PRACTICE EXAM
Jeanine, a research psychologist, has developed a hypothesis. Her next step is to ____. -undergo peer review of her hypothesis -conduct the statistical analysis -interpret the data necessary to evaluate it -collect the data necessary to evaluate it
-collect the data necessary to evaluate it
In hopes of better understanding how glia affect brain repair, Dr. Jennings develops a special mouse lacking specific types of glia. In her experimental design, Dr. Jennings injures the brain of this special mouse and monitors neuronal repair. What is Dr. Jennings likely to observe? Action potentials can no longer propagate in unmyelinated nerves. Cell debris from damaged neurons is not cleared. A blood-brain barrier is formed in response to the injury. Neurons undergo hypermyelination.
Cell debris from damaged neurons is not cleared.
Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command, "Get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best? Chaining and positive reinforcement Shaping and positive punishment Chaining and negative punishment Shaping and negative reinforcement
Chaining and positive reinforcement
Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior, while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)? Operant conditioning only Operant conditioning and observational learning Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Classical conditioning only
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
During a speed dating session Anders consistently describes himself as a "charming, aggressive, carefree person who is impulsively irresponsible but good at handling people and at looking after number one." Under DSM-5, which of the following is most likely true? He is likely to be categorized a psychopath. He is not likely to be categorized as having antisocial personality disorder. He would likely be categorized as having antisocial personality disorder. He would likely be categorized as having borderline personality disorder.
He would likely be categorized as having antisocial personality disorder.
Myelination of the frontal lobes is much greater in adults aged 23 to 30 than in youth between the ages of 12 and 16. Unfortunately, the adolescent's white matter is more susceptible than an adult's to damage from schizophrenia. unprotected sex. marijuana use. binge drinking.
binge drinking
The group now decides to reserve the gymnasium, book an 80s cover band, and order 100 pizzas, without checking the accuracy of the group member's information or surveying the student body about their interest in an 80s themed dance. This is an example of groupthink. deindividuation. social facilitation. group polarization.
groupthink
Aiden and Rey live next to a busy highway. When they first moved, it was difficult to sleep with the noise of the traffic, but now they don't seem to notice, which is the result of observational learning. sensitization. habituation. imprinting.
habituation.
consider the following pairs of variables. which pair is most likely to have a weak correlation? height and weight salary and educational level hair color and intelligence age and verbal ability up to the age of 20
hair color and intelligence
Jocelyne is 8 years old and cannot control her temper. Her parents encourage her to vent her anger by punching a large stuffed bear. This approach will most likely heighten her feelings of aggression. teach her to discuss her feelings rather than fight. decrease her feelings of aggression. teach her to direct her anger only at inanimate objects.
heighten her feelings of aggression.
Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his ____ was damaged. hippocampus hypothalamus basal ganglia amygdala
hippocampus
An experimental study is conducted examining the relationship between drinking caffeine and reaction time. Participants given caffeine by the experimenters in different amounts, and then are assessed on various tests of reaction time. In this study, the amount of caffeine that a participant drinks is the ____. random variable independent variable dependent variable control variable
independent variable
Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development? A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community. A child learns to understand the world by actively exploring it, like a miniature scientist. A child has a "zone" of development in which to learn how to accomplish tasks without help. A child develops according to a species perspective, largely independent of culture.
A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community.
In Dr. Segal's study of the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two, which of the following would you recommend to operationalize the dependent variable? The cumulative amount of time spent watching television during the study A count of the number of words each child knows at the end of the study The amount of time per session spent watching television A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study
A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study
What is the likely purpose of the palmar reflex? Unknown as it disappears as nervous system matures A possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult's fur A possible precursor to walking A behavior that helps the baby nurse
A possible evolutionary remnant allowing primates to cling to an adult's fur
Professor Frankel is an editor for a psychology journal. She is considering which submissions to send out for peer review. Which of the following submissions is likely to receive the strongest consideration based on its research methods? -A professor from Utah who submitted research that is important, accurate, and explained thoroughly -A researcher from California who developed novel methods to study new technology -A professor from Illinois who employed rarely used methods but makes dramatic new findings -A postdoctoral fellow from Texas who used a controversial method and has already gained media attention for making sensational claims
A professor from Utah who submitted research that is important, accurate, and explained thoroughly
Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets $1. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods? Habituation, positive punishment, and a fixed interval schedule Shaping, negative reinforcement, and a variable interval schedule Chaining, negative punishment, and a variable ratio schedule A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule
A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule
Elsie, an 85-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Her doctor has prescribed the medication that will help prevent deterioration of brain circuits and slow the progression of her illness. Which neurotransmitter does this medication directly impact? GABA Epinephrine Glutamate Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Noreen is a graduate student in psychology. She is designing a study regarding health care decision-making among teenagers. Which of the following research participants can legally provide his or her own informed consent? An 18-year-old male with HIV/AIDS A 19-year-old female with profound developmental disabilities A 17-year-old female with chronic kidney disease An 18-year-old male with schizophrenia
An 18-year-old male with HIV/AIDS
Which of the following is an example of non-associative learning? Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic stressful, but now can do it with ease. As a child, Maxwell had a frightening experience with his neighbor's large dog. He now fears all large dogs. Hoping to understand more about her parent's culture, Parvati carefully watches as her grandmother prepares a traditional South Indian meal. Gabriel tells his 4-year-old daughter each night: "No dessert until you eat your dinner without complaining." To get the dessert, his daughter obeys.
Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic stressful, but now can do it with ease.
In a research study on cognitive dissonance, one group of participants undergoing functional MRI was asked to describe the somewhat unpleasant scanner experience as pleasant. The other group was asked to describe it as neutral. Which part(s) of the brain showed higher levels of activity in the participants who made dissonant statements, as compared to those who made neutral statements? Amygdala Prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate cortex and insula Cerebellum and pons
Anterior cingulate cortex and insula
what is a teratogen A stimulus that results in heightened reflexes in the fetus An abnormality in physiological development A condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy Any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
Any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? Operant conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; classical conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. In contrast to operant conditioning, classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change
Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.
Which of the following is an accurate statement? Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are lower than in the general population and appear to be increasing. College students have about the same rates of psychological disorders as their same-age peers who are not attending college. College students have far fewer psychological disorders than their same-age peers who are not attending college. Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are higher than in the general population but appear to be decreasing.
College students have about the same rates of psychological disorders as their same-age peers who are not attending college.
Professor Freeman calls on his student Maya to describe how the presence of myelin affects an action potential. Maya should respond with which of the following statements? Current flows along the unmyelinated segments and action potentials propagate along the myelinated portions of the axon, decreasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential. Current flows under the myelin and action potentials propagate along the unmyelinated segments of the axon, decreasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential. Current flows along the unmyelinated segments and action potentials propagate along the myelinated portions of the axon, increasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential. Current flows under the myelin and action potentials propagate along the unmyelinated segments of the axon, increasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential.
Current flows under the myelin and action potentials propagate along the unmyelinated segments of the axon, increasing the speed and efficiency of the action potential.
Of the following, who is demonstrating a compulsion? Dan, who has a precise, daily coffee-making routine that cannot be disrupted Connie, who has repeated doubts as to whether she turned the stove off before she left for work Peter, who keeps picturing himself hitting his boss Tom, who worries about the contamination on other people's hands and on door knobs
Dan, who has a precise, daily coffee-making routine that cannot be disrupted
Who, of the following, falls within the group most likely to have the lowest rate of bipolar disorder? Adrien, from Germany, who eats lots of boiled vegetables such as cabbage Daniel, from Korea, whose family has always eaten a lot of fish Jeff, a Canadian, who has been taking omega-3 supplements for over 2 years Roberto, from Italy, who enjoys tomatoes in any form
Daniel, from Korea, whose family has always eaten a lot of fish
Which of the following people is within a group that would have the highest chance of experiencing PTSD after witnessing the attacks on the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001? Esther, a Colombian woman, who recently moved to New York City and has few family members or friends there Derek, a Black American lawyer, who saw the events from his office window Nathan, a White American and recent college graduate, who was visiting with friends Sandra, an Asian American woman, who lives with her family in Queens
Esther, a Colombian woman, who recently moved to New York City and has few family members or friends there
Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: (1) ignoring them; (2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; (3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and (4) requiring them each to write an essay on proper behavior. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation. Extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment Positive punishment, positive reinforcement, extinction, negative punishment Negative punishment, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, extinction Extinction, positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
Extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment
Which of the following reflects a problem that results from the self-serving bias? Failure to learn from one's mistakes Judging oneself too harshly Low self-esteem An increase in anxiety
Failure to learn from one's mistakes
Which of the following statements is true regarding ADHD? Fewer than 40% of surveyed pediatricians reported using the DSM criteria to evaluate cases of ADHD. Almost 90% of the children in a very large sample who were receiving medication for ADHD met the carefully constructed criteria spelled out in the DSM. The DSM provides precise criteria to distinguish between normal and abnormal inattentiveness and hyperactivity. The combination of inattentiveness and hyperactivity in children is, by definition, ADHD.
Fewer than 40% of surveyed pediatricians reported using the DSM criteria to evaluate cases of ADHD.
