They are also used in workover operations in preparation for killing a well when the kill fluid is likely to be lost to the perforations.

Galvanic anodes

Materials used to provide cathodic protection. These are made of metals such as zinc, magnesium or aluminum, which corrode more easily than the structure, thus developing enough electric current flow through the electrolyte

downhole sensors

Mechanical or electronic devices for measuring various properties in the well such as pressure, fluid flow rate from each branch of a multilateral well, temperature, vibration, composition, fluid flow regime, and fluid holdup. These devices can be permanent; in this case, they are left in place for months or even years.

Ma

Mega annum. The abbreviation for million years that is most commonly used in the geologic literature.

Mark Requa

Name the Californian petroleum engineer who became known as America's first energy czar as the head of the Oil Division in the Fuel Administration

General Bernard Montgomery

Name Erwin Rommel's adversary in 1942, who was the cousin of John B. Philby, and was known to be analytical military strategist. He is known for winning all his battles during WWII and developed a strategy to use the Eighth army to take full advantage of the fact that his supply line was short and Rommel's was very long.

General George Summe

Name General Erwin Rommel's replacement in 1942 due to Rommel's inability to manage supply lines. Rommel consistently begged Hitler for more supplies, and was removed as a Field Marshal. Although, this replacement was only temporary.

The Fourteen Points

Name Wilson's plan for restitution after WWI?

the conch, the Clam, the Elax, the Cowrie.

Name a few of Samuel's first tankers.

Weevil

Name given to a new, completely inexperienced member of the drilling crew. Such a crewmember is stereotyped as prone to making mistakes and being injured, and typically endures pranks played on him by the drilling crew.

Spud

Name given to start the well drilling process by removing rock, dirt and other sedimentary material with the drill bit

Texas Railroad commission, Oklahoma Corporation commission, and the Louisiana conservation commission

Name some examples of the commissions that regulated oil production in America from the late 1960s to early 1970s

Ernest Swinton

Name the British colonel, who after witnessing trench warfare and it's effects on the war, came up with the antidote to solve the stalemate. He envisioned an armored vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine which was impervious to machine gun bullets and barbed wire.

Hideki Tojo

Name the Japanese wartime premier, who after the war had ended and Americans arrived for his arrest, shot himself. Fuel was so scarce in Japan that it took over 2 hours to locate a vehicle that could get him to the hospital. He was later put on trial, found guilty, and executed.

William Farish

Name the President of Humble which was the largest producer in Texas who had scorned Doherty's ideas in 1925 but by 1928 he was thanking Doherty and became a strong advocate of unitization and better production methods.

Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau

Name the Prime Minister of France in 1917 who convinced President Wilson to send an additional hundred thousand tons of tanker capacity to aid the allies or the peace that would later ensue would be unfavorable to the allies.

Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi

Name the Prime Minister of Japan in 1930 who favored an extension of naval treaty arrangements with the United States and Britain after his electoral victory but was shot at a railway station in Tokyo by a youth. His death perished the spirit of cooperation, and instead a new cult of ultra-nationalism bolstered by "government by assassination" took hold.

Prince Konoye

Name the Prime Minister of Japan in 1941 who attempted last-minute diplomatic efforts to prevent war with the United States. He was even willing to cut ties with Hitler and the Axis alliance to reach an understanding with the Americans as he believed there was no guarantee in victory with war against the U.S.

Hideki Tojo

Name the Prime Minister who succeeded Prince Konoye after Konoye failed to recover after an assassination attempt on him. Konoye could not figure out an alternative to war and withdrew from office. The new Prime Minister believed diplomacy was useless and opposed any compromise with the United States.

Albert B. Fall from New Mexico

Name the Secretary of Interior during the Warren G. Harding Administration who leased Teapot Dome to Harry Sinclair in an exceedingly sweet deal that assured Sinclair Oil a guaranteed market - the U.S Government. He also leased a more bountiful California reserve, Elk Hill, to Edward Doheny.

Cordell Hull

Name the Secretary of State in 1934 who refused to accept the British Cabinet's position that "the stiffest possible resistance should be offered" to Japanese oil policies, including government support of a privately organized embargo.

Sumner Welles

Name the Undersecretary of State who proposed a program against exports to Japan which stated to hold exports to the 1935-1936 levels but prohibit the export of any grades of oil or oil products that could be manufactured into aviation gasoline. This involved a new requirement of export licenses for all oil exports.

National Defense Act

Name the act signed into law on July 2, 1940, after the Nazi invasion of Western Europe which gave the President the power to control exports. This would be the lever with which to regulate oil supplies to Japan.

Mineral Leasing Act of 1920

Name the act which was passed in 1920 which denied access to drilling rights on public lands to foreign interests whose governments denied similar access to Americans.

Fuel Administration

Name the administration established by President Wilson in 1917 as part of the overall economic mobilization to ensure sufficient supplies, efficient distribution, and appropriate allocation.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Name the agreement created by a British official and Frenchman which assigned Mosul in northeastern Mesopotamia, one of the most promising potential oil regions, to a future French sphere of influence.

Red Line Agreement

Name the agreement which found all the major oil-producing fields in the Middle East, except for those in Persia and Kuwait.

Battle of Midway

Name the battle which was the true turning point in the Pacific War with the Japanese in 1942.

Crown Oil

Name the brand of oil produced by Royal Dutch, in Sumatra, during the late 1890s.

Alfred Bedford

Name the chairman of the National Petroleum War Service Committee which consisted of leaders from major companies who was also the president of Standard Oil of New Jersey. He served to establish a working relationship between the government and the oil industry.

Lord Curzon

Name the chairman who declared "The Allied cause had floated to victory upon a wave of oil" at a dinner for the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference in Lancaster House hosted by the British government some ten days after the war.

Admiral Karl Doenitz

Name the commander of the German submarine force who was responsible for the majority of the sinking of U.S supply ships to the Western Hemisphere.

General George Patton Jr.

Name the commander of the Third Army who was heavily acknowledged and criticized by Dwight D. Eisenhower for his considerable strengths as an operational commander and his inability to see the big picture. He was nicknamed "Old Blood-and-Guts".

National Petroleum War Service Committee

Name the committee that was responsible for organizing the supply of American oil to Europe in WWI.

I.G Farben

Name the company which was constantly under attack during the 1930s by Hitler's National Socialist Party, for having international financial lords, senior positions occupied by Jews, and for pursuing an expensive project to manufacture liquid fuels from coal.

Fischer-Tropsch

Name the competing German process to Bergius hydrogenation, in which coal molecules were broken down under steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which in turn, were made to react together, resulting in the production of a synthetic oil.

Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference. U.S, Britain, France, and Italy

Name the conference that was established in February 1918 to pool, coordinate, and control all oil supplies and tanker shipping. Also name the countries represented in the conference.

Deutsche Bank, Royal Dutch Shell, and the Turkish National Bank

Name the three companies which held shares of the newly found Turkish Petroleum Company in 1912.

Bea Kyle

Name the daredevil in 1942 who worked at the Palisades Amusement Park in New Jersey who wrote a letter to Ickes explaining her line of work during a time of rationing. In the letter she stated that she covers herself with gasoline, pours gasoline in water, lights the tank, and jumps in. She wrote to Ickes asking whether she should reduce her consumption.

Sir Weetman Pearson

Name the daring entrepreneur who is responsible for engineering the Blackwall Tunnel under the River Thames, four tunnels under the East River in New York, and Dover Harbor. Eventually, his empire would include everything from the Financial Times and the Economist to the investment bank of Lazard's in London and lastly an oil company.

Trench warfare

Name the defensive and static war technique used in WWI for over 2 years which led to a stalemate on both sides.

Big Inch pipeline

Name the extraordinary feat of engineering which began construction in 1942 to transport oil from Texas to the East Coast. It was 1,254 miles long and carried 1/2 of all the crude moving to the East Coast.

General Carl Spaatz

Name the general who in 1944 proposed to General Dwight D. Eisenhower that a new priority target must be set - the German synthetic fuels industry.

General Joseph Cesaire Joffre

Name the general who was convinced by Joseph Gallieni, the military governor of Paris, over an angry phone call later known as the "coups de telephone" to launch a counterattack on the German lines in 1914.

Frank Howard

Name the head of research at Standard Oil, who visited I.G's Leuna and was so impressed that he immediately sent a telegram to Walter Teagle about the production of synthetic fuels and concern over a loss of the European market.

Senator Henry G. Berenger

Name the head of the French Comite General du Petrole which was established as a Petroleum Executive to coordinate oil policy?

Ralph Davies

Name the individual Harold Ickes chose as his deputy to help him disarm the hostility and cooperate effectively to mobilize the oil industry.

J. Howard Pew

Name the individual of Sun Oil who was a bitter opponent of government involvement in the industry who proved correct in that the U.S was far from running out of oil.

Henry Stimson

Name the individual who Franklin Roosevelt brought into his cabinet to serve as Secretary of War in 1940. He was known to be a long time critic of American exports to Japan and what he saw as insufficient resolve in U.S policy.

Harold Ickes

Name the individual who as appointed to the additional post of Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense in May of 1941 when Roosevelt called a national emergency. This would once again make the Old Curmudgeon the nation's top oil man, or otherwise as he became known as, the Oil Czar.

Koki Hirota

Name the individual who was tasked with opening a dialogue with the Soviet ambassador to Japan to have the Soviet Union mediate between Tokyo and Washington and London in 1945.

Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930

Name the infamous piece of legislation which raised tariff rates for just about everything except for oil.

Rumania

Name the largest European producer in WWI outside of Russia.

Casablanca

Name the location in which Churchill and British Chiefs of Staff met Roosevelt and the American Chiefs to discuss an invasion of the European mainland.

Winston Churchill

Name the lone and championed individual who supported Ernest Swinton's idea for building tanks in WWI or as he termed it the "caterpillar".

Albert Speer

Name the man given the title of Minister of Armaments and War Production by Hitler who was given the power to control the entire German economy. He was responsible for a dramatic increase in production of aircraft, weapons, and ammunition.

H.C Jansen

Name the manager of Shell who was responsible for orchestrating the destruction of oil wells and refineries in the 1942 on Balikpapan in Borneo to prevent the Japanese from gaining access to resources when they reached the island.

Charles Greenway

Name the managing director of Anglo-Persian who was instrumental in changing the strategy of the company from exclusively a crude producer to an integrated oil company.

General Joseph Gallieni

Name the military genius often called comedian by British commanders who was the first to grasp the possibilities of yoking motor transport and the internal combustion engine to the exigencies of warfare.

Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura

Name the new Japanese Ambassador who Cordell Hull would meet at the Wardman Park Hotel at night to discuss the direction of Japan's movements and possibility of another world war.

Catalytic cracking

Name the new refining technology that was under development in the late 1930s by Eugene Houdry and Sun Oil.

Black Giant

Name the oil field discovered in 1930 which was the largest oil field ever found in the 48 states which by itself could have met a very substantial part of entire American demand.

Synthetic Oil Industry Law

Name the piece of legislation that provided for a seven-year plan aimed at producing, by 1943, synthetic fuels primarily liquid fuel out of coal in volumes equivalent to half of Japan's entire 1937 consumption level.

President Porfirio Diaz

Name the president of Mexico who invited Sir Weetman Pearson to undertake in several major engineering projects throughout Mexico City.

"Rule of Capture"

Name the rule which governed industry operations in western Pennsylvania in the early days which was repeatedly sanctioned by courts.This doctrine was such that every operator put down his wells and produced as rapidly as he could, draining oil not only in his property but also in his neighbor's property before his neighbor drained his own.

Murex

Name the tanker which Shell lost in WWI which had been the first vessel dispatched by Marcus Samuel through the Suez Canal in 1892 to carry out his great coup.

Libya (48.5 billion barrels, 2.9%), Nigeria (37.1 billion barrels, 2.2%), Angola (12.7 billion barrels, 0.8%), Algeria (3.9 billion barrels, 0.2%), Egypt (3.9 billion barrels, 0.2%)

Name the top 5 countries in the Africa with the most proven oil reserves and their respective share of total world oil reserves.

China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia

Name the top 5 countries in the Asia Pacifc with the most proven oil reserves.

Saudi Arabia (265.9 billion barrels, 15.8%), Iran (157 billion barrels, 9.3%), Iraq (150 billion barrels, 8.9%), Kuwait (101.5 billion barrels, 6 %), UAE (97.8 billion barrels, 5.8%)

Name the top 5 countries in the Middle East with the most proven oil reserves and their respective share of total world oil reserves.

Saudi Arabia, Russian Federation, United States, China, Canada, United Arab of Emirates

Name the top 5 countries with the largest daily oil production in order as stated by the BP Statistical Review in 2013.

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq

Name the top 5 countries with the largest proven oil reserves in the world.

United States, China, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, South Korea

Name the top 5 oil consuming countries in the world.

United States, Russia, Iran, Qatar, Canada

Name the top five countries with the largest natural gas production in the world.

Middle East, Russia, Asia Pacific

Name the top three regions of the world which are responsible for the most amount of oil exports.

Middle East, Europe, Asia Pacific

Name the top three regions of the world which hold the largest proven gas reserves at the end of 2013.

Nigeria, Angola

Name the top two countries with the most daily oil production in Africa.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Name the treaty in March of 1918 which ended hostilities between Germany and revolutionary Russia which gave hope to the Germans to acquire oil supplies from Baku after the supplies in Rumania were burnt to flames.

Grand Fleet and the High Seas Fleet

Name the two royal fleets of Britain and Germany which met in the Battle of Jutland on May 31, 1916 which would give Britain the ability to dominate the North Sea for the rest of the war.

Blitzkrieg

Name the war strategy used by Hitler during WWII which called for fierce quick battles.

Alamitos Number I. Long Beach, just south of LA

Name the well and location of the well drilled in California in June 1921 by Shell which created a stampede and led oil companies, promoters, and amateurs scrambling to buy leases. Many investors made money on this well and this helped make California the nation's number one producing state in 1923.

Anastas Mikoyan

Name the young Armenian who had managed to escape from captivity and make it back to Moscow to inform Lenin about the Turkish siege of Baku in 1918.

Backing Off , Back Off

Name this procedure. The drillstring, including drillpipe and the bottomhole assembly, are coupled by various threadforms known as connections, or tool joints. Often when a drillstring becomes stuck it is necessary to apply this procedure so that the string can reach as deep as possible to recover as much of the string as possible. To facilitate the fishing or recovery operation, this procedure is usually accomplished by applying reverse torque and detonating an explosive charge inside a selected threaded connection.

"American Petroleum Polka", "Oil Fever Gallop", "Famous Oil Firms", "Oil on the Brain"

Name two famous oil songs from the 1860's.

Calouste Gulbenkian

Named the Armenian millionaire who was admired by some as the "Talleyrand of oil diplomacy". He is responsible for putting the entire Turkish Petroleum Company deal together and he was a silent owner of 30% of the Turkish National Bank which made him a 15% owner of the Turkish Petroleum company.

wet gas

Natural gas that contains water.

liquefied natural gas

Natural gas, mainly methane and ethane, which has been liquefied at cryogenic temperatures. This process occurs at an extremely low temperature and a pressure near the atmospheric pressure.

Damage

Natural or induced production impairments that can develop in the reservoir, the near-wellbore area, the perforations, the gravel-pack completion or the production pipelines, such as the tubing.

bitumen

Naturally-occurring, inflammable organic matter formed from kerogen in the process of petroleum generation that is soluble in carbon bisulfide. Includes hydrocarbons such as asphalt and mineral wax. Typically solid or nearly so, brown or black and has a distinctive petroliferous odor.

inside diameter (ID)

The inner diameter. Casing, tubing and drillpipe are commonly described in terms of their inside and outside diameter (OD).

eccentric

Off-center, as when a pipe is off-center within another pipe or the openhole.

Polymer

Often used as a mobility buffer in chemical floods

1. 'spot' sales 2. 'regular' sale 3. 'futures'

Oil was bought and sold in the 1870s on three bases. 1. Immediate delivery and payment 2. required the transaction to be completed in 10 days 3. A certain quantity would be sold at a certain price within a specified time

pipeline oil

Oil whose free water, sediment and emulsion content (BS&W) is sufficiently low to be acceptable for pipeline shipment.

Lucas I, Captain Anthony F. Lucas

On January 10, 1901 a great blowout occurred on the first well of spindletop, later to produce upwards of 75,000 Bbl/d. Name this well, and who Drilled it.

Marcus Samuel

On January 5, 1892 the Suez canal gave its approval to passage for tankers built according to this man's new design.

The Murex

On July 22 1892, this first tanker of its kind sailed from West Hartlepool for Batum. Passing through the Suez canal on August 23.

