Practice exam 2

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

short-term

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

activity

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

central executive

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

decay; interference

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision.

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.

phonological

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex.

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory.

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory.

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short-term memory.

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

time

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory.

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? 149 29111 776, 14 92 91 117 76, 14 929 111 776

1492 911 1776

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less.

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

A lion's roar at the zoo

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

Rehearsal in short-term memory

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set.

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression.

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

workers and manager

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.

control

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.

semantic

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay.

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

Sensory, short-term, long-term

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.