Professor Kingston is interested in understanding the origins of gambling addictions. To study the brain activity of gambling addicts, Professor Kingston tracks oxygen flow in their brains while they engage in online gambling. What method is he most likely using? Single cell recording Transcranial magnetic stimulation Functional magnetic resonance imaging Magnetoencephalography
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Benny received a C on his Psychology exam and an A on his Western Civilization exam. Which of the following would best reflect Benny's reasoning if he exhibited a self-serving bias? His Psychology grade was because he was coming down with the flu, and his Western Civilization grade was because the professor was an easy grader. His Psychology grade was because he is not good with understanding abstract concepts, and his Macroeconomics grade was because the professor was an easy grader. His Psychology grade was because he was coming down with the flu, and his Western Civilization grade was because he has an innate gift for understanding the past. His Psychology grade was because he does not study, and his Western Civilization grade was because the professor happened to ask the questions he studied the most.
His Psychology grade was because he was coming down with the flu, and his Western Civilization grade was because he has an innate gift for understanding the past.
Keith feels that the results of his research study in autism spectrum disorder among the elderly is finally ready for submission to a journal. For the journal editor to recommend his article for publication, what must the peer reviewers conclude? His research is important, accurate, and explained thoroughly. His methods are novel and could contribute to the field. No other article on this topic has been published in the journal recently. His findings are the first of their kind.
His research is important, accurate, and explained thoroughly.
In which of the following examples is the person likely to show the highest and steadiest rate of response over time? In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors' lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her e-mail again and again throughout the day. Jaime has a paper due once a month in his sociology course. His productivity is low at the beginning of the month and high as the deadline approaches.
In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino.
Which of the following is likely to be most effective in reducing prejudice among two groups? Increased contact of any kind between the groups Increased contact between people of varying socioeconomic standing between the groups Reduced contact between the groups Increased contact between people of similar social standing in the groups
Increased contact between people of similar social standing in the groups
What are the three dimensions of close relationships according to Sternberg's model? Awareness, understanding, and knowledge Intimacy, passion, and commitment Acquaintance, friendship, and love Latency, attachment, and mature love
Intimacy, passion, and commitment
Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning? Anyone in a child's life can act as a role model. It is most effective for teaching desirable rather than undesirable behaviors. The learning occurs rapidly. It expands learning capacity.
It expands learning capacity.
Why is the process of sensitization advantageous? It improves fixed action patterns. It improves reaction time. It improves cognition. It facilitates adaptation.
It improves reaction time.
Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning? It synchronizes behaviors, particularly between two unacquainted individuals. It creates imprinting in both human beings and lower animal species. It transmits information across generations within families and cultures. It provides rapid adaptation to situations beyond our control.
It transmits information across generations within families and cultures.
Juan, a graduate student in an electrophysiology lab, stimulates an isolated neuron grown in a petri dish and measures its action potential. How will the neuron respond to the firing of the action potential? Its dendrites will retract. Its dendrites will extend. It will take up chemical messengers. It will release chemical messengers.
It will release chemical messengers.
Who is among those least likely to develop dementia as he or she ages? Jane, who loves to cook favorites such as fish and chips, fried chicken, and homemade donuts Jack, who participates in 20 minutes or more of tai chi and brisk walking every day Frank, who enjoys life by drinking, smoking, and relaxing on the couch in the evenings Peg, whose mother and aunt had dementia
Jack, who participates in 20 minutes or more of tai chi and brisk walking every day
Which of the following scenarios presents a cognitive explanation for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Jada feels that worrying prevents bad things from happening. Jordan's father and other family members experienced GAD. Johanna likes how alcoholic drinks soothe her feelings of anxiety. Justina's husband recently moved out of their home after 15 years of marriage.
Jada feels that worrying prevents bad things from happening.
Which of the following is true regarding latent inhibition? Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in relatively poor learning. Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in very effective learning. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in very effective learning.
Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.
Which of the following is a quality of groups where groupthink may take place? Members consider the risks and alternative choices. Group leaders encourage dissent. Members lack cohesion and have low morale. Members already share similar attitudes.
Members already share similar attitudes.
Which of the following modifications to Milgram's study design (1963) reduced the rate of obedience? Moving the experiment to an off-campus office Moving the teacher and the learner closer together Moving the teacher and the experimenter closer together Conducting the experiment with people of different ages and occupations
Moving the teacher and the learner closer together
Which of the following examples involves deindividuation? Naomi decides to follow classmates when they put on hoodies to obscure their identities and run out of the student union to spray paint on the dean's car in the faculty parking lot. Ben is bored with weeding and planting at the community garden and lets others do most of the work. Diego feels even more strongly about his preferred candidate after a class discussion. Laura is visiting the beach with friends and jumps off a high rock into the water by herself.
Naomi decides to follow classmates when they put on hoodies to obscure their identities and run out of the student union to spray paint on the dean's car in the faculty parking lot.