Foreign Office Agreement

On March 19, 1914, an agreement was struck between Anglo-Persian, Deutsche Bank, and Shell all within the combined group of the Turkish Petroleum Company which gave 2.5% of total shares from each Shell and Anglo-Persian to Gulbenkian. From this moment on, he would forever be known as Mr. Five Percent. Name this agreement.

Tripartite Pact

On September 27, 1940, Japan signed which act which aligned themselves more closely with Hitler and Mussolini?

South Manchurian Railway

On the night of September 8, 1931, soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army based in Manchuria, carried out a bomb attack against where? This would have the desired pretext to launch an attack on the Chinese, and when it was over would be remembered as the Valley of Darkness in Japanese History.

January 10, 1870

On this date Rockefeller and Flagler turned their company into a joint stock company so that they could bring in more capital without jeopardizing control. Standard oil was formed.

June 28, 1914. Grand Vizier

On this day and year, this individual promised that the Mesopotamian concession would be formally granted to the now-reconstituted Turkish Petroleum Company. Unfortunately this was the very same day that Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, triggering the First World War. Name the date, and person.

acyclic or aliphatic compound

One of a group of organic compounds of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) in which the carbon atoms have linear, branched chain (open), or both types of structures.

API cement

One of several classes of cement manufactured to the specifications of the American Petroleum Institute (API) Specification 10A.

derrickman

One of the rig crew members who gets his name from the fact that he works on a platform attached to the derrick or mast, typically 85 ft [26 m] above the rig floor, during trips.

metamorphic

One of three main classes of rock. These rocks form from the alteration of preexisting rocks by changes in ambient temperature, pressure, volatile content, or all of these. Such changes can occur through the activity of fluids in the Earth and movement of igneous bodies or regional tectonic activity. The texture of metamorphic rocks can vary from almost homogeneous, or nonfoliated, to foliated rocks with a strong planar fabric or foliation produced by alignment of minerals during recrystallization or by reorientation. Common foliated metamorphic rocks include gneiss, schist and slate. Marble, or metamorphosed limestone, can be foliated or non-foliated. Hornfels is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock. Graphite, chlorite, talc, mica, garnet and staurolite are distinctive metamorphic minerals.

aromatic content test

One of two quantitative analysis procedures for measuring aromatic content of base oils for use in oil mud as proscribed by the API.

pipe rack

Onshore, two elevated truss-like structures having triangular cross sections. It supports drillpipe, drill collars orcasing above the ground. These structures are used in pairs located about 20 ft [6 m] apart and keep the pipe above ground level and closer to the level of the catwalk. Offshore, the storage bins for drillpipe, drill collars and casing. The offshore version functions similarly to the onshore version.

blowing the drip

Opening the valve on a drip to allow natural gas to blow or clear the pipe of all liquids.

Apparent viscosity

The viscosity of a fluid measured at a given shear rate at a fixed temperature.

outside diameter (OD)

Outer diameter. Casing and tubing are commonly described in terms of inside diameter (ID) and outside diameter.

operating interest

Ownership by a lessee, company or working interest owner, which is burdened with the costs of leasing the acreage and drilling and operating a well.

overriding royalty interest

Ownership in a percentage of production or production revenues, free of the cost of production, created by the lessee, company and/or working interest owner and paid by the lessee, company and/or working interest owner out of revenue from the well.

nonparticipating royalty interest

Ownership in a share of production, paid to an owner who does not share in the right to explore or develop a lease, or receive bonus or rental payments. It is free of the cost of production, and is deducted from the royalty interest.

royalty interest

Ownership of a percentage of production or production revenues, produced from leased acreage. The owner of this share of production does not bear any of the cost of exploration, drilling, producing, operating, marketing or any other expense associated with drilling and producing an oil and gas well.

fee-simple interest

Ownership of the entire and absolute right or interest to use or exploit a tract of land from the center of the earth to the stars, including the air, surface and minerals.

surface interest

Ownership of the right or interest to exploit the surface of the land. Some landowners only have rights to the surface of their tract, while the government or other entity owns rights to any production obtained beneath that tract.

mineral interest

Ownership of the right to exploit, mine or produce all minerals lying beneath the surface of a property. In this case, minerals include all hydrocarbons.

littoral

Pertaining to an environment of deposition affected by tides, the area between high tide and low tide. Given the variation of tides and land forms from place to place, geologists describe littoral zones locally according to the fauna capable of surviving periodic exposure and submersion.

plastic deformation

Permanent mechanical or physical alteration that does not include rupture. Plastic deformation of rocks typically occurs at high temperatures and pressures, conditions under which rocks become relatively viscous.

What is meant by sotropic permeability?

Permeability that is the same in all directions.

H. H. Rogers

Personally taking on finances of Helen Keller, and Mark Twain. Also responsible for Standard's pipeline and natural gas interests, this man was the most senior and powerful director of Standard after John Archbold when Ida Tarbell arrived on the scene.

drilling crew

Personnel who operate the drilling rig. Typically consists of roustabouts, roughnecks, floor hands, lead tong operators, motormen, derrickmen, assistant drillers, and the driller.

Hydrophobic

Pertaining to a "dislike" for water by the surface of a material or a molecule.

orogenic

Pertaining to a major episode of plate tectonic activity in which lithospheric plates collide and produce mountain belts, in some cases including the formation of subduction zones and igneous activity. Thrust faults and folds are typical geological structures seen in areas of orogeny.

plastic

Pertaining to a material that can deform permanently without rupturing.

drag-bag

Pertaining to a technique in which a packer flowmeter is partially inflated and dragged up the hole to give a continuous flow log.

multilateral

Pertaining to a well that has more than one branch radiating from the mainborehole. The term is also used to refer to the multilateral well itself.

acid

Pertaining to an aqueous solution, such as a water-base drilling fluid, which has more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-) and pH less than 7.

alkaline

Pertaining to an aqueous solution, such as a water-base drilling fluid, which has more hydroxyl ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+) and pH greater than 7.

Hydrophilic

Pertaining to an attraction for water by the surface of a material or a molecule.

lacustrine

Pertaining to an environment of deposition in lakes, or an area having lakes. Because deposition of sediment in lakes can occur slowly and in relatively calm conditions, organic-rich source rocks can form in lacustrine environments.

through-tubing

Pertaining to any reservoir or wellbore treatment performed through the tubing string. are generally associated with live-well operations, thereby causing minimal interruption to production and eliminating the need to kill the well.

upstream

Pertaining to equipment, facilities or systems located in the wellbore or production train above the surface choke or Christmas tree.

allochthonous

Pertaining to materials, particularly rock masses, that formed somewhere other than their present location, and were transported by fault movements, large-scale gravity sliding, or similar processes.

mafic

Pertaining to minerals or igneous rocks composed of minerals that are rich in iron and magnesium, dense, and typically dark in color. The term comes from the words magnesium and ferric. Common mafic minerals are olivine and pyroxene. Basalt is a mafic igneous rock. (Compare with felsic.)

authigenic

Pertaining to minerals or materials that grow in place with a rock, rather than having been transported and deposited (formed in situ). These include quartz, chloriteand other pore-filling minerals or cements that grow during diagenesis.Examples are evaporite minerals.

allogenic

Pertaining to minerals or rock fragments that formed in one location but were transported to another location and deposited. For example, clastic sediments in a rock such as sandstone are formed elsewhere.

porous

Pertaining to rocks that incorporate pores or void spaces, which can contain air, water, hydrocarbons or other fluids. In a body of rock, the percentage of pore space is the porosity. Porosity can be a relic of deposition (primary porosity, such as space between grains that were not compacted together completely) or can develop through alteration of the rock (secondary porosity, such as when feldspar grains or fossils are preferentially dissolved from sandstones). Porosity can be generated by the development of fractures, in which case it is called fracture porosity. Effective porosity is the interconnected pore volume in a rock that contributes to fluid flow in a reservoir. It excludes isolated pores. Total porosity is the total void space in the rock whether or not it contributes to fluid flow. Thus, effective porosity is typically less than total porosity. Shale gas reservoirs tend to have relatively high porosity, but the alignment of platy grains such as clays makes their permeability very low.

marine

Pertaining to sediments or environments in seas or ocean waters, between the depth of low tide and the ocean bottom.

anaerobic

Pertaining to systems, reactions or life processes of species, such as bacteria, in which atmospheric oxygen is not present or not required for survival.

water wet

Pertaining to the adhesion of a liquid to the surface of a solid. In '' '' conditions, a thin film of water coats the surface of the formation matrix, a condition that is desirable for efficient oil transport. Treatments that change the wettability of the formation to oil-wet can significantly impair productivity.

azimuthal

Pertaining to the angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.

benthic

Pertaining to the environment and conditions of organisms living at the water bottom, or benthos. Also called benthonic.

bathyal

Pertaining to the environment of deposition and the organisms of the ocean between depths of 200 m [656 ft], the edge of the continental shelf, and 2000 m [6560 ft]. This environment is intermediate between the neritic environment and the abyss.

aeolian

Pertaining to the environment of deposition of sediments by wind, such as the sand dunes in a desert. Because fine-grained sediments such as clays are removed easily from wind-blown deposits, the sandstones formed are typically clean and well-sorted.

Bottoms Up

Pertaining to the mud and cuttings that are calculated or measured to come from the bottom of the hole since the start of circulation. Circulation may be initiated after a static period, such as a trip, or from a given depth while drilling. This latter type is particularly useful to mud loggers and others trying to discern the lithology being drilled.

alluvial

Pertaining to the subaerial (as opposed to submarine) environment, action and products of a stream or river on its floodplain, usually consisting of detrital clastic sediments, and distinct from subaqueous deposition such as in lakes or oceans and lower energy fluvial deposition. Sediments deposited in an alluvial environment can be subject to high depositional energy, such as fast-moving flood waters, and may be poorly sorted or chaotic.

through flowline (TFL)

Pertaining to treatments performed on subsea wells where the fluids and associated pump-down equipment, such as plugs or darts, are pumped through the flowline normally used for production fluids

high-pressure, high-temperature OR HPHT

Pertaining to wells that are hotter or higher pressure than most.

asphaltic crude

Petroleum with a high content of naphthenic compounds, such as asphaltenes. This crude is also known as naphthene-based crude oil when the paraffin wax content is low.

Formation fracture pressure

Pressure above which injection of fluids will cause the rock formation to fracture hydraulically.

Backpressure

Pressure registered on equipment or devices when fluid flows through.

Primo Levi

Prisoner Number 174,517 in a concentration camp managed was a young Italian who managed to survive because he could recall enough of the organic chemistry he had studied in Turin to be put to work in a lab. Name this prisoner.

annular production

Production of formation fluid through the casing-tubing annulus.

flow-concentrating

Referring to a type of spinner flowmeter in which most or all of the fluid flow in the well is diverted over the spinner by a device such as a basket or a packer.

Joule-Thomson effect

Referring to the change in temperature observed when a gas expands while flowing through a restriction without any heat entering or leaving the system.

kelly down

Referring to the condition that occurs when the kelly is all the way down, so drilling progress cannot continue. A connectionmust be made, which has the effect of raising the kelly up by the length of the new joint of drillpipe added, so drilling can resume.

Why aren't we all like that old bird?

Recite "The Wise Old Owl" a little rhyme Rockefeller recited from memory that illustrated his own approach to business and life in general.

single-phase

Referring to a flow or other phenomenon with only one component, normally oil, water or gas.

multiphase

Referring to a fluid with several different immiscible fluids (oil, water or gas).

Neutron porosity

Referring to a log of porosity based on the effect of the formation on fast neutrons emitted by a source. Hydrogen has by far the biggest effect in slowing down and capturing neutrons.

Elemental capture spectroscopy

Referring to a log of the yields of different elements in the formation, as measured by capture gamma ray spectroscopy using a pulsed neutron generator. The log is a type of pulsed neutron spectroscopy log that uses only the capture spectrum.

Taitel-Dukler map

Referring to the description of different regimes for the simultaneous flow of gas and liquid in vertical pipes. The results are shown in the form a crossplot or map with the superficial gas velocity, vgs, on the x-axis and the superficial liquid velocity, vls, on the y-axis.

biphasic flow

Referring to the flow of two immiscible fluids, oil and water, oil and gas, or gas and water.

stuck

Referring to the varying degrees of inability to move or remove the drillstring from the wellbore.

anionic

Related to negatively charged ions. These characteristics affect performance of additives and contaminants in drilling fluids, especially water muds, in which clays and polymers are used extensively.

aggradational

Related to the accumulation of stratigraphic sequences by deposition that stacks beds atop each other, building upwards during periods of balance between sediment supply and accommodation

parasequence

Relatively conformable depositional units bounded by surfaces of marine flooding, surfaces that separate older strata from younger and show an increase in water depth in successively younger strata. Parasequences are usually too thin to discern on seismic data, but when added together, they form sets called parasequence sets that are visible on seismic data.

Abnormal Pressure

Reservoir pore fluid pressure that is not similar to normal saltwater gradient pressure. This term is usually associated with higher than normal pressure, increased complexity for the well designer and an increased risk of well control problems

recycled gas

Residual gas that remains entrained in the drilling fluid despite being circulated to surface. At the surface, it remains in the mudstream, which is suctioned from the mud pit and recirculated into the wellbore.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Robert La Follette was instrumental in leading a crusade in the Senate that covered one of the most famous and bizarre scandals in the history of the United States. Name this scandal.

What does RCD stand for?

Rotating control device

sand control

The installation of equipment or application of techniques to prevent migration of reservoir sand into the wellbore or near-wellbore area.

clear brine

Saline liquid usually used in completion operations and, increasingly, when penetrating a pay zone.

Brine

Saline liquid usually used in completion operations and, increasingly, when penetrating a pay zone. It is preferred because they have higher densities than fresh water but lack solid particles that might damage producible formations

China

Salt boring or drilling had been developed some 1500 years earlier than its arrival to the US, with wells as deep as 3000 ft. where was this developed?

red

Standard's blue tins had unexpectedly become prized mainstays in the far east. Marcus Samuel was forced to send shipments of tin plate to the Far East where they would create tins of what color?

accommodation

Sequence stratigraphic term for the amount of space available for sediment accumulation. Dominant influences include subsidence and eustasy.

Bundle

Several pipes (production or injection, gas lift) that are jointly insulated to keep together production lines. This tool minimizes heat transfer and avoids hydrate or wax deposition that could plug the pipelines. These tools are common in deepwater field developments.

Early 1800s

Since how long has Britain been involved in the Persian Gulf?

p rate

Slang for penetration rate, or the speed that the bit is drilling into the formation.

Huff and puff

Slang term for a cyclic process in which a well is injected with a recovery enhancement fluid and, after a soak period, the well is put back on production. Examples are cyclic steam injection and cyclic CO2 injection.

bomb

Slang term for a type of pressure vessel.

Duster

Slang term for dry hole

duster

Slang term for dry hole

cuttings

Small pieces of rock that break away due to the action of the bit teeth.

cuttings

Small pieces of rock that break away due to the action of the bit teeth. These are screened out of the liquid mud system at the shale shakers and are monitored for composition, size, shape, color, texture, hydrocarbon content and other properties by the mud engineer, the mud logger and other on-site personnel.

Ball diverter or ball sealers or frac balls

Small spheres designed to seal perforations that are accepting the most fluid, thereby diverting reservoir treatments to other portions of the target zone.

Ball sealer

Small spheres designed to seal perforations that are accepting the most fluid, thereby diverting reservoir treatments to other portions of the target zone.

Elektropolis

So swiftly and thoroughly did electricity- and the electrical industries- penetrate Berlin that the city was called this in the late 1800s.

lost circulation material (LCM)

Solid material intentionally introduced into a mud system to reduce and eventually prevent the flow of drilling fluid into a weak, fractured or vugular formation. This material is generally fibrous or plate-like in nature, as suppliers attempt to design slurriesthat will efficiently bridge over and seal loss zones.

bedrock

Solid rock either exposed at the surface or situated below surface soil, unconsolidated sediments and weathered rock.

Dispersion

Spatial separation of components within a fluid. This separation is often driven by diffusion, mixing or differential flow.

Kenneth Kingsbury

Standard Oil of New Jersey and Standard Oil of of California came close to merging between the years of 1929 and 1933 but were broken off because of a strong stance by Standard of California's president. Name the president.

John D. Archbold

Standard Oil of New Jersey lost a brand new tanker during WWI among six other tankers. Name this tanker

Chevron

Standard oil (california) eventually became?

Sw^n=aRw/(phi^m*Rt)...Sw is water sat. m is cementation exponent, a is tortuosity factor, n is saturation exponent, phi is porosity, Rt is formation resistivity, Rw is resistivity of the formation water.

