Praxis 5361

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[ɔ]

"caught, paws, pause, dawn, cot"

comparative structures

"like" "as" "than" comparing two things

Superlative

(of an adjective or adverb) expressing the highest or a very high degree of a quality (e.g., bravest, most fiercely ).

Pidginization

A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language.

the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.

Circumlocution

Instructional materials and resources used in this approach are typically authentic texts written for native speakers that can be used in communication activities in the target language.-real world resource

Communicative Language Teaching

occurs when an extra sound is added to a word. Here the student pronounces the underlined word, different [dɪfrənt], as [dɪfərənt], inserting the segment [ə].

Epenthesis

pronoun

I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.

Devoicing

In PHONETICS, the process by which SPEECH sounds that are normally voiced are made voiceless immediately after a voiceless obstruent: for example, the /r/ in cream /kriːm/ and the /w/ in twin /twɪn/.

the influence of one language (or variety) on another in the speech of bilinguals who use both languages.

Interference

equal educational opportunities for ELLs can be provided only when schools work to overcome the language and educational barriers that ELLs encounter in a school setting. Simply providing them with the same access to facilities and learning materials that non-ELLs have is not enough to overcome these barriers.---which ruling?

Lau v. Nichols

avoidance

Learners may avoid a problematic word by using a different one, for example substituting the irregular verb make with the regular verb ask. The regularity of "ask" makes it easier to use correctly.

A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language.

Pidginization

stresses that learner input should be based on language that is slightly beyond the learner's current receptive level so that the learner can progress.

Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis

subject-verb agreement

Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.

direct-object pronouns

The object that directly receives the action of the verb

negative transfer

The process of incorrectly applying structures from one language to another

The student is having difficulty with the "cts" consonant cluster in the word "insects."--issue with __________

Voiceless consonants in final position

Relative clauses

We use relative clauses to postmodify a noun - to make clear which person or thing we are talking about. In these clauses we can have the relative pronoun who, which, whose or that

mix, fit

[I]

ee- meet, greet, seat

[i]

boot, ooze

[u]

velar nasal

[ŋ]- ng

"caught, paws, pause, dawn, cot"

[ɔ]

done, butter, fun, love, government, dove

[ʌ ]

voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in thing

[θ]

definite article

a determiner ( "the" in English) that introduces a noun phrase and implies that the thing mentioned has already been mentioned, or is common knowledge, or is about to be defined (as in the book on the table ; the art of government ; the famous poet and short story writer ).

gerund

a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.

Consonant clusters

a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are ______ in the word splits

article

a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two- "a" and "the"

Pronoun reference

a pronoun referring to a specific noun

formative assessment

a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.

Preposition

a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?"

preposition

a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?"

adjective

a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it.

expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.

adverb

gently, quietly, then, there

adverbs

Metalinguistic skills

amplified and logical understanding of the rules used to govern language--including phonological awareness

comparative adjectives

bigger, thinner, fatter

[u]

boot, ooze

displacement

characteristic of language that allows users to talk about things and events other than those occurring in the here and now.

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

code-switching

and, as, because,yet, whether, nor, etc

conjunctions

Flapping

consonants /t/ and sometimes also /d/ may be pronounced as a flap (tap) in certain positions, particularly between vowels (intervocalic position).

provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity. They also provide a baseline for understanding how much learning has taken place after the learning activity is completed.

diagnostic assessment

Here the teacher has indicated where the student has made mistakes, but has corrected the mistakes for the student. This, by definition, is

direct feedback

The object that directly receives the action of the verb

direct-object pronouns

students should become aware of different texts written for native speakers that serve different purposes. In doing so, they can familiarize themselves with various linguistic and cultural features that exist within the target language. The most logical first step in this process is to expose students to a variety of written genres.

discourse analysis approach

[ʌ ]

done, butter, fun, love, government, dove

[i]

ee- meet, greet, seat

Lau v. Nichols

equal educational opportunities for ELLs can be provided only when schools work to overcome the language and educational barriers that ELLs encounter in a school setting. Simply providing them with the same access to facilities and learning materials that non-ELLs have is not enough to overcome these barriers.

indefinite article

example "a"

plural inflection

extra letter or letters added to nouns, verbs and adjectives in their different grammatical forms. Nouns are inflected in the plural, verbs are inflected in the various tenses, and adjectives are inflected in the comparative/superlative.

occurs when a native speaker of a given language adjusts his or her speech so that a nonnative speaker can understand the conversation. In order to communicate with Mei, Rosa simplifies her grammar and vocabulary and incorporates gestures and pointing to be understood.

foreigner talk

a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.

formative assessment

when a language learner appears to get stuck at a specific stage, continuing to have trouble with the same structures and errors and making no observable progress toward greater proficiency.

fossilization

a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.

gerund

Here the teacher has indicated where the student has made mistakes, but has not corrected the mistakes for the student. This, by definition, is

indirect feedback

[I]

mix, fit

possessive pronouns

my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your and yours - all words that demonstrate ownership

The process of incorrectly applying structures from one language to another is called

negative transfer

[ŋ]

ng- symbol of velar nasal

foreigner talk

occurs when a native speaker of a given language adjusts his or her speech so that a nonnative speaker can understand the conversation. In order to communicate with Mei, Rosa simplifies her grammar and vocabulary and incorporates gestures and pointing to be understood.

Epenthesis

occurs when an extra sound is added to a word. Here the student pronounces the underlined word, different [dɪfrənt], as [dɪfərənt], inserting the segment [ə].

register

one of the many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.

I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.

pronoun

diagnostic assessment

provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity. They also provide a baseline for understanding how much learning has taken place after the learning activity is completed.

Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis

stresses that learner input should be based on language that is slightly beyond the learner's current receptive level so that the learner can progress.

code switching

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

Metathesis

the rearranging of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence

Aspiration

the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.

Circumlocution

the use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.

demonstrative pronouns

this, that, these and those--followed by a noun

ð

voiced "th" dental fricative..."this, that, thy, thee"

[θ]

voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in thing

fossilization

when a language learner appears to get stuck at a specific stage, continuing to have trouble with the same structures and errors and making no observable progress toward greater proficiency.


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