As a gate creaks open, Ollie the puppy notices a strange cat heading into the yard. The cat hisses and scratches Ollie on the nose, causing Ollie to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning? Now when seeing the cat that scratched Ollie's nose, Ollie runs away, but Ollie still feels comfortable with the cat that lives in the same house with Ollie. Now when seeing a cat or small dog approaching, Ollie immediately begins to yelp in pain. Now seeing a cat, including the cat that lives in the same house, Ollie runs away. Now when hearing a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, Ollie runs away.
Now when hearing a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, Ollie runs away.
What did Milgram conclude in applying his research results to the Holocaust? People today are raised fundamentally differently from participants in the Holocaust. Individual judgment eventually overwhelms authority. Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority. Some cultures are immune to the risk of genocide.
Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.
In which of the following two scenarios does Grace demonstrate that she has developed theory of mind? (1) Grace accidentally pops Max's red balloon. Max is furious and heartbroken. Grace tells her mother "Max thinks I did it on purpose." (2) Grace and Max play contentedly side by side with their blocks. Max builds a tower and Grace pushes it over believing that Max will think, as she does, that watching it fall is fun. Scenario (1) only Scenario (2) only Scenarios (1) and (2) Neither scenario
Scenario (1) only
John reports to his doctor that he has been experiencing changes in his appetite. This suggests that John is experiencing fluctuations in which neurotransmitter? Acetylcholine Histamine Glutamate Serotonin
Serotonin
Joan, a neuroscience graduate student, is asked by her laboratory mentor to study the communication of two neurons grown in a petri dish. She is asked to stimulate an action potential in the first neuron, which will send a depolarizing stimulus to the second, "receiving" neuron. However, her mentor would also like her to block the receiving neuron from generating an action potential. How can Joan accomplish this? She must cause the depolarization current in the receiving neuron to drift to the junction where the cell body and the axon meet. She must block the process of summation in the receiving neuron. She must cause the first neuron to release excitatory neurotransmitters. She must remove the myelin from the receiving neuron.
She must block the process of summation in the receiving neuron.
Professor Laurent wants to understand how violence in the media affects arousal in adolescents. What method should she use to monitor the arousal state of adolescents while they view a news report of a violent crime? single cell recording Magnetoencephalography Skin conductance response Electrical stimulation
Skin conductance response
Which of the following is most accurate of stereotypes? Stereotypes simplify complex categories into meaningful ones. Stereotypes often contain an element of truth but become inaccurate due to the information they exclude. Stereotypes promote our valid desires to be viewed and treated as individuals. Stereotypes are exclusive and prioritize the most prevalent characteristics.
Stereotypes often contain an element of truth but become inaccurate due to the information they exclude.
Steve and Bethany both work full time. Because Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties? Steve should consistently comment upon Bethany's lack of help with cooking and dish washing until her behavior changes. Steve should refuse to cook and clean, forcing Bethany to realize how her actions affect their relationship. Steve should ignore negative behaviors and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing. Steve should make a list of how all of Bethany's behaviors have affected his life.
Steve should ignore negative behaviors and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing.
Professor Smith is giving a surprise test in economics class. All other things being equal, which of the following students is likely to make the most errors on the exam? Reed, who has been in a depressed mood but keeps picturing the rainbow he saw just before class Johnny, who is picturing the cheeseburger he is going to have for lunch Susan, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels Ben, who is confused about his attraction to Alicia and is thinking about next steps
Susan, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels
Which of the following is an accurate definition of accommodation? The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema, without the need to revise the schema The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
Which of the following is a finding from Harry Harlow's study (1958) of rhesus monkeys and attachment? The pleasure obtained through feeding formed the basis of the infant-mother bond. The wire mothers with an attached milk bottle were the preferred source of comfort for food and emotional needs. The infant was positively reinforced with food for staying near the mother. The mother's ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant.
The mother's ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant.
Dr. Tyler, a drug addiction researcher, hopes to find a drug that will stop heroin addiction. Which area of the brain is most likely a focus of Dr. Tyler' research? the hypothalamus The hippocampus The nucleus accumbens The amygdala
The nucleus accumbens
Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition? The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant. The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant.
The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.
A newspaper headline reads, "Are intellectual pursuits the key to preventing Alzheimer's disease?" The researchers scanned the brains of healthy seniors with no memory loss and asked the seniors to recall how much reading, writing, and game-playing they did in childhood. Those who reported doing daily brain activities from a young age had very low levels of amyloid plaques, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following best describes this study's findings? Intellectual pursuits and presence of amyloid plaque are positively correlated. Amyloid plaques are the main cause of Alzheimer's disease. Intellectual pursuits prevent Alzheimer's disease. There is a negative correlation between intellectual pursuits and the presence of amyloid plaques.
There is a negative correlation between intellectual pursuits and the presence of amyloid plaques.