State Archie's equations and list the terms in it

93 billion barrels, 5.5%

State Russia's proven oil reserves at the end of 2013 and its percent of the total world oil reserves?

Hokushu Nanshin

The Japanese navy, under what doctrine held the belief of "defend in the north, advance to the south"? It had its sights set on the Dutch East Indies, Malaya, Indochina, and other islands in the Pacific.

deliverability test or productivity test

Tests in an oil or gas well to determine its flow capacity at specific conditions of reservoir and flowing pressures. The absolute open flow potential (AOFP) can be obtained from these tests, and then the inflow performance relationship (IPR) can be generated.

Turks in Tripoli in 1911-1912

The Italians made use of airplanes effectively in war for the first time against which army? Where and when did this take place?

Theodore H. White

The Japanese bombing of Chinese civilian centers, especially the bombings of Chungking, in May 1939 shocked and outraged the American public. Name the journalist of Time who described this as "milestones in the history of aerial terror".

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

The Roosevelt Administration, in November 1906, brought suit against standard oil, charging under this Act. with conspiring to restrain trade.

permeability

The ability, or measurement of a rock's ability, to transmit fluids, typically measured in darcies or millidarcies. The term was basically defined by Henry Darcy, who showed that the common mathematics of heat transfer could be modified to adequately describe fluid flow in porous media. Formations that transmit fluids readily, such as sandstones, are described as permeable and tend to have many large, well-connected pores. Impermeable formations, such as shales and siltstones, tend to be finer grained or of a mixed grain size, with smaller, fewer, or less interconnected pores. Absolute permeability is the measurement of the permeability conducted when a single fluid, or phase, is present in the rock. Effective permeability is the ability to preferentially flow or transmit a particular fluid through a rock when other immiscible fluids are present in the reservoir (for example, effective permeability of gas in a gas-water reservoir). The relative saturations of the fluids as well as the nature of the reservoir affect the effective permeability. Relative permeability is the ratio of effective permeability of a particular fluid at a particular saturation to absolute permeability of that fluid at total saturation. If a single fluid is present in a rock, its relative permeability is 1.0. Calculation of relative permeability allows for comparison of the different abilities of fluids to flow in the presence of each other, since the presence of more than one fluid generally inhibits flow.

progradation

The accumulation of sequences by deposition in which beds are deposited successively basinward because sediment supply exceeds accommodation. Thus, the position of the shoreline migrates into the basin during episodes of progradation, a process called regression.

pooling

The accumulation of smaller tracts of land, the sum total acreage of which are required for a governmental agency to grant a well permit or assign a production quota or allowable to an operator.

aggradation

The accumulation of stratigraphic sequences by deposition that stacks beds atop each other, building upwards during periods of balance betweensediment supply and accommodation.

Bridge-off

The accumulation or buildup of material, such as sand, fill or scale, within a wellbore, to the extent that the flow of fluids or passage of tools or downhole equipment is severely obstructed. In extreme cases, the wellbore can become completely plugged, requiring some remedial action before normal circulation or production can be resumed.

pipe trip OR tripping pipe

The act of pulling the drillstring out of the hole or replacing it in the hole. Usually done because the bit has dulled or has otherwise ceased to drill efficiently and must be replaced.

snub

The act of putting drillpipe into the wellbore when the blowout preventers (BOPs) are closed and pressure is contained in the well. This action is necessary when a kick is taken, since well kill operations should always be conducted with the drillstring on bottom, and not somewhere up the wellbore. In these kind of operations, the pressure in the wellbore acting on the cross-sectional area of the tubular can exert sufficient force to overcome the weight of the drillstring, so the string must be pushed (or "snubbed") back into the wellbore. Otherwise, in ordinary stripping operations, the pipe falls into the wellbore under its own weight, and no additional downward force or pushing is required. If only the annular BOP has been closed, the drillpipe may be slowly and carefully lowered into the wellbore, and the BOP itself will open slightly to permit the larger diameter tool joints to pass through. If the well has been closed with the use of ram BOPs, the tool joints will not pass by the closed ram element. Hence, while keeping the well closed with either another ram BOP or the annular BOP, the ram must be opened manually, then the pipe lowered until the tool joint is just below the ram, and then closing the ram again. This procedure is repeated whenever a tool joint must pass by a ram BOP.

casing shoe

The bottom of the casing string, including the cement around it, or the equipment run at the bottom of the casing string.

casing shoe

The bottom of the casing string, including the cement around it, or the equipment run at the bottom of the casing string. OR A short assembly, typically manufactured from a heavy steel collar and profiled cement interior, that is screwed to the bottom of a casing string.

Moho

The boundary between the crust and the mantle of the Earth, which varies from approximately 5 km [3 miles] under the midoceanic ridges to 75 km [46 miles] deep under the continents. This boundary, commonly called "the Moho," was recognized in 1909 by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic on the basis of its abruptly higher compressional wave (P-wave) velocity.

stripping

The act of putting drillpipe into the wellbore when the blowout preventers (BOPs) are closed and pressure is contained in the well. This is necessary when a kick is taken, since well kill operations should always be conducted with the drillstring on bottom, and not somewhere up the wellbore. In ordinary ____________ operations, the pipe falls into the wellbore under its own weight, and no additional downward force or pushing is required. It differs from snubbing operations in that during snubbing, the pressure in the wellbore acting on the cross-sectional area of the tubular can exert sufficient force to overcome the weight of the drillstring, so the string must be pushed (or "snubbed") back into the wellbore. When there is a kick, if only the annular BOP has been closed, the drillpipe may be slowly and carefully lowered into the wellbore, and the BOP itself will open slightly to permit the larger diameter tool joints to pass through. If the well has been closed with the use of ram BOPs, the tool joints will not pass by the closed ram element. Hence, while keeping the well closed with either another ram BOP or the annular BOP, the ram must be opened manually, then the pipe lowered until the tool joint is just below the ram, and then closing the ram again. This procedure is repeated whenever a tool joint must pass by a ram BOP.

Casing Head

The adapter between the first casing string and either the BOP stack (during drilling) or the wellhead (after completion). This adapter may be threaded or welded onto the casing, and may have a flanged or clamped connection to match the BOP stack or wellhead

casing head

The adapter between the first casing string and either the BOP stack (during drilling) or the wellhead(after completion). This adapter may be threaded or welded onto the casing, and may have a flanged or clamped connection to match the BOP stack or wellhead.

proration unit

The amount of acreage, determined by governmental authority that can be efficiently and economically drained by a well at a particular depth or horizon.

foreign content

The amount of foreign personnel, material and services that working interest owners are permitted to employ, as defined under the terms of a concession when drilling and operating a well.

local content

The amount of local personnel, material and services that working interest owners are required to employ when drilling and operating a well, as specified under the terms of a concession agreement.

API water

The amount of mixing water specified in API Specification 10A for specification testing of cement to meet API requirements. This amount is not intended to be a guide for mix water requirements in field applications.

Estimated-ultimate-recovery

The amount of oil and gas expected to be economically recovered from a reservoir or field by the end of its producing life.

BOD

The amount of oxygen consumed by biodegradation processes during a standardized test. The test usually involves degradation of organic matter in a discarded waste or an effluent.

biochemical oxygen demand

The amount of oxygen consumed by biodegradation processes during a standardized test. The test usually involves degradation of organic matter in a discarded waste or an effluent.

plunge

The angle between a linear feature and a horizontal line in a vertical plane containing both lines.

azimuth

The angle between the vertical projection of a line of interest onto a horizontal surface and true north or magnetic north measured in a horizontal plane, typically measured clockwise from north.

Contact angle

The angle of intersection of the interface between two fluids at a solid surface. The angle is measured from the solid surface through the aqueous phase, or in an oil and gas test through the oil phase. The angle displays hysteresis based on direction of motion of the interface.

metal gain

The apparent increase in thickness of a casing or tubing string compared to the assumed value.

cylinder or pump barrel

The barrel of the sucker rod pump. The plunger travels up and down in this component. The plunger and this component operate as a piston mechanism to lift reservoir fluids into the subsurface pump.

Mohorovicic discontinuity

The boundary between the crust and the mantle of the Earth, which varies from approximately 5 km [3 miles] under the midoceanic ridges to 75 km [46 miles] deep under the continents. This boundary, commonly called "the Moho," was recognized in 1909 by Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic on the basis of its abruptly higher compressional wave (P-wave) velocity.

lithosphere

The brittle outer layer of the Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. It is made up of six major and several minor tectonic plates that move around on the softer asthenosphere. The lithosphere of the oceans tends to be thinner (in some oceanic areas, less than 50 km [30 miles] thick) and more dense than that of the continents (more than 120 km [70 miles] thick in places like the Himalayas) because of isostasy. The movement of the plates of the lithosphere results in convergence, or collisions, that can form mountain belts and subduction zones, and divergence of the plates and the creation of new crust as material wells up from below separating plates. The lithosphere and asthenosphere are distinguished from the crust, mantle and core of the Earth on the basis of their mechanical behavior and not their composition.

flare

The burning of unwanted gas through a pipe. This process is a means of disposal used when there is no way to transport the gas to market and the operator cannot use the gas for another purpose.

area open to flow

The calculated flow area provided by perforations across a specific zone of interest. The resulting value is used to calculate pressure drops and fluid-flow performance.

tankage

The capacity of all the tanks in a field

conductor pipe

The casing string that is usually put into the well first, particularly on land wells, to prevent the sides of the hole from caving into the wellbore. This casing, sometimes called drive pipe, is generally a short length and is sometimes driven into the ground.

Excess cement

The cement slurry remaining in the wellbore following a cement squeeze in which the objective is to squeeze slurry into the perforations and behind the casing or liner.

spinner reversal

The change in direction of rotation that occurs when a spinner flowmeter tool is moving in the same direction, but faster, than the fluid. When the tool is stationary, moving against the fluid flow, or moving in the same direction but slower than the flow, it will rotate in one direction, perhaps clockwise. However, if it moves in the same direction, but faster than the fluid, it will rotate counterclockwise. This may happen at the bottom of a producing well, and, unless identified, can lead to a false interpretation.

pore pressure gradient

The change in pore pressure per unit of depth, typically in units of psi/ft or kPa/m. Pressure increases predictably with depth in areas of normal pressure. The normal hydrostatic pressure gradient for freshwater is 0.433 psi/ft, or 9.792 kPa/m, and 0.465 psi/ft for water with 100,000 ppm total dissolved solids (a typical Gulf Coast water), or 10.516 kPa/m. Deviations from normal pressure are described as high or low pressure.

pressure gradient

The change in pressure per unit of depth, typically in units of psi/ft or kPa/m. Pressure increases predictably with depth in areas of normal pressure. The normal hydrostatic pressure gradient for freshwater is 0.433 psi/ft, or 9.792 kPa/m, and 0.465 psi/ft for water with 100,000 ppm total dissolved solids (a typical Gulf Coast water), or 10.516 kPa/m. Deviations from normal pressure are described as high or low pressure.

water coning

The change in the oil-water contact profile as a result of drawdown pressures during production. occurs in vertical or slightly deviated wells and is affected by the characteristics of the fluids involved and the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability.

Cementer or Cementing Engineer

The colloquial term for the crew member in charge of a specialized cementing crew and trucks.

cementer OR cement engineer

The colloquial term for the crew member in charge of a specialized cementing crew and trucks.

cementing engineer or cementer

The colloquial term for the crew member in charge of a specialized cementing crew and trucks.

drill string

The combination of the drillpipe, the bottomhole assembly and any other tools used to make the drill bitturn at the bottom of the wellbore.

drillstem

The combination of the drillpipe, the bottomhole assembly and any other tools used to make the drill bitturn at the bottom of the wellbore.

unitization

The combining of multiple wells to produce from a specified reservoir.

communitization

The combining of smaller federal tracts of land to total the acreage required by the US Bureau of Land Management and/or state regulations to form a legal spacing and proration unit.

perforation

The communication tunnel created from the casing or liner into the reservoir formation, through which oil or gas is produced.

drilling contractor

The company that owns and operates a drilling rig.

operator

The company that serves as the overall manager and decision-maker of a drilling project

operator

The company that serves as the overall manager and decision-maker of a drilling project. Generally, but not always, this company will have the largest financial stake in the project. At the successful completion of logging the target zones, the decision to complete or plug and abandon generally has partner input and potential override clauses. As far as the drilling contractor and service companies are concerned, this company is paying for the entire operation, and they are responsible for recouping some of that expense from the partners.

round trip

The complete operation of removing the drillstring from the wellbore and running it back in the hole. This operation is typically undertaken when the bit becomes dull or broken, and no longer drills the rock efficiently.

circulation system

The complete, circuitous path that the drilling fluid travels.

Circulation System

The complete, circuitous path that the drilling fluid travels. Starting at the main rig pumps, major components include surface piping, the standpipe, the kelly hose (rotary), the kelly, the drillpipe, drill collars, bit nozzles, the various annular geometries of the openhole and casing strings, the bell nipple, the flowline, the mud-cleaning equipment, the mud tanks, the centrifugal precharge pumps and, finally, the positive displacement main rig pumps

bioaccumulation or bioconcentration

The concentration of a particular substance in a living organism, possibly with harmful effects.

anoxic

The condition of an environment in which free oxygen is lacking or absent.

anaerobic

The condition of an environment in which free oxygen is lacking or absent. A description of organisms that can survive in the absence of oxygen, particularly bacteria.

abandonment costs

The costs associated with abandoning a well or production facility.

day rate

The daily cost to the operator of renting the drilling rig and the associated costs of personnel and routine supplies. This cost may or may not include fuel, and usually does not include capital goods, such as casing and wellheads, or special services, such as logging or cementing. In most of the world, it represents roughly half of the cost of the well.

abyss

The deepest area of the ocean basins.

parallel fold

The deformation of rock layers in which the thickness of each layer, measured perpendicular to initial (undeformed) layering, is maintained after the rock layers have been folded.

Dielectric constant

The degree to which a medium resists the flow of electric charge, defined as the ratio of the electric displacement to the electric field strength.

contract depth

The depth in a drilling well at which the drilling contractor receives a lump-sum payment for reaching a particular milestone.

contract depth

The depth in a drilling well at which the drilling contractor receives a lump-sum payment for reaching a particular milestone. The contract depth is specified in a legal agreement between the operator, who pays for the well, and the drilling contractor, who owns and operates the drilling rig. Contract depth may be the final or total depth (TD) of the well, an intermediate point in the well or another milestone, such as running well-logging tools to the bottom of the hole.

Fluid level

The depth, or distance from surface, that the fluid in a well incapable of natural flow will reach under static conditions.

Flow assurance

The design, strategies and principles for ensuring that there is uninterrupted hydrocarbon production flowing from the reservoir to the point of sale. Impediments to hydrocarbon flow in wellbores and flowlines may arise from an interrelated combination of effects involving flow dynamics—single and multiphase fluid flow—and production chemistry.

ASTM

The designation of a standard developed by ASTM International.

sweet corrosion

The deterioration of metal due to contact with carbon dioxide or similar corrosive agents, but excluding hydrogen sulfide [H2S]. typically results in pitting or material loss and occurs where steel is exposed to carbon dioxide and moisture.

leak detection

The determination of the location of a leak in a pipeline. In onshore operations, this can be done by external detection or by using material balance leak-detection systems. In offshore operations, the task is more difficult because of the lack of inlet flow-rate measurements and the considerable solubility of natural gas in seawater at high pressures and low temperatures (seafloor level).

inclination

The deviation from vertical, irrespective of compass direction, expressed in degrees.

Ball dropper

The device used to inject ball sealers into the treatment fluid as it is pumped through the surface treating lines.

drawdown

The difference between the average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure.

slip velocity

The difference between the average velocities of two different fluids flowing together in a pipe.

differential pressure

The difference between two pressure measurements. For production wells, this is the difference between average reservoir pressure and bottomhole pressure, and for injection wells, it is the difference between injection pressure and average reservoir pressure.

meter difference

The difference in gas volume registered using two different meters.

Name the several types of flowmeter

The differential-pressure meter, orifice meter, positive-displacement meter, vortex meter and multiphase meters.

Azimuth

The direction in which a deviated or horizontal well is drilled relative to magnetic north. Specified in Degrees.

gun clearance

The distance between the external surface of the gun assembly and the internal surface of the casing or liner.

Depth of invasion

The distance from the borehole wall that the mud filtrate has penetrated into the formation. The depth of invasion affects whether a log measures the invaded zone, the undisturbed zone or part of each zone.

Coiled tubing connector

The downhole device used to connect the tool string to the coiled tubing string. Several types of devices with varying principles of operation are commonly used.

