Praxis 5004 Khan Academy Info
during the columbian exchange (triangular trade) what was sent where?
-The americas sent sugar, tobacco, and cotton to europe - europe sent textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa -Africa sent slaves to the americas
Jamestown
-The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia (1607) -Soil wasnt good, was not good for growing crops -english were not suited to be colonists in the new world
Treaty of Paris
-big victory for the english, they got most of french's territory -won new france (canada) -Spanish florida -won sugar islands -imperial power -colonial americans were on the winning side- confidence boost for young america agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry
What led up to the revolutionary war?
-britain became the imperial power in the american colonies after the french and indian war. As a result, britain attemped to increase control, eventually leading to the revolutionary war -stamp act -boston massacre -boston tea party
biggest differences between europeans and native americans
-europeans: land was passed down from families, and individually owned, trade was business transaction, men led households and made war, women had few rights -natives: land was free to everyone to use, but not to own, did not think europeans would just fence off land, trade was ceremonial, men hunted, fished, women farmed and had greater influence and freedom
How did Columbus' voyage affect the indigenous people?
-he tried to enslave them -tried to bring them to europe, but they were susceptible to european diseases -he forced native people to labor for the spanish quota over all people over age 14 which stated they needed to find a certain amount of gold, or would be beaten -Spain became rich because of Gold
The English colonization of North America
-joint stock company (like a modern day corporation, spread riches and risk of any entrepreneurial undertaking), adventurers who wanted to see the new world could try and make profit -virginia company- sets off for Jamestown -england was having a serious economic depression and poverty -was a highly classed society -roles were inherited -wool was a product being made in england, this industry collapsed -crime rates went up in england -they think there are too many people living in england and not enough to go around (maybe need to go elsewhere, colonies)
what caused england to be so late in the colonial era? (for english to discover the new world, 100 years after christopher colombus)
-religious competition between catholocism and protestantism back home in england - henry vIII (8th), he broke away from the catholicism and developed the church of england (protestantism) -issues in ireland, wants to make it one of their colonies -economic depression (cannot foster colonial exports)
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Articles of Confederation
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) -created in the middle of the american revolution -wanted to run away from a monarchy structure -wanted more of a limited government -wanted all states to have a say, but led room dor discord
Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. There was no asking of permission. Spain felt they were entitled to that land and sent conquistadors
Thirteen Colonies
A group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries. -massachussetts -new hampshire -new york -pennsylvania -rhode island -new jersey -deleware -maryland -virginia -north carolina -south carolina -georgia -connecticut
Encomienda System
A labor system in which the Native Americans were forced to work on Spanish farming plantations and in Spanish mines, came as a result of spanish colonization -native people would be converted to christianity and would receive protection from the spanish -basically just slavery -native population went from about 20 mil to 2 mil -this led to more african slaves needing to come to the americas
Samual Adams
A leader of Boston Sons of Liberty who urged the colonists to continue to resist British controls.
Crusades
A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia -christians wanted to dominate holy lands -jerusalem is a holy site for jews, christians, and muslims, but european christians wanted to reclaim the whole city from Muslim rulers
Constitutional Convention
A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution because the articles of confederation was not working -result was the united states constitution
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Paul Revere
A patriot who helped warn colonists about British movements -took part in the Boston tea party
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England (protestantism). They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. -too many rituals -not enough focus on the bible -faced pursecution in england because there was no separation of church and state and it came across as disrespect to the king -they decided to come to the new world
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Maroon Communities
African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.
John Adams
America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
Patriots
American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won
Three-Firths Compromise
An agreement by the Framers of the Constitution to count slaves as three-fifths of a person when determining a state's population
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control. -considered a turning point in american slavery -led by nathanial bacon -virgina set on fire
what was the first military clash of the american revolutionary war?
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Indentured Servants
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years (came from england) -land, clothes, would be given
Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)
Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. -pretty much created the house and the senate
Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.
Shay's Rebellion (1786)
Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Continental Army, led a rebellion of poor farmers in Massachusetts who demanded debt relief, lower taxes, and protections against property seizures. -did not receive payment from their duty in the revolutionary war -showed the weaknesses of the articles of confederation, the colonies needed a stronger federal government
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania -pacifism refers to anti war/violence -also referred to as the society of friends
John Smith
English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia -"He who shall not work, shall not eat" -also people think he married Pocohontas, but he did not. John Rolfe married her.
Virgina Company of London
English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I for setllement in the New World whose main attraction was gold. Their charter guaranteed to overseas settlers the same rights they would have enjoyed if they had stayed home. -made it possible for the English to reap the benefits
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Enlightenment thinker; Revolutionary leader; printer -one of our founding fathers
Christipher Columbus
Explorer who sailed west to find a different trade route to India and ended up finding much of Latin America (Cuba). He was supported by ferdinand and isabella of spain. He met the tainos, which were indiginous people in the caribbean . He wrote back to ferdinand and isabella telling him of his discoveries and he has taken possession of this land for spain. They eventually supported him on a second voyage, where they sent more ships and more men, even livestock and plants to create plantations. The second voyage led to the establishment of the columbian exchange (triangular trade)
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it. -believe in personal morality and individual moral compass
Lord De La Warr
Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians, came on behalf of england -delaware is named after him -no such thing as peaceful coexistence
John Rolfe
Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia, married pocohontas
Who married Pocahontas?
John Rolfe
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. -divided relations between the colonists and the british empire
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt -as a result of spanish colonization -more work later on for spanish to reastablish control
Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts
Pilgrims sail from England in 1620 and arrive on the Mayflower ship wanting freedom to worship and to start their own religion
Stamp Act of 1765
Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies, passed by british parliament -intensified hostility toward the british, paved way to american revolution -served as a way to balance the budget after the french and indian war -many protested "No taxation without representation"
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Protestant reformer who wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
the great awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. -George Whitfield and Jonathon Edwards
"the lost colony" refers to
Roanoke
Declaration of Independence
Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state and free of british empire july 4, 1776 -"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." -"for people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them...."