Dr. Jonas wants to know whether men or women are better drivers. He designs a study to examine this question, and before he begins to collect data, he writes up the plan for the research, including his hypothesis. Which of the following would represent a null hypothesis for this study? Women will demonstrate better driving ability than men. There will be no differences between the driving abilities of men and women. Age, not sex, will predict the driving ability of the participants. Men will demonstrate better driving ability than women.
There will be no differences between the driving abilities of men and women.
Participants in an experiment on stress management are given stress reduction techniques and then measured for the effect. What is the role of the control group in this experiment? They receive no stress management techniques, and they are not measured. They receive a random stress management technique. They receive no stress management techniques, but they are measured. They receive the same stress management techniques as the experimental group, but they are not measured
They receive no stress management techniques, but they are measured.
The just-world belief is illustrated in which of the following scenarios? When Mickey is mugged at 3:30 in the morning, one of his friends thinks, "Well, what did he expect would happen if he was on the street at that time of night"? Zell gets a promotion at work, and despite the fact that others wanted the job, they are genuinely happy for him and throw a congratulatory party. Marita is a woman of strong faith, and when she is diagnosed with leukemia she prays for healing and for the strength to endure her illness. Sharon has been working at a retail establishment for several years and has stolen small amounts of money from time to time. In spite of this, she has been promoted to assistant manager of the store.
When Mickey is mugged at 3:30 in the morning, one of his friends thinks, "Well, what did he expect would happen if he was on the street at that time of night"?
What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby's sensory capacities? When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she has likely learned to distinguish between them. When the baby cries while looking at a familiar stimulus, he or she likely is not yet habituated to it. When the baby cries while looking at an unfamiliar stimulus, he or she has likely become habituated to it. When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.
When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.
In the general population of the United States, women experience MDD more frequently than men do. Which of the following is cited in the textbook as a possible contributing factor? Women have more dependence than men on others for emotional support. Women ruminate more on positive events than men. Even when they are working out of the home, women have a greater portion of childcare than men. Women are more likely than men to admit feeling depressed.
Women are more likely than men to admit feeling depressed.
Prof Scott conducts research on teenage risk-taking behavior. He'd like to develop a hypothesis on the parental influence on teenage risk-taking at the extreme end of the spectrum, with a focus on teenagers who sail around the world alone. Would a case study be an appropriate first step, and why or why not? yes, because professor scott already know that parents are the driving influence behind teenage circumnavigation No, because it will not generate a sufficient amount of data to be tested statistically. Yes, because teenagers who sail around the world alone are rare and the data will help generate new, or possibly falsify existing, hypotheses. No, because case studies are too idiosyncratic and lack scientific rigor.
Yes, because teenagers who sail around the world alone are rare and the data will help generate new, or possibly falsify existing, hypotheses.
Recent research attention on the causes of autism focuses on the expression of genes during brain development, with specific attention to a single gene. gene expression in the parietal lobe. those affected by vaccines. a large number of genes.
a large number of genes
Fourth-grade teacher Maria promised her class a pizza party if everyone got an "A" on the next math test. This is an example of associative learning. classical conditioning. a token economy. negative reinforcement.
a token economy.
Henry works the night shift at a convenience store. He sees a man entering the store with his hood up, hands in his pockets, and eyes darting around. This causes Henry's stress level to surge. At times of stress, pituitary hormones activate the ____ gland(s), which release(s) other hormones, including ____, that travel throughout the body and brain to provide a general "wake up" message. pancreatic; insulin pineal; melatonin thyroid; serotonin adrenal; cortisol
adrenal; cortisol
Remarkably, Phineas Gage survived a horrific traumatic brain injury in 1848, but was not the same person as before his accident. Although outwardly normal in his intelligence, speech, and movement, Gage became prone to? Seizures and strokes Difficulties with speech and movement memory loss and difficulty with computations angry outbursts and unreliability
angry outbursts and unreliability
Cliff has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Cliff wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he "snaps" himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of _____ therapy. systematic desensitizing insight aversion flooding
aversion
Marguerite knows from experience that the areas that look gray have a high density of cell bodies, while the areas that look white consist of large bundles of myelinated ____. axons dendrites soma nuclei
axons
Women experience depression more frequently than men do. This discrepancy between rates of depression in men and women has been observed to be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence. be dependent on race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence. vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence. be causally related to race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence.
be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence.
Dr. Crane is studying patients who are in the residual phase of schizophrenia. His colleague, Dr. Mellus, takes detailed notes during a series of interviews and interactions that Dr. Crane has with one such patient for later analysis. What research method are these doctors employing? experimental study case study correlational study
case study
Police Officer Amy Randall suspects that the driver of a car in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. She pulls the driver over and administers a field sobriety test. She asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. This test is performed because the ____ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol. cerebellum cerebral cortex pons medulla
cerebellum
Aishah, a resident of lower Manhattan, suffers from PTSD after witnessing the attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. A certain acrid burning smell can trigger intense feelings of jitteriness and distress for her. This is an example of positive reinforcement. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. observational learning.
classical conditioning.