Cave effect

The effect of a sharp change in the borehole diameter on an induction log.

Antisqueeze

The effect on a laterolog whereby the current lines are no longer properly focused but spread out at a certain distance into the formation. The effect occurs opposite a high-resistivity bed with low-resistivity shoulders.

Polarization horn

The effect on a propagation resistivity or induction log of charge buildup at the boundary between two formation layers with different dielectric properties. In a vertical well with horizontal layers, the current loops generated by the tool in the formation are parallel to the layers and do not cross bed boundaries.

Collector

The electrical device used on the axle of a spool or reel to provide electrical continuity between the rotating reel core and the stationary reel chassis.

Liquid-junction potential

The electromagnetic force generated by a boundary between solutions of high salinity and low salinity.

Electrokinetic potential

The electromagnetic force, in millivolts, generated by an electrolyte flowing through a permeable medium. This potential is an unwanted contribution to the spontaneous potential (SP) log.

drilling procedure OR drilling program

The engineering plan for constructing the wellbore. The plan includes well geometries, casingprograms, mud considerations, well control concerns, initial bit selections, offset well information, porepressure estimations, economics and special procedures that may be needed during the course of the well

Blender

The equipment used to prepare the slurries and gels commonly used in stimulation treatments. They should be capable of providing a supply of adequately mixed ingredients at the desired treatment rate.

activity of aqueous solutions

The escaping tendency, or vapor pressure, of water molecules in an aqueous solution compared with that of pure water, typically abbreviated aw.

measurements while drilling

The evaluation of physical properties, usually including pressure, temperature and wellbore trajectory in three-dimensional space, while extending a wellbore.

pressure hunt

The evaluation of various well parameters in an attempt to identify when the pore pressure in a drilling well is changing. A team consisting of geologists, engineers and most of the rigsite personnel usually conducts the hunt. The purpose is to detect the pore pressure transition (usually from lower to higher pressure) and safely set casing in thetransition zone to maximize wellbore strength

petrography

The examination of rocks in thin section. Rock samples can be glued to a glass slide and the rock ground to 0.03-mm thickness in order to observe mineralogy and texture using a microscope. (A petrographic microscope is a transmitted-light polarizing microscope.) Samples of sedimentary rock can be impregnated with blue epoxy to highlight porosity.

jet velocity

The exit velocity of the drilling fluid after it accelerates through bit nozzles.

primary migration

The expulsion of newly generated hydrocarbons from a source rock. The further movement of the hydrocarbons into reservoir rock in a hydrocarbon trap or other area of accumulation is secondary migration.

velocity-correction factor

The factor linking the velocity of single-phase liquid flow measured in the center of a pipe with the average velocity across the pipe.

matrix

The finer grained, interstitial particles that lie between larger particles or in which larger particles are embedded in sedimentary rocks such as sandstones and conglomerates.

Bed wrap

The first layer of coiled tubing, slickline or wireline to be wound on the core of a reel drum or spool. This helps secure the tubing string or slickline to the reel core and provides the foundation upon which subsequent wraps are laid as the drum is filled.

crown block

The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves) located at the top of the derrick or mast, over which the drilling line is threaded.

crown block

The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves) located at the top of the derrick or mast, over which the drilling line is threaded. The companion blocks to these pulleys are the traveling blocks. By using two sets of blocks in this fashion, great mechanical advantage is gained, enabling the use of relatively small drilling line (3/4 to 1 1/2 in. diameter steel cable) to hoist loads many times heavier than the cable could support as a single strand.

Asphaltene precipitation

The flocculation of asphaltene particles from reservoir fluid.

composite stream

The flow of different fluids such as oil, gas or water, in a single production stream.

crossflow

The flow of fluid across the bottom of the bit after it exits the bit nozzles, strikes the bottom or sides of the hole and turns upwards to the annulus OR The flow of reservoir fluids from one zone to another

crossflow

The flow of fluid across the bottom of the bit after it exits the bit nozzles, strikes the bottom or sides of the hole and turns upwards to the annulus. OR The flow of reservoir fluids from one zone to another. Can occur when a lost returns event is followed by a well control event. The higher pressured reservoir fluid flows out of the formation, travels along the wellbore to a lower pressured formation, and then flows into the lower pressure formation.

gathering system

The flowline network and process facilities that transport and control the flow of oil or gas from the wells to a main storage facility, processing plant or shipping point.

flowstream sample

The fluid sample from the wellhead that is used to analyze the composition of the flow. The term is analogous to the term flowline sample, except that it refers to the production part of the flowstream.

hydrostatic pressure

The force per unit area caused by a column of fluid. In US oilfield units, this is calculated using the equation: MW*Depth*0.052, where MW is the drilling fluid density in pounds per gallon, Depth is the true vertical depth or "head" in feet, and 0.052 is a unit conversion factor chosen such that P results in units of pounds per square in

shut in bottomhole pressure (SIBP)

The force per unit area exerted at the bottom of a wellbore when it is closed at either the Christmas tree or the BOP stack. It is generated by a combination of the hydrostatic pressure from the weight of the liquid in the well and any additional applied pressure. The applied pressure component may be from the formation or from an external source at the surface.

agglomeration or aggregation

The formation of groups or clusters of particles (aggregates) in a fluid. This process results in drastic reductions in plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength.

local holdup

The fraction of a particular fluid measured in the vicinity of a small probe in a production well. The small, or local, probes respond digitally to the type of fluid in front of them, indicating gas, oil or water depending on the type of probe.

Displacement efficiency

The fraction of oil that has been recovered from a zone swept by a waterflood or other displacement process.

cut

The fraction of the total flow rate produced from a well that is due to a particular fluid

concession

The geographic area in which the government allows a company to operate.

stable arch

The geometric profile around a correctly placed perforation. With the removal of perforating debris and the crushed zone by flushing or stimulation treatment, the exposed formation forms an arch that is capable of withstanding the differential pressure and the forces created by fluid flow during production.

anode

The half of a battery that is positively charged and to which anions migrate by electrostatic attraction.

completion

The hardware used to optimize the production of hydrocarbons from the well. A generic term used to describe the assembly of downhole tubulars and equipment required to enable safe and efficient production from an oil or gas well.

hook

The high-capacity J-shaped equipment used to hang various other equipment, particularly the swivel and kelly, the elevator bails or topdrive units. It is attached to the bottom of the traveling block and provides a way to pick up heavy loads with the traveling block.

Equalizing loop

The high-pressure piping and valves configured around the stripping rams of a snubbing unit. This enables the wellhead pressure to be applied on both sides of the rams when closed, a process required before the rams can be opened.

jet

The high-velocity fluid stream produced by the nozzles in the bit.

entrance hole

The hole created in the internal surface of the casing or liner by the perforating charge or bullet.

offset

The horizontal displacement between points on either side of a fault, which can range from millimeters to kilometers. Perhaps the most readily visible examples of offset are features such as fences or roads that have been displaced by strike-slip faults, such as the San Andreas fault of California, USA.

battery

The installation of similar or identical units of equipment in a group

deviated drilling OR directional drilling

The intentional deviation of a wellbore from the path it would naturally take. This is accomplished through the use of whipstocks, bottomhole assembly (BHA) configurations, instruments to measure the path of the wellbore in three-dimensional space, data links to communicate measurements taken downhole to the surface, mud motors and special BHA components and drill bits, including rotary steerable systems, and drill bits.

reverse circulation OR reversing out

The intentional pumping of wellbore fluids down the annulus and back up through the drillpipe. This is the opposite of the normal direction of fluid circulation in a wellbore.

Backwash or Reverse Circulation

The intentional pumping of wellbore fluids down the annulus and back up through the drillpipe. This is the opposite of the normal direction of fluid circulation in a wellbore. This method can bring bottomhole fluids to the surface faster than normal circulation for a given flow rate

Displacement front

The interface between an injectant and the fluid it is displacing.

Flood front

The interface between an injectant and the fluid it is displacing.

mantle

The intermediate layer of the Earth beneath the crust that is about 2900 km thick [1820 miles] and overlies the core of the Earth. The mantle consists of dense igneous rocks like pyroxenite and dunite, composed of the minerals pyroxene and olivine. The crust, mantle and core of the Earth are distinguished from the lithosphere and asthenosphere on the basis of their composition and not their mechanical behavior. The Mohorovicic discontinuity abruptly separates the crust from the mantle, where the velocity of compressional waves is significantly higher.

Battle of Okinawa

The large death toll experienced in which battle in June of 1945 became the reason for the decision to use the atomic bomb when attacking Japan's homelands?

flow line OR mud return line

The large-diameter metal pipe that connects the bell nipple under the rotary table to the possum belly at the mud tanks. It is simply an inclined, gravity-flow conduit to direct mud coming out the top of the wellbore to the mud surface-treating equipment.

Fluid loss

The leakage of the liquid phase of drilling fluid, slurry or treatment fluid containing solid particles into the formation matrix. The resulting buildup of solid material or filter cake may be undesirable, as may the penetration of filtrate through the formation.

Gravity drainage

The least common primary recovery mechanism in which the force of gravity pushes hydrocarbons out of the reservoir, into the wellbore and up to surface. Its effect is greater in thick gas-condensate reservoirs and in shallow, highly permeable, steeply dipping reservoirs.

Standard Oil Trust Agreement

The legal concept of the "trust" was refined and formalized in the "-blank-" which was signed on January 2, 1882.

Measured Depth, MD

The length of the wellbore, as if determined by a measuring stick. This measurement differs from the true vertical depth of the well in all but vertical wells.

measured depth (MD)

The length of the wellbore, as if determined by a measuring stick. This measurement differs from the true vertical depth of the well in all but vertical wells. Since the wellbore cannot be physically measured from end to end, the lengths of individual joints of drillpipe, drill collars and other drillstringelements are measured with a steel tape measure and added together.

dynamic fluid level or pumping fluid level

The level to which the static fluid level drops in the tubing or casing when the well produced under pumping conditions.

methane

The lightest and most abundant of the hydrocarbon gases and the principal component of natural gas. Methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is stable under a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions in the absence of other compounds.

mechanical sticking

The limiting or prevention of motion of the drillstring by anything other than differential pressure sticking. It can be caused by junk in the hole, wellbore geometry anomalies, cement, keyseats or a buildup of cuttings in the annulus.

gaswell liquids

The liquids separated at surface conditions from the full well stream produced from a natural gas reservoir.

drilling foreman

The location supervisor for the drilling contractor. He is usually a senior, experienced individual who has worked his way up through the ranks of the drilling crew positions. His job is largely administrative, including ensuring that the rig has sufficient materials, spare parts and skilled personnel to continue efficient operations.

pusher OR drilling foreman OR toolpusher

The location supervisor for the drilling contractor. The toolpusher is usually a senior, experienced individual who has worked his way up through the ranks of the drilling crew positions. His job is largely administrative, including ensuring that the rig has sufficient materials, spare parts and skilled personnel to continue efficient operations.

Circulation Loss

The loss of drilling fluid to a formation, usually caused when the hydrostatic head pressure of the column of drilling fluid exceeds the formation pressure. This loss of fluid may be loosely classified as seepage losses, partial losses or catastrophic losses, each of which is handled differently depending on the risk to the rig and personnel and the economics of the drilling fluid and each possible solution.

metal loss

The loss of material on the inside or outside of a casing or tubing due to corrosion.

wall loss

The loss of material on the inside or outside of a casing or tubing due to corrosion.

Corrosion

The loss of metal due to chemical or electrochemical reactions, which could eventually destroy a structure.

bottomhole assembly

The lower portion of the drillstring, consisting of (from the bottom up in a vertical well) the bit, bit sub, a mud motor (in certain cases), stabilizers, drill collar, heavy-weight drillpipe, jarring devices ("jars") and crossovers for various threadforms. Must provide force for the bit to break the rock (weight on bit), survive a hostile mechanical environment and provide the driller with directional control of the well.

Bottom Hole Assembly or BHA

The lower portion of the drillstring, consisting of the bit, bit sub, a mud motor, stabilizers, drill collar, heavy-weight drillpipe, jarring devices and crossovers for various threadforms. This assembly must provide force for the bit to break the rock, survive a hostile mechanical environment and provide the driller with directional control of the well.

drawworks

The machine on the rig consisting of a large-diameter steel spool, brakes, a power source and assorted auxiliary devices. The primary function is to reel out and reel in the drilling line, a large diameter wire rope, in a controlled fashion.

drilling rig

The machine used to drill a wellbore. In onshore operations, it includes virtually everything except living quarters. Major components include the mud tanks, the mud pumps, the derrick or mast, the drawworks, the rotary table or topdrive, the drillstring, the power generation equipment and auxiliary equipment.

lithology

The macroscopic nature of the mineral content, grain size, texture and color of rocks.

leak off

The magnitude of pressure exerted on a formation that causes fluid to be forced into the formation. The fluid may be flowing into the pore spaces of the rock or into cracks opened and propagated into the formation by the fluid pressure. This term is normally associated with a test to determine the strength of the rock, commonly called a pressure integrity test (PIT) or aleakoff test (LOT).

passive margin

The margin of a continent and ocean that does not coincide with the boundary of a lithospheric plate and along which collision is not occurring. Passive margins are characterized by rifted, rotated fault blocks of thick sediment, such as the present-day Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic margins of North America.

Cement

The material used to permanently seal annular spaces between casing and borehole walls. It is also used to seal formations to prevent loss of drilling fluid and for operations ranging from setting kick-off plugs to plug and abandonment.

meter capacity

The maximum and the minimum rate of flow specified by the manufacturer to maintain accuracy in the readings.

absolute open flow potential (aof, aofp)

The maximum flow rate a well could theoretically deliver with zero pressure at the middle of the perforations.

absolute age

The measurement of age in years. The measurement of the decay of radioactive isotopes, especially uranium, strontium, rubidium, argon and carbon, has allowed geologists to more precisely determine the age of rock formations. Tree rings and seasonal sedimentary deposits called varves can be counted to determine absolute age.

logging while drilling (LWD)

The measurement of formation properties during the excavation of the hole, or shortly thereafter, through the use of tools integrated into the bottomhole assembly. While sometimes risky and expensive, it has the advantage of measuring properties of a formation before drilling fluids invade deeply.

absolute pressure

The measurement of pressure relative to the pressure in a vacuum, equal to the sum of the pressure shown on a pressure gauge and atmospheric pressure.

absolute permeability

The measurement of the permeability, or ability to flow or transmit fluids through a rock, conducted when a single fluid, or phase, is present in the rock.

Corrosion control

The measures used to prevent or considerably reduce the effects of corrosion.

accretion

The mechanism by which partially hydrated cuttings stick to parts of the bottomhole assembly and accumulate as a compacted, layered deposit.

Brake

The mechanism on the drawworks that permits the driller to control the speed and motion of the drilling line and the drillstring

San Remo Agreement

The meeting of the Allied Supreme Council in 1920 which created a compromise where France would get 25% of the oil from Mesopotamia, which itself would become a British mandate under the League of Nations and Britain would gain full control of Mosul and any developing oilfields in Mesopotamia. Name this compromise.

motorman

The member of the rig crew responsible for maintenance of the engines. While all members of the rig crew help with major repairs, this member does routine preventive maintenance and minor repairs.

meter calibration

The operation to adjust the meter to a specific standard.

attitude

The orientation of a planar or linear feature in three-dimensional space.

secondary production

The method used to sustain production levels at viable rates following a fall in flow rate as the efficiency of the primary production methods declines. methods frequently involve an artificial-lift system or reservoir injection for pressure maintenance.

sand production

The migration of formation sand caused by the flow of reservoir fluids. The production of sand is generally undesirable since it can restrict productivity, erode completion components, impede wellbore access, interfere with the operation of downhole equipment, and present significant disposal difficulties.