Stono Rebellion (1739) (ie. Slave rebellion)
South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.
Townshed Acts 1767
Taxed paper, lead, paint, and tea. -raise revenue for the british empire -protests in colonies, especially boston -precursor to the Boston massacre
First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.
Boston Massacre (1770)
The Massacre was the 1770, pre-Revolutionary incident growing out of the anger against the British troops sent to Boston to maintain order and to enforce the Townshend Acts. The troops, constantly tormented by irresponsible gangs, finally on March 5, 1770, fired into a rioting crowd and killed five men: three on the spot, two of wounds later. The funeral of the victims was the occasion for a great patriot demonstration. The British captain, Thomas Preston, and his men were tried for murder, with Robert Treat Paine as prosecutor, John Adams and Josiah Quincy as lawyers for the defense. Preston and six of his men were acquitted; two others were found guilty of manslaughter, punished, and discharged from the army.
Mayflower Compact (1620)
The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was an early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.
columbian exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. -new world- to the old world -things that came from new world to old world: sugar, tobacco, chocolate, potatoes -things that came from old world to new world: horses, sugar plants, and diseases -new world (the americas) -old world (europe and africa)
House of Burgesses, 1619
The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.
Silk Road Trade
The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.
New Jersey Plan
The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. -a plan that countered the virginia plan
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
These acts were laws that punished the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. Called the Coercive Acts in England. The Americans called them Intolerable. -was aimed at isolating boston
Daughters of Liberty
This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent. -martha washington, wife of george washington, was one of the most prominent daughters of liberty
Result of French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris
Virginia Plan
Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population
Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. -first global war -did not just happen in north america -native americans faught on both sides -england and france faught on who was going to be supreme imperial power and trade with north americans -english fighting the french and indians
Poor Richard's Almanack, first published 1732
Written by Benjamin Franklin, it was filled with witty, insightful, and funny bits of observation and common sense advice (the saying, "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise," first appeared in this almanac). It was the most popular almanac in the colonies.
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence -3rd president of the united states
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Conquistador
a Spanish conqueror of the Americas (Sent in response to columbus' discoveries)
cash crop
a crop cultivated for sale instead of personal consumption
Quartering Act
an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Mercantile System
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
what are some diseases that traveled from the old world to the new world during columbus' second voyage?
chicken pox, measles, mumps, smallpox, and even syphillis
how did the british respond to the boston tea party?
coercive acts
Chattel slaves
considered human property; status that denied slaves in the Chesapeake most civic and legal privileges -europe legalized this at the time
Boston Tea Party
demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor -direct response to british taxation policies in north american colonies
3 years after Hernan Cortes captured tenochtitlan, ____ explorers reached the americas
french
French and Dutch Relationship with Native Americans
friendlier than the spanish, formed alliances, cooperated with them, more interested in just trade, intermarried with natives, tried to convert natives to catholicism, but rarely by force
French and dutch explorers were interested in the ____ trade
fur
George Washington's role in french and indian war
he and some of his men, accompanied by Indian allies, ambushed a French scouting party. Its leader was killed, although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed. This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global Seven Years' War.
Rationalism
idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge
The Silk Road was important because
it linked Asian and western cultures for more a thousand years, but it was also costly.
Tobacco in Virginia
largest cash crop, when they couldn't find gold they started profiting off of tobacco, but needed the help of enslaved africans
Proclomation of 1763
law created by British officials that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains -the end of white settlement -west of the appalachin mountains was for native americans -people ignored that rule, native americans would eventually be pushed farther west
Unalienable Rights
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, property
Reconquista of Spain
means reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence an expulsion of muslims from the iberian peninsula after the failed crusades
cortes eventually claimed tenochtitlan, which was the capital of the aztec/mexica empire, and later named it
mexico city
Spanish Colonization
militarized exploration for the purpose of glory, god, and gold -led by hernan cortes -war between aztecs and spanish -many natives died because of smallpox due to lack of immunity -wanted to Christianize and enslave natives
difference between pilgrims and puritans
pilgrims- thought church of england was too corrupt, wanted to separate from the church completely and start over puritans- did not want to separate from church of england, just wanted to purify it, wanted to the rest of england to model new england
empiricism
promotes the idea that knowledge comes from exprience and observation of the world
which state brought slaves to the british colonies?
rhode island
Sons of Liberty
secret society formed to oppose British policies -radical -led by samual adams
european rivals wanted to create ______ plantations in the americas
sugar
of all the commodities in the atlantic world, ___ proved to be the most important
sugar
Jonathon Edwards, "Sinners at the Hands of an Angry God"
terrors of hell and the possibilities of avoiding damnation by personal conversion -this was a sermon -main idea is that it is up to God to forgive you for your sins or condemn you
Continental Army
the American army during the American Revolution -george washington was the commander of the continental army
why did the spanish support christopher columbus on his voyages to the new world?
the spanish were threatened by the portugese due to their expansion across the atlantic and their finding of the african slave trade. the portugese also invented the caravel, which helped them travel by sea
Who composed the first draft of the Declaration of Independence?
thomas jefferson
Why did europeans want to explore the new world?
to claim more land and find riches -gold, god, and glory -also wanted to find routes to asia -religious motivations
what is considered the first truly global commodity?
tobacco
slavery did not only exist in the south. true/false
true
The first shots of the American Revolution
were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts in April 1775