Research using animals must demonstrate a(n) ____. physical or financial benefit to humans clear scientific purpose clear benefit to other animals absence of discomfort or invasive procedures
clear scientific purpose
Blake is an accomplished vocalist. After a series of unsuccessful auditions and remaining unselected to advance in the program's screening process, he tells his parents that he was never very good, he will never make it into the vocalist competition, and singing is a waste of time anyway. Inside he begins to think that he will never be happy doing anything but singing, and that he must be a huge failure. His parents worry that he is becoming depressed. Blake's psychological state fits with the biological explanation of depression. cognitive theory of depression. social explanation of depression. learning theory of depression.
cognitive theory of depression.
Vito, age 5, and his uncle are playing with cookie dough. They make two round balls of the same size. Vito flattens one ball of cookie dough into a pancake shape on the baking sheet and says, "Look, now this one has more dough." In this context, Vito does not yet understand assimilation. egocentrism. conservation. object permanence.
conservation
Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as counterconditioning. flooding. systematic desensitization. inhibition.
counterconditioning.
Once a week, participants receive a small white pill from Dr. Stanley, which they take immediately without knowing if the pill is the new medicine or a placebo. Dr. Livingston then observes the participants, without knowing which participants received the placebo. This type of study uses the blind procedure blind procedure with placebo naturalistic observation approach. double-blind procedure
double blind procedure
Research has indicated that teens have a lower risk for substance abuse when they _____ have older siblings eat dinners regularly with family spend substantial time with peers have a number of friendships
eat dinners regularly with family
Different methods of assessment for ASD produce different numbers, with higher rates of diagnosis in educational settings than in the medical/psychological settings. years prior to 2006. the 7- to 10-year old range than in the 2- to 5-year-old range. girls than boys.
educational settings than in the medical/psychological settings.
Maxwell is a participant in a research study aimed at understanding how the brain responds to prolonged periods of isolation. After spending several hours in a room alone, Maxwell undergoes a(n) ____ procedure; a method that measures the brain's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp. skin conductance response electroencephalogram magnetoencephalography electrical stimulation
electroencephalogram
A 40-year-old woman has a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman because the 40-year-old woman is more likely to produce a flawed egg due to body aging, leading to chromosomal abnormalities. have eggs that suffer genetic mutations, leading to recessive illnesses. experience more exposure to harmful environmental influences, leading to faulty cell division. fail to produce eggs rapidly enough, leading to eggs that are not fully developed at the time of ovulation.
experience more exposure to harmful environmental influences, leading to faulty cell division.
As a child, Jordan would jump excitedly when the Sponge Bob Square Pants theme song started playing on the television, receiving laughter and attention from adults for the excited jumping. Now that Jordan is a teenager, adults no longer direct laughter and attention at the excited jumping, and Jordan no longer reacts to the familiar theme song. This scenario illustrates the process of latent inhibition. discrimination. extinction. generalization.
extinction
Sophia and her brother James are both taking a psychology class together, and are studying for an examination. "I just can't remember where the body produces the majority of its serotonin," complains James. Sophia helps him by saying, "just remember that it is produced in the enteric nervous system, and you should have no problem knowing that the ________ is the body part you're looking for." gastrointestinal system dorsal ganglia basal ganglia pons
gastrointestinal system
The best scientific theories not only explain and organize known facts but also __ __. use historical perspectives generate predictions est. new facts discredit other theories
generate predictions
During prenatal development the _____ begins to differentiate into the cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? placenta fetus zygote embryo
zygota
A well-known local herbalist sells the neurotransmitter GABA as "the body's natural tranquilizer," stating that it helps to calm the central nervous system and prevent anxiety and stress-related messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain. This portrayal reflects GABA's ____. inhibitory effect on brain activity depolarizing properties lack of hyper-polarization excitatory effect on brain activity
inhibitory effect on brain activity
According to research, our abilities to shape accurate first impressions based on facial features are dependent on gender. decline with age. interact with culture. depend on visual acuity.
interact with culture
Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that includes panic attacks and phobias. is seldom comorbid in presentation. affects most of the general population. is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
Psychologists find that agreeing on the differences between typical and abnormal behaviors is surprisingly difficult. However, deciding that an individual's behaviors and mental processes are abnormal is essential because it provides a benchmark for statistical analysis of these behaviors. it is the first step toward labeling that person with a psychological disorder and providing treatment. it establishes a cross-cultural consensus of what constitutes a disorder. it protects society from possible psychopathological behavior.
it is the first step toward labeling that person with a psychological disorder and providing treatment.
The assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is called a(n) just-world belief. actor-observer bias. situational attribution. self-serving bias.
just world belief
A murder would most likely be described as having a situational rather than a dispositional basis in which country? The United States England Korea France
korea...
Long-term marriage partners show more similarities with each other due to a lifetime spent in each other's company, along with a(n) _____ accurate assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of their relationship a decrease of the opportunity of other relationships lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits healthy engagement in conflict when necessary
lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits
Frank and Marie have been married for over 40 years. The marriage started out with very little conflict, and Frank was happy to please Marie. However, as the years have passed, no matter what Frank does, Marie criticizes him: his appearance, his opinions, his cooking, the gifts he buys for her, and all of his other actions. At this point Frank is feeling more and more discouraged despite his best efforts to make her happy. This is likely a case of generalized anxiety disorder. rumination. major depressive disorder. learned helplessness.
learned helplessness.
John says to his mother, "I will put on my seatbelt when your door is not ajar. Let's jar up the jelly. Don't jar the table Jenga master." This is an example of avolition. catatonia. loosening of associations. delusions of grandeur.
loosening of associations.
Teens typically experience a burst of cortical gray matter growth at puberty followed by a wave of gray matter loss extending into their early twenties. Teens diagnosed with schizophrenia experience no loss of gray matter. loss of abnormally low levels of gray matter. loss of gray matter that has been likened to a forest fire. loss of gray matter that progresses like a drip through midlife.
loss of gray matter that has been likened to a forest fire.
Janette goes into a car dealership to buy a new car. The salesperson works with her to find the right model, and she agrees to buy a new car for $25,250. Just when she is ready to pay, the salesperson walks away for a minute and then comes back to inform her that the car she was ready to purchase can't be sold for less than $25,750. She agrees to the extra $500 even though they had initially agreed on the $25,250 selling price. Janette has fallen for the ________ technique of gaining compliance. low balling bait and switch foot in the door door in the face
low balling
Piya suffers from severe jet lag when traveling between Bangkok and Boston. He might benefit from an added dose of the chemical messenger ____, which is endogenously released by the ____. thyroid hormone; thyroid gland melatonin; pineal gland oxytocin; pituitary gland insulin; islets of Langerhans
melatonin; pineal gland
Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (2000) show that healthy aging is accompanied by a significant and rapid decline in the speed of learning and problem solving. a steady and debilitating decline in cognition, vision, and hearing from age 50 onward. mild changes in the speed of learning and problem solving and that most of these observable changes occur late in life. deep changes in intellect and sensory capacities, some of which are remediable.
mild changes in the speed of learning and problem solving and that most of these observable changes occur late in life.
Neil has gathered data regarding self-report of successful smoking cessation. He finds that one of the eight methods used by study participants accounts for a high proportion of the successes. The most useful measure of central tendency to report would be the ____. distribution mode frequency mean
mode
Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along _____ four dimensions: empathy, recognition, discipline, and expectations two dimensions: parental support and behavioral regulation three dimensions: empathy, supervision, and expectations two dimensions: recognition and expectations
two dimensions: parental support and behavioral regulation
Georgio is jogging barefoot along the beach when he suddenly steps on the sharp edge of a broken shell. He instantly feels pain due to the message carried to his brain by ____. He then slowly walks home with an achy foot. The message of the ache is carried by ____. myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons myelinated dendrites; unmyelinated axons unmyelinated dendrites; myelinated axons unmyelinated axons; myelinated axons
myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons
A surgeon had severed Barbara's corpus callosum in order to reduce the severity of her epileptic seizures. After the surgery, when she was shown an image in her left visual field, she could not ____. see it point to it with her left hand name it remember it
name it
You decide to study the effects of violent video games on aggression for a sociology term paper. To do this, you attend several LAN parties at a friend's apartment, week after week. What method of research are you employing? case study naturalistic observation survey experiential observation
naturalistic observation
complying with a request from an authority figure is called
obedience
Researchers found that "the widespread and highly publicized stereotype about female talkativeness is unfounded." This conclusion illustrates that science relies primarily on ____. strongly held beliefs subjective evidence observable, repeatable evidence laboratory experiments
observable, repeatable evidence
following the development of a brain tumor, Jerome starts to exhibit impulsive behavior with little regard for right or wrong. He attacks a man in a bar for looking at him the "wrong" way, breaking the man's nose and damaging bar property. Yet, he feels no remorse for the harm he has caused. The tumor is most likely in Jerome's ____. somatosensory cortex occipital lobe parietal lobe orbitofrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
A limitation of the experimental method is that ____. participants know that they are in a research study and may vary their behavior accordingly causation cannot be established the results are rarely accepted by scientific peers experiments involving fear, panic, and stress may be so realistic that participants are harmed
participants know that they are in a research study and may vary their behavior accordingly
Which of the following is a drawback of longitudinal studies? they are subject to cohort effects they cannot be used to discuss causality participants may drop out of the study over time they have limited generalizability
participants may drop out of the study over time
Tomas, age 15, experienced a severe head injury and his prefrontal cortex was damaged by the trauma. Tomas now has difficulty with processing visual stimuli. producing and processing speech. planning of behavior, attention, and judgment. fine motor movement and sensing touch.
planning of behavior, attention, and judgment.