Asphaltene onset concentration

The minimum concentration of solvent injected into a reservoir oil at a given test pressure and temperature that causes asphaltene particles to precipitate from the oil.

magma

The molten rock in the Earth that can either rise to the surface as lava and form extrusive igneous rock or cool within the Earth to form plutonic igneous rock.

midoceanic ridge

The mountainous, linear axis of ocean basins along which rifting occurs and new oceanic crust forms as magma wells up and solidifies. The most prominent midoceanic ridges are those of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The new crust is made of mafic igneous rock called basalt, commonly referred to as midocean ridge basalt, or MORB, whose composition reflects that of the deeper mantle of the Earth. The presence of the spreading plate boundaries of the midoceanic ridges; their symmetrically spreading, successively older crust outward from the ridge; and the lack of oceanic crust older than approximately 200 Ma support the theory of plate tectonics and the recycling of oceanic crust through the process of subduction.

migration

The movement of hydrocarbons from their source into reservoir rocks. The movement of newly generated hydrocarbons out of their source rock is primary migration, also called expulsion. The further movement of the hydrocarbons into reservoir rock in a hydrocarbon trap or other area of accumulation is secondary migration. Migration typically occurs from a structurally low area to a higher area because of the relative buoyancy of hydrocarbons in comparison to the surrounding rock. Migration can be local or can occur along distances of hundreds of kilometers in large sedimentary basins, and is critical to the formation of a viable petroleum system.

kerogen

The naturally occurring, solid, insoluble organic matter that occurs in source rocks and can yield oil upon heating. This is the portion of naturally occurring organic matter that is nonextractable using organic solvents. Typical organic constituents of kerogen are algae and woody plant material. Kerogens have a high molecular weight relative to bitumen, or soluble organic matter. Bitumen forms from kerogen during petroleum generation. Kerogens are described as Type I, consisting of mainly algal and amorphous (but presumably algal) kerogen and highly likely to generate oil; Type II, mixed terrestrial and marine source material that can generate waxy oil; and Type III, woody terrestrial source material that typically generates gas.

Dean Acheson

The new American policy was not meant to cut off oil entirely, at least explicitly, but a virtually total embargo was the actual result. Name the Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs who favored an out-and-out embargo. He turned the July 25th order into an embargo by preventing the release of frozen funds necessary for Japan to buy oil.

as-delivered BTU

The number of BTUs in a cubic foot of natural gas.

Hydrogen index

The number of hydrogen atoms per unit volume divided by the number of hydrogen atoms per unit volume of pure water at surface conditions

perforation density

The number of perforations per linear foot. This term is used to describe the configuration of perforating guns or the placement of perforations

The high sulfur content produced a rotten egg like scent

The oil being produced in the Lima-Indiana Fields was known as "Skunk Juice" for what reason?

moon pool

The opening in the hull of a drillship or other offshore drilling vessel through which drilling equipment passes.

graveyard tour

The overnight work shift of a drilling crew. Drilling operations usually occur around the clock because of the cost to rent a rig. As a result, there are usually two separate crews working twelve-hour tours to keep the operation going.

operator

The owner of the right to drill or produce a well, or the entity contractually charged with drilling of a test well and production of subsequent wells.

working interest

The owners of this interest are obligated to pay a corresponding percentage of the cost of leasing, drilling, producing and operating a well or unit. After royalties are paid, this interest also entitles its owner to share in production revenues with other working interest owners, based on the percentage of working interest owned.

Coiled tubing unit

The package of equipment required to run a coiled tubing operation. Four basic components are required: the coiled tubing reel to store and transport the coiled tubing string, the injector head to provide the tractive effort to run and retrieve the coiled tubing string, the control cabin from which the equipment operator controls and monitors the operation, and the power pack that generates the necessary hydraulic and pneumatic power required by the other components.

jet nozzle

The part of the bit that includes a hole or opening for drilling fluid to exit. The hole is usually small (around 0.25 in. in diameter) and the pressure of the fluid inside the bit is usually high, leading to a high exit velocity of fluid.

Bit Nozzle

The part of the bit that includes a hole or opening for drilling fluid to exit. The hole is usually small and the pressure of the fluid inside the bit is usually high, leading to a high exit velocity

Virgin zone

The part of the formation that has not been affected by invasion.

Blaine fineness

The particle size or fineness of a cement in cm2/g or m2/kg, usually determined from air permeability tests using a device known as a Blaine permeameter.

Flooding pattern

The particular arrangement of production and injection wells. Common patterns are direct line drive, staggered line drive, two-spot, three-spot, four-spot, five-spot, seven-spot and nine-spot.

farmee

The party that acquires the rights to drill and earn an assignment of the leasehold interest, receiving a farm-in.

farmor

The party that originally owns the leasehold interest and assigns the farmout.

porosity

The percentage of pore volume or void space, or that volume within rock that can contain fluids. Porosity can be a relic of deposition (primary porosity, such as space between grains that were not compacted together completely) or can develop through alteration of the rock (secondary porosity, such as when feldspar grains or fossils are preferentially dissolved from sandstones). Porosity can be generated by the development of fractures, in which case it is called fracture porosity. Effective porosity is the interconnected pore volume in a rock that contributes to fluid flow in a reservoir. It excludes isolated pores. Total porosity is the total void space in the rock whether or not it contributes to fluid flow. Thus, effective porosity is typically less than total porosity. Shale gas reservoirs tend to have relatively high porosity, but the alignment of platy grains such as clays makes their permeability very low.

primary term

The period of time during which an oil and gas lease will be in effect, in the absence of production, drilling or other operations specified by the lease.

Magnetic Reversal Sequence (MRS)

The periodic switching of the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth throughout time, probably as a result of movement of fluid within the Earth's core. The onset and duration of the many episodes of reversed polarity have been documented by examining the polarity of magnetic minerals within rocks of different ages from around the world, particularly in basalts or igneous rocks of the oceanic crust. Oceanic basalts record the Earth's magnetic field as they solidify from molten lava symmetrically on each side of the midoceanic ridges. These data have been compiled to create a time scale known as the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). In the oil field, borehole recordings allow direct correlation to GPTS and well-to-well correlations.

preservation

The phase of a petroleum system after hydrocarbons accumulate in a trap and are subject to degradation, remigration, tectonism or other unfavorable or destructive processes.

apprailas

The phase of petroleum operations that immediately follows successful exploratory drilling. During this phase, delineation wells might be drilled to determine the size of the oil or gas field and how to develop it most efficiently.

production

The phase that occurs after successful exploration and development and during which hydrocarbons are drained from an oil or gas field.

slip

The phenomenon in multiphase flow when one phase flows faster than another phase

sandface

The physical interface between the formation and the wellbore. The diameter of the wellbore at the sandface is one of the dimensions used in production models to assess potential productivity.

gathering lines

The pipes used to transport oil and gas from a field to the main pipeline in the area.

payout

The point at which all costs of leasing, exploring, drilling and operating have been recovered from production of a well or wells as defined by contractual agreement.

Balance point

The point at which the forces acting on a tubing string suspended in a live wellbore are equal. Under these conditions, the weight of the tubing string is balanced by the wellbore pressure acting to expel the string from the wellbore.

gun zero

The point on a gun assembly or perforating string that is used when correlating depth. With use of a surface depth reference or datum point, any convenient point may be used, providing it is applied accurately and consistently.

normal pressure

The pore pressure of rocks that is considered normal in areas in which the change in pressure per unit of depth is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure. The normal hydrostatic pressure gradient for freshwater is 0.433 pounds per square inch per foot (psi/ft), or 9.792 kilopascals per meter (kPa/m), and 0.465 psi/ft for water with 100,000 ppm total dissolved solids (a typical Gulf Coast water), or 10.516 kPa/m.

Crossplot porosity

The porosity obtained by plotting two porosity logs against each other, normally density and neutron porosity.

primary porosity

The porosity preserved from deposition through lithification.

downstroke

The portion of movement of a downhole pump at which the rods are going down and the downhole pump is being filled with fluid.

Cased Hole

The portion of the wellbore that has had metal casing placed and cemented to protect the openhole from fluids, pressures, wellbore stability problems or a combination of these.

cased hole

The portion of the wellbore that has had metal casing placed and cemented to protect the openhole from fluids, pressures, wellbore stability problems or a combination of these.

Collapse pressure

The pressure at which a tube, or vessel, will catastrophically deform as a result of differential pressure acting from outside to inside of the vessel or tube.

Dewpoint

The pressure at which the first condensate liquid comes out of solution in a gas condensate.

Frac gradient

The pressure gradient, generally stated in psi/ft [kPa/m], at which a specific formation interval breaks down and accepts fluid.

injection pressure

The pressure needed to inject fluid into the formation to pressurize or displace hydrocarbons.

pore pressure

The pressure of fluids within the pores of a reservoir, usually hydrostatic pressure, or the pressure exerted by a column of water from the formation's depth to sea level. When impermeable rocks such as shales form as sediments are compacted, their pore fluids cannot always escape and must then support the total overlying rock column, leading to anomalously high formation pressures. Because reservoir pressure changes as fluids are produced from a reservoir, the pressure should be described as measured at a specific time, such as initial reservoir pressure.

pore pressure

The pressure of the subsurface formation fluids, commonly expressed as the density of fluid required in the wellbore to balance that pore pressure

formation pressure

The pressure of the subsurface formation fluids, commonly expressed as the density of fluid required in the wellbore to balance that pore pressure.

reservoir pressure

The pressure of the subsurface formation fluids, commonly expressed as the density of fluid required in the wellbore to balance that pore pressure.

lithostatic pressure

The pressure of the weight of overburden, or overlying rock, on a formation; also called geostatic pressure.

average reservoir pressure

The pressure that would be obtained if all fluid motion ceases in a given volume of reservoir. It also is the pressure to which a well will ultimately rise if shut in for an infinite period.

Bottom Hole Pressure or BHP

The pressure, usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi), at the bottom of the hole. This pressure may be calculated in a static, fluid-filled wellbore with the equation: P = MW * Depth * 0.052

shaker OR shale shaker

The primary and probably most important device on the rig for removing drilled solids from the mud.

Frac gel

The primary fluid used in hydraulic fracturing operations. Several chemical additives generally will be added to this to form a treatment fluid specifically designed for the anticipated wellbore, reservoir and operating conditions.

Invasion

The process by which mud filtrate, and sometimes whole mud, enters a permeable formation. The mud filtrate displaces some or all of the moveable fluids in the formation, leaving an invaded zone.

Diffusion

The process by which particles move over time within a material due to their kinetic motion. Molecular diffusion occurs due to Brownian motion.

metamorphism

The process by which the characteristics of rocks are altered or the rock is recrystallized. Metamorphism of igneous, sedimentary, or preexisting metamorphic rock can produce new metamorphic rock. Such alteration occurs as rocks respond to changes in temperatures, pressures and fluids, commonly along the edges of colliding lithospheric plates. The pressures and temperatures at which metamorphism occurs are higher than those of diagenesis, but no clear boundary between the two has been established.

lithification

The process by which unconsolidated sediments become sedimentary rock. Sediments typically are derived from preexisting rocks by weathering, transported and redeposited, and then buried and compacted by overlying sediments. Cementation causes the sediments to harden, or lithify, into rock.

Flowback

The process of allowing fluids to flow from the well following a treatment, either in preparation for a subsequent phase of treatment or in preparation for cleanup and returning the well to production.

sieve analysis

The process of analyzing the size distribution of a sand or gravel sample. In sand-control applications, a sample of formation sand is shaken through a series of sieves of known size. The resulting distribution is then used to design an appropriate treatment that will retain the sand, while causing a minimal restriction to production.

Depth correlation

The process of comparing and fixing measured depths with known features on baseline logs of the wellbore tubulars and the surrounding formation.

depth correlation

The process of comparing and fixing measured depths with known features on baseline logs of the wellbore tubulars and the surrounding formation.

Bit Trip

The process of pulling the drillstring out of the wellbore for the purpose of changing a worn or underperforming drill bit.

embrittlement

The process whereby steel components become less resistant to breakage and generally much weaker in tensile strength.

Hydrogen embrittlement

The process whereby steel components become less resistant to breakage and generally much weaker in tensile strength. On a molecular level, hydrogen ions work their way between the grain boundaries of the steel, where hydrogen ions recombine into molecular hydrogen [H2], taking up more space and weakening the bonds between the grains. The formation of molecular hydrogen can cause sudden metal failure due to cracking when the metal is subjected to tensile stress.

1600 - 18000 BPD

The production of oil in Persia increased by how much between 1912-1918?

absorption

The property of some liquids or solids to soak up water or other fluids.

adsorption

The property of some solids and liquids to attract a liquid or a gas to their surfaces.

participating interest

The proportion of exploration and production costs each party will bear and the proportion of production each party will receive, as set out in an operating agreement.

Bearden units of consistency or Bc

The pumpability or consistency of a slurry, measured in Bearden units of consistency, a dimensionless quantity with no direct conversion factor to more common units of viscosity

Batch treatment

The pumping of a specific amount of treatment fluid, such as cement slurry, stimulation fluid, well completion fluid or chemical corrosion inhibitor.

oil-prone

The quality of a source rock that makes it more likely to generate oil than gas. The nature of the organic matter (kerogen) in source rocks varies from coaly, plant-like material commonly found in terrestrial source rocks to algal or other marine material that makes up marine source rocks. Marine source rocks are commonly oil-prone.

pipeline capacity

The quantity (volume) of oil and gas required to maintain a full pipeline.

Cation exchange capacity

The quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g.

base exchange

The quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g.

perforation phasing

The radial distribution of successive perforating charges around the gun axis.

Z/A effect

The ratio of the electron density to the bulk density. The electron density is equal to the bulk density multiplied by 2Z/A where Z is the average atomic number and A is the average atomic weight of the formation.

compression ratio

The ratio of the volume of an engines cylinder at the beginning of the compression to its volume at the end of the compression process.

condensate ratio

The ratio of the volume of liquid produced to the volume of gas produced.

dynamometer card or dynagraph.

The record made by the dynamometer. An analysis of this survey may reveal a defective pump, leaky tubing, inadequate balance of the pumping unit, a partially plugged mud anchor, gas locking of the pump or an undersized pumping unit.

lost circulation OR lost returns

The reduced or total absence of fluid flow up the annulus when fluid is pumped through the drillstring. Though the definitions of different operators vary, this reduction of flow may generally be classified as seepage (less than 20 bbl/hr [3 m3/hr]), partial lost returns (greater than 20 bbl/hr [3 m3/hr] but still some returns), and total lost returns (where no fluid comes out of the annulus).

mechanical skin

The reduction in permeability in the near-wellbore area resulting from mechanical factors such as the displacement of debris that plugs the perforations or formation matrix. Such damage in the near-wellbore area can have a significant effect on the productivity of a well.

asthenosphere

The relatively plastic layer of the upper mantle of the Earth on which the tectonic plates of the lithosphere move. It is approximately 200 km [124 miles] thick and, owing to its depth below the Earth's surface, warm (~ 1400 oC) [2640 oF] but not molten.

rig floor

The relatively small work area in which the rig crew conducts operations, usually adding or removing drillpipe to or from the drillstring.

derrick floor OR rig floor

The relatively small work area in which the rig crew conducts operations, usually adding or removing drillpipe to or from the drillstring. It is the most dangerous location on the rig because heavy iron is moved around there. Drillstring connections are made or broken on the this location, and the driller's console for controlling the major components of the rig are located there.

company man OR company representative

The representative of the oil company or operator on a drilling location. For land operations, he/she is responsible for operational issues on the location, including the safety and efficiency of the project.

Geometrical factor

The response of a logging measurement as a function of distance from the tool

relinquishment

The return of part or all of a lease or concession to a lessor, farmor or host government. The return may be voluntary or compelled contractually.

rotary table

The revolving or spinning section of the drillfloor that provides power to turn the drillstring in a clockwise direction (as viewed from above). The rotary motion and power are transmitted through the kelly bushing and the kelly to the drillstring.

preferential right to operate

The right that a party has reserved or acquired to operate a lease, well, unit and/or concession.

preferential right to purchase

The right that nonselling participating parties have in a lease, well or unit to proportionately acquire the interest that a participating party proposes to sell to a third party.

right of first refusal

The right that other parties to a lease, well, unit and/or concession have to acquire the interest that a selling party owns prior to selling to any third party.

back-in

The right to receive a reversionary interest at some future time, upon fulfillment of contractually specified conditions.

basement

The rock layer below which economic hydrocarbon reservoirs are not expected to be found. It is usually older, deformed igneous or metamorphic rocks, which seldom develops the porosity and permeability necessary to serve as a hydrocarbon reservoir, and below which sedimentary rocks are not common.

Acid tank

The rubber-lined vessel used to transport raw or concentrated acid to the wellsite. Some acid additives attack or degrade rubber. Consequently, acid treatment fluids are not generally mixed or transported in acid tanks, but are instead mixed in special batch tanks or continuously mixed as the treatment is pumped.

crushed zone

The rubblized or damaged zone surrounding a perforation tunnel where the action of the perforating charge or bullet has altered the formation structure and permeability.

crushed zone

The rubblized rock just below the tooth of a rock bit.

crushed zone

The rubblized rock just below the tooth of a rock bit. Rock in this zone fails due to the high compressive stress placed on it by the bit tooth (in the case of a roller-cone bit).

assignment

The sale, transfer or conveyance of all or a fraction of ownership interest or rights owned in real estate or other such property. The term is commonly used in the oil and gas business to convey working interest, leases, royalty, overriding royalty interest and net profits interest.

aluminum stearate

The salt of aluminum hydroxide and stearic acid (saturated C-18 fatty acid) with the formula Al(O2C18H35)3. It is a grease-like solid. When mixed with oil (for example, diesel oil) and the mixture sprayed onto the surface of a foamy water mud, it helps the gas bubbles break out of the mud.

