Praxis 5361
[ɔ]
"caught, paws, pause, dawn, cot"
comparative structures
"like" "as" "than" comparing two things
Superlative
(of an adjective or adverb) expressing the highest or a very high degree of a quality (e.g., bravest, most fiercely ).
Pidginization
A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language.
the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.
Circumlocution
Instructional materials and resources used in this approach are typically authentic texts written for native speakers that can be used in communication activities in the target language.-real world resource
Communicative Language Teaching
occurs when an extra sound is added to a word. Here the student pronounces the underlined word, different [dɪfrənt], as [dɪfərənt], inserting the segment [ə].
Epenthesis
pronoun
I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.
Devoicing
In PHONETICS, the process by which SPEECH sounds that are normally voiced are made voiceless immediately after a voiceless obstruent: for example, the /r/ in cream /kriːm/ and the /w/ in twin /twɪn/.
the influence of one language (or variety) on another in the speech of bilinguals who use both languages.
Interference
equal educational opportunities for ELLs can be provided only when schools work to overcome the language and educational barriers that ELLs encounter in a school setting. Simply providing them with the same access to facilities and learning materials that non-ELLs have is not enough to overcome these barriers.---which ruling?
Lau v. Nichols
avoidance
Learners may avoid a problematic word by using a different one, for example substituting the irregular verb make with the regular verb ask. The regularity of "ask" makes it easier to use correctly.
A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language.
Pidginization
stresses that learner input should be based on language that is slightly beyond the learner's current receptive level so that the learner can progress.
Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis
subject-verb agreement
Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
direct-object pronouns
The object that directly receives the action of the verb
negative transfer
The process of incorrectly applying structures from one language to another
The student is having difficulty with the "cts" consonant cluster in the word "insects."--issue with __________
Voiceless consonants in final position
Relative clauses
We use relative clauses to postmodify a noun - to make clear which person or thing we are talking about. In these clauses we can have the relative pronoun who, which, whose or that
mix, fit
[I]
ee- meet, greet, seat
[i]
boot, ooze
[u]
velar nasal
[ŋ]- ng
"caught, paws, pause, dawn, cot"
[ɔ]
done, butter, fun, love, government, dove
[ʌ ]
voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in thing
[θ]
definite article
a determiner ( "the" in English) that introduces a noun phrase and implies that the thing mentioned has already been mentioned, or is common knowledge, or is about to be defined (as in the book on the table ; the art of government ; the famous poet and short story writer ).
gerund
a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.
Consonant clusters
a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are ______ in the word splits
article
a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two- "a" and "the"
Pronoun reference
a pronoun referring to a specific noun
formative assessment
a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.
Preposition
a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?"
preposition
a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?"
adjective
a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it.
expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
adverb
gently, quietly, then, there
adverbs
Metalinguistic skills
amplified and logical understanding of the rules used to govern language--including phonological awareness
comparative adjectives
bigger, thinner, fatter
[u]
boot, ooze
displacement
characteristic of language that allows users to talk about things and events other than those occurring in the here and now.
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
code-switching
and, as, because,yet, whether, nor, etc
conjunctions
Flapping
consonants /t/ and sometimes also /d/ may be pronounced as a flap (tap) in certain positions, particularly between vowels (intervocalic position).
provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity. They also provide a baseline for understanding how much learning has taken place after the learning activity is completed.
diagnostic assessment
Here the teacher has indicated where the student has made mistakes, but has corrected the mistakes for the student. This, by definition, is
direct feedback
The object that directly receives the action of the verb
direct-object pronouns
students should become aware of different texts written for native speakers that serve different purposes. In doing so, they can familiarize themselves with various linguistic and cultural features that exist within the target language. The most logical first step in this process is to expose students to a variety of written genres.
discourse analysis approach
[ʌ ]
done, butter, fun, love, government, dove
[i]
ee- meet, greet, seat
Lau v. Nichols
equal educational opportunities for ELLs can be provided only when schools work to overcome the language and educational barriers that ELLs encounter in a school setting. Simply providing them with the same access to facilities and learning materials that non-ELLs have is not enough to overcome these barriers.
indefinite article
example "a"
plural inflection
extra letter or letters added to nouns, verbs and adjectives in their different grammatical forms. Nouns are inflected in the plural, verbs are inflected in the various tenses, and adjectives are inflected in the comparative/superlative.
occurs when a native speaker of a given language adjusts his or her speech so that a nonnative speaker can understand the conversation. In order to communicate with Mei, Rosa simplifies her grammar and vocabulary and incorporates gestures and pointing to be understood.
foreigner talk
a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.
formative assessment
when a language learner appears to get stuck at a specific stage, continuing to have trouble with the same structures and errors and making no observable progress toward greater proficiency.
fossilization
a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.
gerund
Here the teacher has indicated where the student has made mistakes, but has not corrected the mistakes for the student. This, by definition, is
indirect feedback
[I]
mix, fit
possessive pronouns
my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your and yours - all words that demonstrate ownership
The process of incorrectly applying structures from one language to another is called
negative transfer
[ŋ]
ng- symbol of velar nasal
foreigner talk
occurs when a native speaker of a given language adjusts his or her speech so that a nonnative speaker can understand the conversation. In order to communicate with Mei, Rosa simplifies her grammar and vocabulary and incorporates gestures and pointing to be understood.
Epenthesis
occurs when an extra sound is added to a word. Here the student pronounces the underlined word, different [dɪfrənt], as [dɪfərənt], inserting the segment [ə].
register
one of the many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.
I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.
pronoun
diagnostic assessment
provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity. They also provide a baseline for understanding how much learning has taken place after the learning activity is completed.
Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis
stresses that learner input should be based on language that is slightly beyond the learner's current receptive level so that the learner can progress.
code switching
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
Metathesis
the rearranging of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence
Aspiration
the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.
Circumlocution
the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.
demonstrative pronouns
this, that, these and those--followed by a noun
ð
voiced "th" dental fricative..."this, that, thy, thee"
[θ]
voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in thing
fossilization
when a language learner appears to get stuck at a specific stage, continuing to have trouble with the same structures and errors and making no observable progress toward greater proficiency.