A newspaper headline states, "Autism spectrum disorder correlation to wealth affirmed." Researchers found that affluent youngsters were almost twice as likely as the poorest children in the study to have autism spectrum disorder. This is a ____. positive correlation reciprocal correlation negative correlation zero correlation
positive correlation
Dr. Snape was skeptical after reading a study concluding that chocolate truffles reduced the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, he initiated a similar study to determine whether he would achieve the same results. Dr. Snapeʼs study would be termed a ____. statistical sampling validity test regressive analysis replication
replication
Junko's grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her ____. left hemisphere cerebellum brain stem right hemisphere
right hemisphere
Teens begin to form an identity by asking "Who am I?" and "What kind of person do I want to be?" According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to a sense of stagnation and a mid-life crisis. role confusion and problems with subsequent stages. the potential for feelings of despair and an unhappy dying process. feelings of loneliness and isolation and an inability to create a relationship.
role confusion and problems with subsequent stages.
A pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance is called _____ attachment. avoidant insecure secure disorganized
secure
Capuchin monkeys refuse to exchange pebbles for a slice of cucumber after seeing another monkey receive a more highly valued grape for its pebble. This suggests that nonhuman primates have a sense of competition. preference for free riding. sense of fair play. preference for retaliation.
sense of fair play
Ada is almost 1 month old. What does he spend most of his day doing? Crying Eating Sleeping Defecating and urinating
sleeping
Lauren, as maid-of-honor, is expected to give a short speech at her best friend's wedding reception when the dinner guests finish eating. She is worried about how she will look and sound to the wedding guests, her palms are sweaty, and she can feel her heart beating. She is terrified that she will be negatively judged or scrutinized by those attending the reception. This is best described as agoraphobia. a specific phobia. social anxiety disorder. a panic attack.
social anxiety disorder.
In the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, researchers from the U.S. Public Health Service ____. studied the progression of syphilis in a group of African American men without providing diagnosis or treatment poured bacteria on scrapes made on prisoners' faces and arms to transmit syphilis for the purposes of study hired syphilis-infected prostitutes to sleep with soldiers to study the progression of the disease exposed prisoners, soldiers, and mental patients to syphilis and gonorrhea to test the effectiveness of penicillin
studied the progression of syphilis in a group of African American men without providing diagnosis or treatment
Mrs. Agos is unable to recognize her husband by sight when he enters her hospital room. However, once she hears his voice, she recognizes him. Mrs. Agos has likely suffered damage to her ____. Wernicke's area temporal lobe Broca's area parietal lobe
temporal lobe
Dr. Segal is testing the hypothesis that television watching in children under the age of two enhances the development of language skills. In her study, the use of random assignment ____. ensures that the dependent variable reflects the personal qualities of the participants addresses situational confounding variables, such as the time of day or weather conditions ensures that the independent variable reflects the outcomes of the dependent variables tends to cancel out individual differences among participants in the experimental group and the control group
tends to cancel out individual differences among participants in the experimental group of the control group
After growing neurons in a petri dish, she exposes the neurons to several common herbal supplements. After performing a series of electrophysiology experiments, she notes that one class of herbal supplements caused the neurons to become depolarized. What does this mean? the difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased, increasing the chances of an action potential. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased, decreasing the chances of an action potential. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings increased, increasing the chances of an action potential. The difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings increased, decreasing the chances of an action potential.
the difference between the electrical charges of the extracellular and intracellular recordings decreased, increasing the chances of an action potential.
consider the observation that many school shootings have been perpetrated by people with a history of playing violent video games. In this scenario, what could the third variable be? the school shootings the shooter's history of being bullied the age of the shooter the type of violence in the video games
the shooter's history of being bullied
A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce the development of the amygdala in her child's brain. the volume of gray matter in her child's brain. the development of the hippocampus in her child's brain. the volume of white matter in her child's brain.
the volume of gray matter in her child's brain.
Children and youth are exposed to increasingly violent and graphic images and ideas through films, video games, and music lyrics. Some research results show correlations between media exposure and aggression, which indicates that visual imagery causes more aggression than music lyrics. media exposure causes aggression. there may or may not be some relationship between the two. aggressive children and youth choose to watch and listen to violent media.
there may or may not be some relationship between the two.