Cartridge

The section of a wireline logging tool that contains the telemetry, the electronics and power supplies for the measurement, as distinct from the sonde that contains the measurement sensors.

perforated interval

The section of wellbore that has been prepared for production by creating channels between the reservoir formation and the wellbore.

severance

The separation of mineral and/or royalty interest from fee-simple title. This separation is usually accomplished by reservation in a deed or assignment or by conveyance in mineral or royalty deed, assignment or lease.

Christmas tree

The set of valves, spools and fittings connected to the top of a well to direct and control the flow offormation fluids from the well.

tank bottoms

The settlings -- sediment, dirt, oil emulsified with water and free water -- that accumulate in the bottom of storage tanks.

monkey board

The small platform that the derrickman stands on when tripping pipe.

prime mover

The source of power for the rig location. On modern rigs, they consists of one to four or more diesel engines.

standoff

The space between the shaped charge and the internal surface of the perforating gun body.

Annulus (Annuli)

The space between two concentric objects, such as between the wellbore and casing or between casing and tubing, where fluid can flow. Pipe may consist of drill collars, drillpipe, casing or tubing.

Annular Velocity

The speed at which drilling fluid or cement moves in the annulus. It is important to monitor this speed to ensure that the hole is being properly cleaned of cuttings, cavings and other debris while avoiding erosion of the borehole wall.

drilling rate

The speed at which the drill bit can break the rock under it and thus deepen the wellbore. This speed is usually reported in units of feet per hour or meters per hour.

penetration rate

The speed at which the drill bit can break the rock under it and thus deepen the wellbore. This speed is usually reported in units of feet per hour or meters per hour.

bottomhole circulating temperature

The temperature at the bottom of a well while fluid is being circulated, abbreviated BHCT. This is the temperature used for most tests of cement slurry in a liquid state (such as thickening time and fluid loss).

Apparent viscosity

The viscosity of a fluid measured at the shear rate specified by API.

exit velocity

The speed the drilling fluid attains when accelerated through bit nozzles, typically in the low-hundreds of feet per second.

maturity

The state of a source rock with respect to its ability to generate oil or gas. As a source rock begins to mature, it generates gas. As an oil-prone source rock matures, the generation of heavy oils is succeeded by medium and light oils. Above a temperature of approximately 100 oC [212 oF], only dry gas is generated, and incipient metamorphism is imminent. The maturity of a source rock reflects the ambient pressure and temperature as well as the duration of conditions favorable for hydrocarbon generation.

dynamic positioning

The stationing of a vessel, especially a drillship or semisubmersible drilling rig, at a specific location in the sea by the use of computer-controlled propulsion units called thrusters.

dog house

The steel-sided room adjacent to the rig floor, usually having an access door close to the driller's controls. This general-purpose shelter is a combination tool shed, office, communications center, coffee room, lunchroom and general meeting place for the driller and his crew.

mast

The structure used to support the crown block and the drillstring. They are usually rectangular or trapezoidal in shape and offer a very good stiffness, important to land rigs whose said structure is laid down when the rig is moved. They suffer from being heavier than conventional derricks and consequently are not usually found in offshore environments, where weight is more of a concern than in land operations.

derrick

The structure used to support the crown blocks and the drillstring of a drilling rig. It is usually pyramidal in shape, and offer a good strength-to-weight ratio.

lithostratigraphy

The study and correlation of strata to elucidate Earth history on the basis of their lithology, or the nature of the well log response, mineral content, grain size, texture and color of rocks.

palynology

The study of fossilized remnants of microscopic entities having organic walls, such as pollen, spores and cysts from algae. Changes in the Earth through time can be documented by studying the distribution of spores and pollen. Well log and other correlations are enhanced by incorporating palynology. Palynology also has utility in forensics.

paleontology

The study of fossilized, or preserved, remnants of plant and animal life. Changes in the Earth through time can be documented by observing changes in the fossils in successive strata and the environments in which they formed or were preserved. Fossils can also be compared with their extant relatives to assess evolutionary changes. Correlations of strata can be aided by studying their fossil content, a discipline called biostratigraphy.

micropaleontology

The study of microfossils too small to be seen without the use of a microscope. Marine microfossils such as foraminifera are important for stratigraphic correlation.

driller

The supervisor of the rig crew. He/she is responsible for the efficient operation of the rigsite as well as the safety of the crew and typically has many years of rigsite experience.

shut-in pressure (SIP)

The surface force per unit area exerted at the top of a wellbore when it is closed at either the Christmas tree or the BOP stack.

Fishing neck

The surface on which a fishing tool engages when retrieving tubing, tools or equipment stuck or lost in a wellbore. Tools and equipment that are temporarily installed in a wellbore are generally equipped with a profile to enable the running and retrieval tools to reliably engage and release.

aerated layer

The surface or near-surface, unconsolidated sedimentary layer that has been subject to weathering and whose pores are air-filled instead of liquid-filled. The layer typically has a low seismic velocity.

wellhead

The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase. This device also incorporates a means of hanging the production tubing and installing the Christmas tree and surface flow-control facilities in preparation for the production phase of the well.

lithologic contact

The surface that separates rock bodies of different lithologies, or rock types. A contact can be conformable or unconformable depending upon the types of rock, their relative ages and their attitudes. A fault surface can also serve as a contact.

Critical micelle concentration (CMC)

The surfactant concentration at which ordered aggregates of surfactant molecules known as micelles form and the the Gibbs Freen energy of the system is lowered.

selective firing

The technique of selectively firing successive perforating guns arranged in a multiple gun assembly. This method is used when several intervals are to be perforated in one run and when the gun assembly must be relocated before the guns are fired.

Bottomhole Circulating Temperature (BHCT)

The temperature of the circulating fluid (air, mud, cement or water) at the bottom of the wellbore after several hours of circulation. This temperature is lower than the bottomhole static temperature.

Bottomhole Static Temperature or BHST

The temperature of the undisturbed formation at the final depth in a well. The formation cools during drilling and most of the cooling dissipates after about 24 hours of static conditions, although it is theoretically impossible for the temperature to return to undisturbed conditions. This temperature is measured under static conditions after sufficient time has elapsed to negate any effects from circulating fluids

gravity segregation

The tendency of fluids to stratify into different layers because of gravity forces.

secondary term

The term of an oil and gas lease in which the lease is held in force after expiration of the primary term. Production, operations, continuous drilling and/or shut-in royalty payments are often used to extend an oil and gas lease into this term.

onlap

The termination of shallowly dipping, younger strata against more steeply dipping, older strata, or the termination of low-angle reflections in seismic data against steeper reflections. Onlap is a particular pattern of reflections in seismic data that, according to principles of sequence stratigraphy, occurs during periods of transgression.

bed thickness

The thickness of a layer or stratum of sedimentary rock measured perpendicular to its lateral extent, presuming deposition on a horizontal surface. Because sediment deposition can occur on inclined surfaces, apparent or measured thickness might differ from true thickness. The thickness of a given bed often varies along its extent.

casing collar

The threaded collar used to connect two joints of casing.

casing collar

The threaded collar used to connect two joints of casing. The resultingconnection must provide adequate mechanical strength to enable the casing string to be run and cemented in place

tubing thread

The threaded connection used to assemble the tubing string from individual tubing joints.

Rotterdam, Netherlands

The toluol exporting factory was built where by the end of 1914 instead of Britain due to British resistance to believe that toluol a key ingredient in making explosive TNT could be extracted from Shell's Borneo Crude.

Bit

The tool used to crush or cut rock. Most of these work by scraping or crushing the rock, or both, usually as part of a rotational motion.

swab valve

The topmost valve on a Christmas tree that provides vertical access to the wellbore.

government take

The total amount of revenue that a host government receives from production. This amount can include taxes, royalties and government participation.

hook load

The total force pulling down on the hook. This total force includes the weight of the drillstring in air, the drill collars and any ancillary equipment, reduced by any force that tends to reduce that weight.

gross production

The total production of oil, gas or water from a well or field over a specific period of time.

Acid job, acid stimulation, acidize, matrix stimulation, matrix acidizing

The treatment of a reservoir formation with a stimulation fluid containing a reactive acid. In sandstone formations, the acid reacts with the soluble substances in the formation matrix to enlarge the pore spaces.

tail pipe

The tubulars and completion components run below a production packer. This device may be included in a completion design for several reasons. It can provide a facility for plugs and other temporary flow-control devices, improve downhole hydraulic characteristics, and provide a suspension point for downhole gauges and monitoring equipment.

open hole

The uncased portion of a well.

bottomhole static temperature

The undisturbed temperature at the bottom of a well. After circulation and after the well is shut in, the temperature approaches this value after about 24 to 36 hours, depending on the well conditions.

plate tectonics

The unifying geologic theory developed to explain observations that interactions of the brittle plates of the lithosphere with each other and with the softer underlying asthenosphere result in large-scale changes in the Earth. The theory of plate tectonics initially stemmed from observations of the shapes of the continents, particularly South America and Africa, which fit together like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle and have similar rocks and fossils despite being separated by a modern ocean. As lithospheric plates heat up or cool down depending on their position, or their tectonic environment, relative to each other and to warmer areas deeper within the Earth, they become relatively more or less dense than the asthenosphere and thus tend to rise as molten magma or sink in cold, brittle slabs or slide past each other. Mountain belts can form during plate collisions or an orogeny; diverging plates or rifts can create new midoceanic ridges; plates that slide past one another create transform fault zones (such as the San Andreas fault); and zones of subduction occur where one lithospheric plate moves beneath another. Plate tectonic theory can explain such phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic or other igneous activity, midoceanic ridges and the relative youth of the oceanic crust, and the formation of sedimentary basins on the basis of their relationships to lithospheric plate boundaries. Convection of the mantle is postulated to be the driving mechanism for the movement of lithospheric plates. Measurements of the continents using the Global Positioning System confirm the relative motions of plates. Age determinations of the oceanic crust confirm that such crust is much younger than that of the continents and has been recycled by the process of subduction and regenerated at midoceanic ridges.

Vee-Door

The upside down V-shaped opening in one side of the derrick that enables long pipes and tools to be lifted into the interior of the derrick. This opening is aligned with the slide and catwalk of the rig

Burn over

The use of a mill or burn shoe to remove the outside area of a permanent downhole tool or fish. This provides a profile on which fishing or retrieval tools can be engaged to pull the obstruction from the wellbore.

milling

The use of a mill or similar downhole tool to cut and remove material from equipment or tools located in the wellbore.

coiled tubing drilling

The use of coiled tubing with downhole mud motors to turn the bit to deepen a wellbore.

Foam diversion

The use of foam as a diverting agent during staged stimulation treatments. Stable foam is relatively viscous and the effect within a reservoir matrix can be used to divert subsequent acid stages from the zones already treated.

jet perforating

The use of shaped explosive charges to create perforation tunnels. The explosive charge produces an extremely high-pressure jet that penetrates the casing or liner to shoot into the reservoir formation.

tubing-conveyed perforating

The use of tubing, drillpipe or coiled tubing to convey perforating guns to the required depth. Initially, the technique was developed as a means for conveying the gun string on the production tubing, with the guns remaining in the well until they are removed during the first workover.

Milankovitch cycles

The variation of the Earth's exposure to the sun's rays, or insolation, that results from variations in the orbit of the Earth and the tilt of its axis, and that might affect climate, sea level and sedimentation. Such variations are thought to occur in distinct time periods on the order of thousands of years. Ice ages might be a consequence of Milankovitch cycles. Milutin Milankovitch (1879 to 1958) was a Yugoslavian mathematician and physicist who specialized in studies of solar radiation and the orbit of the Earth.

superficial velocity

The velocity of fluid moving through a pipe, defined as the volumetric flow rate of that fluid divided by the cross-sectional area.

hydrostatic head

The vertical height of a fluid column, regardless of the length or other dimensions of that fluid column. For example, a deviated wellbore has a longer length than vertical depth. The veritical height of a fluid column at any point in that wellbore is not a function of its measured depth (MD) along the wellbore axis, but rather its vertical distance or true vertical depth (TVD) to the surface.

erosion

The wearing away of material, usually rock or steel, by the continuous abrasive action of a solids-laden slurry.

overburden

The weight of overlying rock. Rock overlying an area or point of interest in the subsurface.

daylight tour

The work shift of a drilling crew that commences at about the sunrise hour. Drilling operations usually take place around the clock because of the cost to rent a rig. As a result, there are usually two separate crews working twelve-hour tours to keep the operation going.

evening tour

The work shift of a drilling crew that starts in the evening or late afternoon. Drilling operations usually occur around the clock because of the cost to rent a rig. As a result, there are usually two separate crews working twelve-hour tours to keep the operation going.

morning tour

The work shift of a drilling crew that starts in the morning. Drilling operations usually occur around the clock because of the cost to rent a rig. As a result, there are usually two separate crews working twelve-hour tours to keep the operation going.

fingerboard

The working platform approximately halfway up the derrick or mast in which the derrickman stores drillpipe and drill collars in an orderly fashion during trips out of the hole. The entire platform consists of a small section from which the derrickman works (called the monkeyboard), and several steel fingers with slots between them that keep the tops of the drillpipe in place.

farmout

This agreement often stipulates that the other party must drill a well to a certain depth, at a specified location, within a certain time frame; furthermore, the well typically must be completed as a commercial producer to earn an assignment. The assignor of the interest usually reserves a specified overriding royalty interest, with the option to convert the overriding royalty interest to a specified working interest upon payout of drilling and production expenses, otherwise known as a back-in after payout (BIAPO).

Escape Line or Geronimo Line

This cable provides a rapid escape path for the derrickman should well conditions or massive mechanical failure warrant. It is a steel cable attached to the rig derrick or mast near the work platform for the derrickman. This cable is anchored at surface level away from the mast in a loose catenary profile, and fitted with a handle and hand brake that is stored at the top.

Henry Ford

This chief engineer of the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit quit his job so that he could design, manufacture, and sell a gasoline-powered vehicle that he named after himself.

Phillips Petroleum Company

This company was created by Frank Phillips, who as an ex-barber and ex-bond salesman and banker was adept at overcoming skepticism among investors. By the mid-1920s, Phillips and his brother transformed the company into one of the major independents in the same league as Gulf and Texas Company. Name the company.

barite

This compound is commonly used to add weight to drilling fluid. It is of significance to petrophysicists because excess of this compound can require a correction factor in some well log measurements.

Columbia (+8.0%)

This country had the largest gain in proven oil reserves between 2012-2013. Name this country, and the percentage share of increase.

Denmark (-8.6%)

This country had the largest loss in proven oil reserves between 2012-2013. Name this country, and the percentage share of the drop.

authority for expenditure (AFE)

This document usually prepared by the operator, to list estimated expenses of drilling a well to a specified depth, casing point or geological objective, and then either completing or abandoning the well.

Theodore Roosevelt

This president first used the term muckraker.

flush production

This production style often damages the reservoir, leading to premature exhaustion of gas pressure and thus far less recovery.

nonparticipating royalty

This royalty is paid to nonparticipating interest holders who do not share or participate in bonus or rentals, or a right to explore, or a right to execute oil and gas leases.

progressivism

This spirit of reform aimed towards political reform, consumer protection, social justice, better working conditions and the control and regulation of big business.

new Jersey

This state, seeking to make its business environment hospitable for trusts, saw standard oil transfer a large stock to its branch in this state. Its capitalization increased from $10 million to $110 in 1899

Micropaleontology

This technique provided clues to the type and relative ages of sediments thousands of feet underground. Name this technique.

slug

This term normally refers to the heavier, slower moving fluid, but sometimes to the bubbles of lighter fluid.

abrasion test

This test measures weight loss of a specially shaped, stainless-steel mixer blade after 20 minutes at 11,000 rpm running in a laboratory-prepared mud sample.

Biot theory

This theory shows that the composite properties can be determined from the porosity and the elastic properties (density and moduli) of the fluid, the solid material, and the empty rock skeleton, or framework. Unlike the Gassmann model, this theory takes into account frequency variations, and allows for relative motion between fluid and rock framework.

Cementing Operations

This type of operations may be undertaken to seal the annulus after a casing string has been run, to seal a lost circulation zone, to set a plug in an existing well from which to push off with directional tools or to plug a well so that it may be abandoned.

space out

To assemble components to ensure that all critical length dimensions are met, as is required to ensure that the production tubing can be landed in the wellhead and production packer with the desired weight distribution. The term also may apply to surface pressure-control equipment offshore, where well intervention equipment may be required at certain deck levels.

correlate

To compare and fix measured depths with known features on baseline logs of the wellbore tubulars and the surrounding formation.

run in hole (RIH)

To connect pipe together and lower the connected length into the borehole in a controlled fashion. The pipe lengths are usually screwed together either with rotary-shouldered connections for the drillstring, or threaded and coupled connections for casing, liners and most tubing. (ANTONYM come out of the hole)

tag

To contact, or tag, a known reference point or obstruction in the wellbore with the tubing string, wirelineor other intervention equipment.

log

To continuously measure formation properties with electrically powered instruments to infer properties and make decisions about drilling and production operations. The record of the measurements, typically a long strip of paper, is also similarly named. Measurements include electrical properties (resistivity and conductivity at various frequencies), sonic properties, active and passive nuclear measurements, dimensional measurements of the wellbore, formation fluid sampling, formation pressure measurement, wireline-conveyed sidewall coring tools, and others.

quitclaim

To convey whatever interests a grantor has at the time this particular instrument is executed. The grantor does this without warranty of title, either express or implied.

perforate

To create holes in the casing or liner to achieve efficient communication between the reservoir and the wellbore.

perforate overbalanced

To create holes in the liner or casing under conditions in which the hydrostatic pressure inside the casing or liner is greater than the reservoir pressure. When the perforation is made, there will be a tendency for the wellbore fluid to flow into the reservoir formation.

perforate underbalance

To create holes in the liner or casing under conditions in which the hydrostatic pressure inside the casing or liner is less than the reservoir pressure. When the perforation is made, there will be a tendency for the reservoir fluid to flow into the wellbore.

make hole

To deepen a wellbore with the drill bit. To drill ahead.

Underream

To enlarge a wellbore past its original drilled size. This is sometimes done for safety or efficiency reasons. Some well planners believe it is safer to drill unknown shallow formations with a small-diameter bit, and if no gas is encountered, to then enlarge the pilot hole.

ream

To enlarge a wellbore. Perhaps the most common reason for performing this process to a section of a hole is that the hole was not drilled as large as it should have been at the outset.

Bleed off

To equalize or relieve pressure from a vessel or system. At the conclusion of high-pressure tests or treatments, the pressure within the treatment lines and associated systems must be bled off safely to enable subsequent phases of the operation to continue.

Break Circulation

To establish circulation of drilling fluids after a period of static conditions. Circulation may resume after a short break, such as taking a survey or making a mousehole connection, or after a prolonged interruption, such as after a round trip.

stab in

To guide and engage components that are designed to couple, such as a seal assembly in a sealborepacker.

unload

To initiate flow from a reservoir by removing the column of kill fluid from the wellbore. Several methods of '''' the well are used, including circulation of lower density fluid, nitrogen lifting and swabbing. The method used will depend on the completion design, reservoir characteristics and local availability.

Bridge

To intentionally or accidentally plug off pore spaces or fluid paths in a rock formation, or to make a restriction in a wellbore or annulus. It may be partial or total, and is usually caused by solids (drilled solids, cuttings, cavings or junk) becoming lodged together in a narrow spot or geometry change in the wellbore.

rig up

To make rig ready for use. Equipment must typically be moved onto the rig floor, assembled and connected to power sources or pressurized piping systems

strap

To measure the dimensions of an oil tank, such as external diameter and height, using a steel tape. Once the measurements are recorded, they may be used to prepare tank tables, which describe tank capacity.

shoot a well

To perforate a wellbore in preparation for production.

racking back pipe

To place a stand of drillpipe in the derrick when coming out of the hole on a trip.

stab

To place the male threads of a piece of the drillstring, such as a joint of drillpipe, into the mating female threads, prior to making up tight.

come out of the hole OR pull out the hole OR trip out

To remove the drillstring from the wellbore.

dehydrate

To remove water from a substance. The substance may be crude oil, natural gas or natural gas liquids (NGL).

Clean out

To remove wellbore-fill material such as sand, scale or organic materials, and other debris from the wellbore. Many reservoirs produce some sand or fines that may not be carried to surface in the produced fluid.

slip and cut

To replace the drilling line wrapped around the crown block and traveling block. As a precaution against drilling line failure due to fatigue, the work done by the drilling line is closely monitored and limited.

plate out

To stay on the surface of the formation or a perforation tunnel. When, for example, bead tracers are injected into a well, they will be carried by the injection fluid. Instead of entering the formation with the fluid, they will be held, like plates, on the surface.

kill

To stop a well from flowing or having the ability to flow into the wellbore. Typically involves circulating reservoirfluids out of the wellbore or pumping higher density mud into the wellbore, or both.

wait on cement

To suspend operations while a cement slurry to develops sufficient compressive strength to allow drilling or other wellbore activity to continue. The '' '' '' time is generally used to test the surface pressure-control equipment, such as the BOP stack. Attempting to drill out the float or guide shoe before the cement has developed sufficient bond strength may result in backing off a casing joint.

nipple down

To take apart, disassemble and otherwise prepare to move the rig or blowout preventers.

pinch out

To taper to a zero edge.

make up

To tighten threaded connections.

swab

To unload liquids from the production tubing to initiate flow from the reservoir.

Break Out

To unscrew drillstring components, which are coupled by various threadforms known as connections, including tool joints and other threaded connections.

shoot a level

To use a special acoustic device to determine the fluid level in a conduit or annular space. The principle of operation relies on accurately recording the time taken for a return echo to be bounced from the fluid in contained area.

President Calvin Coolidge

To whom did Henry Doherty turn to in 1924 order to express his views on increase in production technology and Federal government monitoring of proper production control. Doherty argued that wasteful production will immobilize the nation.

a

Tortuosity factor is represented by what symbol

Chrome tubing

Tubing manufactured from an alloy containing a high proportion of chrome, typically greater than 13%. This is classified as a corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) and is used where the wellbore conditions or reservoir fluid create a corrosive environment that conventional tubing cannot safely withstand.

1192.9 trillion cubic feet

What is Iran's proven gas reserves at the end of 2013 in trillion cubic feet?

drill pipe

Tubular steel conduit fitted with special threaded ends called tool joints. They are used to connect the rig surface equipment with the bottomhole assembly and the bit, both to pump drilling fluid to the bit and to be able to raise, lower and rotate the bottomhole assembly and bit

green gas

Untreated gas that leaves the well. This gas could contain impurities such as water, carbon dioxide [CO2], nitrogen [N2] and hydrogen sulfide [H2S], which will be removed in treating facilities.

millions of years before present

What is MYBP

brine (clear brine)

Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical seawater.

clear brine

Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical seawater. Saline liquid usually used in completion operations and, increasingly, when penetrating a pay zone.

brine

Water containing salts in solution, such as sodium, calcium or bromides.

injection water

Water injected into the reservoir to pressurize and displace hydrocarbons to producing wells.

Clay bound water

Water within the clay lattice or near the surface within the electrical double layer. This water does not move when fluid is flowed through the rock.

muckrakers

Wealth Against Commonwealth, by Henry Demarest Lloyd (1894) sparked a journalistic movement of fearless journalist set out to investigate the evils and ills of society. These writers, who set the progressive agenda, were to become known as " ".

Newly developed seismic technology

What allowed occidental to find the deposits of oil in idris field?

Classes of API cement are A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.

What are the different classes of API cement?

Mineral hardness, particle size and shape are the main parameters that affect abrasiveness of weighting materials.

What are the main parameters that affect abrasiveness of weighting materials?

Crown Block and Traveling Block

What are the two large block on a drilling rig called? These are a set of pulleys used to gain mechanical advantage in lifting or dragging heavy objects

electrical detonators and percussion detonators.

What are the types of detonator?

Expressed in units of feet per minute or, less commonly, meters per minute.

What are the units for Annular Velocity?

Acetylene

What chemical is commonly used as a tracer gas for the Carbide Lag Test?

barite

What compound is described by the chemical formula BaSO4?

Keeping the peace amongst the Arab sheiks and putting down pirates

What did Britain first do in the Persian Gulf?

Abbreviation for American Petroleum Institute

What does API stand for?

Until 2001, ASTM was an acronym for the American Society for Testing and Materials, but the organization changed its name to ASTM International to reflect its global scope as a forum for development of international voluntary consensus standards

What does ASTM stand for?

Abbreviation for billion cubic feet, a unit of measurement for large volumes of natural gas.

What does BCF stand for?

bottomhole circulating temperature

What does BHCT stand for?

Abbreviation for barrels of liquid per day, usually used in reference to total production of oil and water from a well.

What does BLPD stand for?

biochemical oxygen demand

What does BOD stand for?

Abbreviation for barrels of water per day, a common unit of measurement for the daily volume of produced water.

What does BWPD stand for?

casing collar locator

What does CCL stand for?

free-water knockout

What does FWKO stand for?

Abbreviation for gas/liquid ratio, the ratio of produced gas to produced liquids (oil and water).

What does GLR stand for?

Abbreviation for gas/oil ratio, the ratio of produced gas to produced oil.

What does GOR stand for?

Abbreviation for liquefied natural gas.

What does LNG stand for?

Abbreviation for liquefied petroleum gas.

What does LPG stand for?

Abbreviation for million standard cubic feet, a common measure for volume of gas. Standard conditions are normally set at 60oF and 14.7 psia.

What does MMscf stand for?

Abbreviation for a thousand standard cubic feet per day, a common measure for volume of gas. Standard conditions are normally set at 60oF and 14.7 psia.

What does Mscfd stand for?

Abbreviation for natural gas liquids.

What does NGL stand for?

Abbreviation for synthetic natural gas

What does SNG stand for?

Abbreviation for stock tank barrel.

What does STB stand for?

Abbreviation for Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

What does TAPS stands for?

tubing-conveyed perforating

What does TCP stand for?

Abbreviation for ultralarge crude carrier.

What does ULCC stand for?

very large crude carrier

What does VLCC stand for?

authority for expenditure

What does the acronym AFE stand for?

held by production

What does the acronym HBP stand for?

technical evaluation agreement

What does the acronym TEA stand for?

Such expenses may include excavation and surface site preparation, the daily rental rate of a drilling rig, costs of fuel, drillpipe, bits, casing, cement and logging, and coring and testing of the well, among others.

What expenses are included in the AFE?

Such costs typically cover the plugging of wells; removal of well equipment, production tanks and associated installations; and surface remediation.

What expenses are included in the abandonment costs?

Babylon and Jericho

What famous middle eastern cities walls were bound with bitumen?

Pounds of coffee presented in a mini oil barrel

What gift did Erwin Rommel receive on Christmas Eve of 1942 from his company's headquarters which evidently summed up the most serious problem of the war even on that day?

Geological anomaly resulted in an estimated 6000 barrels of oil seeping out and bubbling to the surface.

What happened in January 6, 1969 during the drilling of an offshore well in the Santa Barbara channel?

The Great Depression

What happened in October of 1929 which would spell unemployment, poverty, and hardship throughout the nation.

Located in Wyoming, the Teapot Dome is a name given to the shape of a geological structure, it was one of three oilfields that had been set aside as "naval oil reserves" by the Taft and Wilson Administrations during pre-WWI

What is the Teapot Dome?

44.2 billion barrels, 2.6%

What is the United State's total proven oil reserves and the percentage of total world oil reserves?

66.5 billion cubic feet per day

What is the United States natural gas production in billion cubic feet per day?

44.2 billion barrels

What is the United States proven oil reserves in barrels at the end of 2013?

330 trillion cubic feet

What is the United States' proven gas reserves at the end of 2013 in trillion cubic feet?

7.1 sq.in.

What is the filtering area of the filter medium for an API fluid loss test.

API gravity = (141.5/SG at 60°F) - 131.5, where SG is the specific gravity of the fluid.

What is the formula for API gravity?

Background Gas or BGG

What is the name given to gas that is liberated downhole while drilling through a uniform lithologic interval at a constant rate of penetration. The gas is typically obtained from a suction line above the gas trap located immediately upstream of the shale shaker screens, where the gas evolves out of the mud.

Air Drilling

What is the name given to the technique whereby gases (typically compressed air or nitrogen) are used to cool the drill bit and lift cuttings out of the wellbore, instead of the more conventional use of liquids?

Pure barium sulfate has a specific gravity of 4.50 g/cm3, but drilling-grade barite is expected to have a specific gravity of at least 4.20 g/cm3 to meet API specifications.

What is the specific gravity of barite?

green "T" superimposed on the red star

What is the symbol of Texaco, as of 1906?

Yield Point (YP)

What is the threshold stress called in the Bingham plastic model?

1.687 trillion barrels

What is the total world proven oil reserves at the end of 2013?

British Petroleum

What large purchase did Charles Greenway make from the British government in attempt to creating an integrated oil company with Anglo-Persian.

Shear Rate

What needs to be defined in order for a viscosity measurement to be meaningful?

Seneca Oil Company

What new company did Drake's investors create upon his perfect of the title to the prospective oil land?

Plastic viscosity (PV)

What parameter describes the slope of the line describing the shear-stress, shear-rate relationship in the Bingham plastic model?

Fineness of a cement affects the hydration rate (setting) and the requirements for the amounts of water, retarder and dispersant.

What parameters are affected by the fineness of a cement?

Attack on Pearl Harbor

What significant event took place at 7:55 A.M on December 7, 1941, which immediately led to the United States entering WWII?

1. Response to the judicial and political attacks of the late 1870s and early 80s. 2. Mortality and inheritance would lead to controversy and confusion for Rockefeller and his partners.

What two reasons lead to the Standard Oil Trust Agreement of 1882?

A volume of 350 cm3 or 42 US gallons.

What volume represents a barrel equivalent?

The Taxi Armada

What was General Gallieni's inspiration on September 6, 1914 for the mass transport of troops from one location to another known as?

29.6 million barrels and 0.8 million barrels

What was Japan's oil fuel inventories in 1937 and 1945 respectively?

Growth of automobiles

What was another reason besides the war in Europe in the early 20th century that caused oil demand to outstrip the supply?

building mortar, road making, medicine

What was bitumen used for in the ancient middle east?

Shortage of liquid fuel

What was considered to be Japan's Achilles' heel during the Pacific War?

17.28 million BPD

What was the average daily oil production in barrels per day in Europe in 2013?

16.83 million BPD

What was the average daily oil production in barrels per day in North America in 2013?

28.36 million BPD

What was the average daily oil production in barrels per day in the Middle East in 2013?

10 million BPD

What was the daily average oil production in the United States in 2013?

The physical environment in the isolated North

What was the great obstacle to development in the Prudhoe bay?

Germany ran short of oil in their quest for oil

What was the irony in 1942 during Germany's invasion of the Russia in Operation Blau?

The oilfields in Baku

What was the main objective of General Erwin Rommel's conquest through Tripoli, El Alamein, Palestine, Iraq, and Iran?

US limiting oil supplies to Japan

What was the main reason behind the attack on Pearl harbor by the Japanese in 1941?

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

What was the name given to Japan's imperial expansion in East Asia where it would exclude Western powers?

Manchukuo and Pu Yi

What was the name given to Japan's new puppet state in Manchuria and which deposed Chinese emperor served as its figurehead?

Malmedy Massacre

What was the name given to Jochem Peiper's offensive scheme in 1944 in which he overran a small fuel dump and captured 50 American soldiers to fuel his vehicles and had them killed shortly after?

Shell

Which company although assaulted by Greenway's comments for patriotism to Britain, becamse the quartermaster general for oil in WWI through acquiring and organizing supplies around the world for the Birtish forces and the entire war effort.

Pan American

Which company was founded by Edward Doheny?

Asia Pacific. 33.8%

Which continent consumes the most amount of oil in the world? What is it's percentage of world oil consumption?

Nigeria (-16.4%)

Which country experienced the largest percent decrease in natural gas production between 2012 and 2013?

Germany (-12.3%)

Which country had the largest decrease in proven gas reserves between 2012 and 2013.

Romania (+13.7%)

Which country had the largest increase in proven gas reserves between 2012 and 2013.

Israel (-21.9%)

Which country had the largest percent decrease in oil consumption in 2013?

Pakistan (10.3%)

Which country had the largest percent increase in oil consumption in 2013?

United States (22%)

Which country had the largest percent increase in world oil exports between 2012 and 2013?

Syria (-67.3%)

Which country had the largest percentage of decrease in daily oil production between 2012 and 2013?

South Sudan (+219.4%)

Which country had the largest percentage of increase in daily oil production between 2012 and 2013?

Venezuela, 298.3 billion barrels, 17.7%

Which country has the largest proven oil reserves in the world? What percentage share of total world proven oil reserves is this?

Canada, 174.3 billion barrels, 10.3%

Which country in North America holds the largest proven oil reserves in barrels? State the number of barrels, and the percent share of total oil proven oil reserves in the world by this country.

United States

Which country in the world imports the most amount of oil per day?

Russia, 58.5 billion cubic feet per day

Which country is the second largest producer of natural gas and what is the amount it produces in billion cubic feet per day?

United States

Which country leads the world in natural gas production as of the end of 2013?

Yates field

Which field emerged in the Permian Basin, a vast sun-scorched, dusty and desolate region of West Texas and New Mexico, as one of the great concentrations of oil in the world around 1927.

Reflection seismograph

Which geophysics tool supplanted the refraction seismograph?

Benjamin Silliman, Jr. ; $526.08 ; 1854

Which professor of chemistry at Yale University took on an outside research project on the processing possibilities of rock oil? what was the price for hire? What year?

Europe and Eurasia

Which region is responsible for the largest combined natural gas production in the world?

North Africa (-14.9%)

Which region of the world had the largest percent decrease in world oil exports between 2012 and 2013?

Friedrich Bergius and Carl Bosch

Which two individuals shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1931 for their work on synthetic fuels?

Lend Lease Act and the Neutrality Legislation

Which two pieces of legislation were signed into law by the U.S Government in 1941 to help ship supplies to Britain, primarily oil?

Army and Air Force

Which two segments of Germany's military gave support to I.G Farben's synthetic fuel production during tough economic times as I.G proved it could produce high quality gasoline?

Ida Tarbell

Who made a comment regarding Standard Oil crumbling in 1924 when the various Standard Oil's began to wage wars against one another and invade oil regions and challenge one another's businesses.

Armand Hammer

Who said, "the hardest thing to live with is dry holes" ?

Arthur Balfour

Who was Winston Churchill's successor as First Lord of the Admiralty?

Dr. Armand Hammer the chairman of Occidental Petroleum

Who was known as the doctor?

Colonel John Norton-Griffiths

Who was recruited by the British government in November of 1917 to organize the destruction of the Rumanian oil industry due to the advancement of German opposition through the mountain passes and into the Wallachian Plain? This man was also one of the greatest engineering contractors of the British empire. After his operation concluded he would forever be remembered as "the man with the sledgehammer".

George Bissell (NY lawyer), James Townsend (Pres. of a bank in New Haven)

Who were the leaders of an investment group aimed to discover the possibilities of refining rock oil?

It was where he first saw the bottle of rock oil that inspired his expedition. He was disciplined at Dartmouth for his participation in the sinful sport of bowling.

Why did Bissel donate money for a gymnasium to Dartmouth? And why did he insist the gym be equipped with six bowling alleys?

In fear that Britain would withdraw its forces from the Far East

Why did the U.S first move the base of their fleet from Southern California to Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu in Hawaii?

Due to a federal court injunction won by environmentalists in 1970 as a result of the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill.

Why did the trans-Alaskan pipeline project stop before it even began?

Oil is less polluting than coal

Why did utilities around the world shift from coal to oil as a source?

Thermal Cracking

William Burton, a Johns Hopkins Ph.D. and head of manufacturing for Standard of Indiana, successfully doubled the amount of available gasoline from crude oil, this process heated the oil, under pressure to 650 degrees Fahrenheit. what is the process?

Electrical double layer

With reference to formation evaluation, the layer between a clay particle and the formation water that has a particular distribution of ions.

holdup

With reference to multiphase flow in pipes, the fraction of a particular fluid present in an interval of pipe.

The attack revived national morale and united the country

With the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese believed that the American morale would be shattered. However, this was not the case, what happened instead which led to the largest mistake Japan had ever made?

London and the Shell-Mex House

With the outbreak of WWII, and Shell's allegiance towards Britain, where was Shell's headquarters moved to? Britain's oil war was thereafter run out of where?

rotating control device

a pressure-control device used during drilling for the purpose of making a seal around the drillstring while the drillstring rotates.

Zoroaster

in 1878, this first successful bulk tanker was put into service on the Caspian.

the Tank Syndicate

in 1893, Marcus Samuel, after being diagnosed with cancer, put his business affairs in a more orderly form. The result being the creation of a new entity composed of the Samuel Brothers, Fred Lane, and the trading houses of the Far East. Name this entity

A planar crack penetrated by a well or propagated from a well by hydraulic fracturing with zero pressure drop in the fracture during production.

infinite conductivity fracture

A short flow period at the beginning of a drillstem test. This period is followed immediately by a longer shut-in period to allow the pressure to closely approach initial reservoir pressure.

initial flow period

The reservoir pressure measured in a discovery well, usually referred to as pi. This value is necessary for many reservoir engineering calculations, such as reserve determination.

initial reservoir pressure

The comparatively short shut-in period following the initial flow period of a drillstem test.

initial shut in period

The testing of wells in which fluid is being injected into the reservoir. The most common type of test is a falloff test, in which injection is halted and the pressure decline is measured as a function of time.

injection well testing

The pressure variation with time recorded in observation wells resulting from changes in rates in production or injection wells.

interference testing

A type of formation whose rock properties are the same in all directions.

isotropic formation

This product is the primary finding of buildup and drawdown tests and is a key factor in the flow potential of a well. It is used for a large number of reservoir engineering calculations such as prediction of future performance, secondary and tertiary recovery potential, and potential success of well-stimulation procedures.

kh - permeability.thickness product

A completion with only a portion of the productive interval open to flow, either by design or as a result of damage. Results in partial penetration.

limited entry

The solution to differential equations treating the well as a vertical line through a porous medium.

line source solution

The portion of the pressure transient occurring after radial flow. Analysis provides characterization of outer boundaries such as faults or fluid contacts.

late time transient data

A slab of reservoir rock bounded above and below by another layer in vertical hydraulic communication.

layer

An advanced testing technique using a combination of transient-rate and pressure measurements and stabilized flow profiles to determine permeability and skin for each of several layers commingled in a well.

layered reservoir testing

A flow regime characterized by parallel flow lines in the reservoir. This results from flow to a fracture or a long horizontal well, or from flow in an elongated reservoir, such as a fluvial channel, or as a formation bounded by parallel faults. It is recognized as a +1/2 slope in the pressure derivative on the log-log diagnostic plot. Its presence enables determination of the fracture half-length or the channel or reservoir width, if permeability can be determined independently.

linear flow

The depth at which the first liquid is found in a well.

liquid level

An expression for conservation of mass governed by the observation that the amount of mass leaving a control volume is equal to the amount of mass entering the volume minus the amount of mass accumulated in the volume.

material balance

A multirate test designed as a series of drawdown and buildup sequences at different drawdown flow rates, with each drawdown and buildup of the same duration. The purpose of the test is to determine well deliverability, and this type of test is most commonly done in gas wells.

modified isochronal test

A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR).

modified isochronal test

A well in which the formation pressure is sufficient to produce oil at a commercial rate without requiring a pump.

naturally flowing well

Fluid flow that deviates from Darcy's law, which assumes laminar flow in the formation. Typically observed in high-rate gas wells when the flow converging to the wellbore reaches flow velocities exceeding the Reynolds number for laminar or Darcy flow, and results in turbulent flow. Since most of the turbulent flow takes place near the wellbore in producing formations, the effect of this flow is a rate-dependent skin effect.

non-Darcy flow

A gas described by an equation of state of the form pV = znRT, where z is the gas deviation factor dependent on pressure, temperature and gas composition.

nonideal gas

Completion of or flow from less than the entire producing interval. This situation causes a near-well flow constriction that results in a positive skin effect in a well-test analysis.

partial completion

An incompletely drilled portion of the productive interval.

partial penetration

This product is the primary finding of buildup and drawdown tests and is a key factor in the flow potential of a well.

permeability thickness

A pressure phenomenon caused in a wellbore by rise of gas and fall of liquids trapped in a wellbore after a surface shut-in. This phenomenon can cause a "hump" in the buildup curve, and frequently leads to incorrect analysis of buildup test results because the entire early portion of the transient is adversely affected by this pressure response.

phase redistribution

A change in pore pressure as a function of distance. This can refer to radial change in pore pressure with distance from the well (which can be calculated from well-test analysis results) or to change in pore pressure with depth

pore-pressure gradient

A rock or soil with interconnected pores that permit flow of fluids through the medium.

porous medium

The force distributed over a surface, usually measured in pounds force per square inch, or lbf/ in.2, or psi, in US oilfield units.

pressure

A rise in well pressure as a function of time observed after a well is shut in or after the production rate is reduced.

pressure buildup

The drop in average reservoir pressure from fluid production.

pressure depletion

A plot of p2 versus time function used to analyze low-pressure gas-well drawdown and buildup tests. The square term arises from substituting a gas-law equation into the differential equations where required to account for fluid compressibility. This allows an approximation for the differential equations that approaches the linear form required to use the classical solutions of the diffusion equation.

pressure squared plot

The analysis of pressure changes over time, especially those associated with small variations in the volume of fluid.

pressure transient analysis

Well tests in which pressure is recorded as a function of time and interpreted using various analysis methods.

pressure transient well tests

The analysis of pressure-transient behavior observed while the well is flowing. Results are generally much less accurate than those from pressure buildup tests

pressure-drawdown analysis

The flow period before a buildup. The duration of the production period should be specified in the test design to assure that a stable flow situation is reached

production period

A well in which the maximum production rate is fixed by law. These laws were developed by producing states primarily to control the market and avoid periodic price collapses.

prorated well

The calculated maximum radius in a formation in which pressure has been affected during the flow period of a transient well test. his may also be termed transient drainage radius.

radius of investigation

A plot of real gas pseudopressure (pseudopotential) m(p) versus time function used to analyze gas-well drawdown and buildup tests. The use of the real gas pseudopressure linearizes the diffusion equation for gas flow. This form enables rigorous analysis over all pressure ranges. The pressure-squared plot can be used for low pressure (p < ~2000 psi), and pressure can be used to analyze gas-well tests at high pressure (p > ~3000 psi).

pseudopressure plot

Behavior observed when a well reaches stabilized production from a limited drainage volume. For constant-rate production, under pseudosteady state, the difference between the flowing wellbore pressure and the average reservoir pressure in the drainage volume is constant, and the pressure drawdown is a linear function of time, resulting in a unit slope in the log-log pressure derivative. The late-time buildup pressure will level off to the average reservoir pressure if the buildup duration is sufficient long, resulting in a sudden drop in the log-log pressure derivative. Pressure depletion occurs

pseudosteady state

Testing that is accomplished by measuring pressure in the annulus, or by pulling the pump and running a pressure gauge in the hole.

pumping well tests

Bouma

sequence A characteristic sequence of sedimentary structures occurring in sedimentary rocks deposited in areas of deep water sedimentation by turbidity currents, which form deposits called turbidites. In theory, a complete Bouma sequence comprises sediments that fine upwards. In practice, however, the chaotic, high-energy nature of turbidite deposition can alter or remove underlying sediments so that incomplete sequences of sediments typically remain preserved.

The flow of a single-phase fluid, such as oil, water or gas, through porous media.

single phase flow

A dimensionless factor calculated to determine the production efficiency of a well by comparing actual conditions with theoretical or ideal conditions.

skin

The zone of reduced or enhanced permeability around a wellbore, often explained by formation damage and mud-filtrate invasion during drilling or perforating, or by well stimulation.

skin

An increase or decrease in the pressure drop predicted with Darcy's law using the value of permeability thickness, kh, determined from a buildup or drawdown test. The difference is assumed to be caused by the "skin." Skin effect can be either positive or negative. The skin effect is termed positive if there is an increase in pressure drop, and negative when there is a decrease, as compared with the predicted Darcy pressure drop. A positive skin effect indicates extra flow resistance near the wellbore, and a negative skin effect indicates flow enhancement near the wellbore.

skin effect

A numerical value used to analytically model the difference from the pressure drop predicted by Darcy's law due to skin.

skin factor

Simultaneously constant pressure (wellhead or bottomhole) and flow rate. This behavior can result when there is pressure support, either naturally through an aquifer or gas-cap drive, or artificially through water or gas injection.

steady state behavior

A flow regime that occurs when the predominant flow pattern in the reservoir is toward a point. This flow occurs for partial penetration and limited-entry completions. This flow regime is recognized as a -1/2 slope in the pressure derivative on the log-log diagnostic plot. Its presence enables determination of the spherical permeability. When spherical flow is followed by radial flow, both horizontal and vertical permeability can be quantified.

spherical flow

A state that a producing well reaches when the flow rate and well pressure are apparently constant for a reasonable period of time, such as a few hours or a day or more.

stabilization

A gas well producing at a constant rate in which wellhead pressure changes no more than a small amount as a function of time.

stabilized gas well

The pressure measured in a well after the well has been closed in for a period of time, often after 24 or 72 hours. When a reservoir is first discovered, this pressure equals the initial pressure. After production begins, this pressure approaches the average reservoir pressure.

static pressure

Any pressure measured in a well below the surface.

subsurface pressure

A mathematical technique based on the property that solutions to linear partial equations can be added to provide yet another solution. This permits constructions of mathematical solutions to situations with complex boundary conditions, especially drawdown and buildup tests, and in settings where flow rates change with time.

superposition

A mathematical computation that accounts for production from multiple wells. Image wells are used to model the effect of impermeable barriers.

superposition in space

A mathematical computation that accounts for the flow-rate history in analytical models generated to match with pressure-transient test data.

superposition in time

The pressure measured at or near the surface in a well. This measurement of pressure is usually performed by inserting a gauge into the production string just below the shut-in valve, and is also referred to as tubing-head pressure.

surface pressure

A well shut in at the surface, rather than downhole. Most transient well tests are conducted in this manner for convenience.

surface shut-in

The simultaneous flow of oil, free gas and water into a wellbore. Stratified flow is the rule rather than the exception.

three phase flow

The calculated maximum radius in a formation in which pressure has been affected during the flow period of a transient well test. While not absolutely accurate, the value has meaning in relation to the total volume of reservoir that is represented by calculated reservoir parameters, such as kh, the permeability thickness.

transient drainage radius or radius of investigation

The change in pressure with time. In well testing, this refers to the pressure measured as a function of time after the test is initiated.

transient pressure

The analysis of transient rate and pressure data taken while a well is flowing at variable rates. The analysis uses either deconvolution or convolution to correct for the flow-rate variations and can makedrawdown data interpretable. It has also been applied to correct for afterflow during the buildup.

transient rate and pressure test analysis

The pressure response resulting from changes in a well's production rate.

transient-pressure response

he simultaneous flow of both oil and free gas into a wellbore.

two phase flow

A method for quantifying well and reservoir parameters such as permeability, skin, fracture half-length, dual-porosity parameters, and others, by comparing the pressure change and its derivative of the acquired data to reservoir model curve families

type curve analysis

Pooled production from wells or a reservoir. The proceeds of this pooled production are distributed to the participants according to an agreed-upon formula.

unitized production

A constant provided in an equation that applies only for a particular system of units.

units conversion factor

A condition that results when the flow rate varies appreciably during a test period.

variable rate

The pressure variation with time recorded in observation wells resulting from changes in rates in production or injection wells.

well interference testing

The volume of produced fluid per unit of time

well production rate

Any restriction to flow from near-well reductions in flow capacity. This damage is thought to result from reductions in near-well permeability caused by perforating debris or from the solids or mud filtrate invasion caused by the drilling process.

wellbore damage

Following a surface shut-in, the flow into a well caused by the compressibility of the fluids in the wellbore. Most of the flow occurs from compression of gas in the wellbore. The practical result is that the sandface flow rate is not zero and, therefore, not constant. This gives rise to one form of the wellbore-storage effect.

wellbore fill up

Distortions in the reservoir response due to wellbore storage. The characteristic trends are an early unit slope trend with pressure change and the derivative overlain on the log-log plot, followed by a "hump" in the pressure derivative that gradually disappears as reservoir trends become recognizable

wellbore-storage effects

Test taken with a wireline formation tester.

wireline formation test

A tool run on an electric logging cable that pushes a probe into the formation, which then allows production into a small closed chamber. The tool is primarily used to obtain formation pressures at chosen locations in an interval, and, with an accurate quartz gauge, permeability estimates may be obtained. Modern variations on this tool have been developed to acquire formation-fluid samples.

wireline formation tester

A slab of reservoir rock bounded above and below by impermeable rock.

zone

Benioff

zone A zone of the upper mantle in which earthquakes occur when a lithospheric plate is subducted, named in honor of seismologists Kiyoo Wadati and Hugo Benioff.