Praxis 5857 Terminology
force
- SI unit used to estimate force is the Newton - movement concepts such as rotation, couples, resultant forces, resisting forces, joint forces, joint reaction forces, ground reaction forces, inertial forces, gravitational forces, center of pressure, and force line
sequential force
- body, arm, forearm - well timed - kicking a football - hip moves forward, leg trailing, abdominals and quads move the thigh forward, quads and calf straighten the lower leg, calf muscles snap foot
tendons
- connective tissue wrapped around muscles, giving individual muscle fibers support and stability
Endomorph
- fat and often pear-shaped, with narrow shoulders and wide hips, with small ankles and writs but more fat on the torso, arms and legs - shot put and wrestling
Dairy
- foods that are fat-free or low-fat - milk products retaining calcium content (cheese, yogurt, etc) are in the dairy group - cream, butter, cream cheese, and others having little or no calcium are NOT.
endorphin
- greek for morphine within - hormones that bring feelings of well-being and euphoria - released during Glycogen depletion - exercise accesses the body's glycogen stores to supply energy.
Ectomorph
- long, narrow, thin shape body with minimal muscle or fat - long distance running and high jump
Mesomorph
- muscular, often wedge-shaped, with wide shoulders and narrow hips, strong limbs, and little body fat - good sports include gymnastics and swimming
principle of individual differences
- not everybody will attain the same results from same training - some must work harder for same results - some are more predisposed to succeed in certain sports or workouts - who in turn are more predisposed for other activities - must tailor workouts to meet goals of at own pace
principle of specificity
- one must exercise the specific body part, muscle, or sport movements and techniques that one wants to improve.
equilibrium
- our sense of balance - gives us information regarding where are bodies are in space - standing up, sitting down, lying down, etc.
kinesthesis
- our sense of our body parts' positions and movements - enabled by receptors in our muscles, tendons and joints - how we know where all of our body parts are at any time and in what manner and direction they are moving
motion
- physics concepts such as mass, center of gravity, displacement, inertia, linear and angular motion, linear and angular velocity, vectors, acceleration, etc.
effort of movement
- the amount of force in a body movement which may be strong, medium, light or any degree of these. - movement concept - quality - the way in which our body moves - learning how to generate, absorb, and direct force, effort, or tension is an important component of movement quality - includes speed - sudden or sustained or continuous, quick or slow or anything in-between - flow of movement - bound, interrupted, free, sustained
biomechanics
- the description of motion and force and kinetics - understanding these physics concepts enables corresponding understanding of body movements
oxygen consumption
- the measure of the differential between oxygen inhaled and exhaled
perception
- the process of absorbing, organizing and interpreting sensory input - is multi-sensory - contributes to a child's motor behaviors in response to the input received - control over eye movements - use perceptional information to choose which motor action to perform as motor competence develops - changes in size, weight, muscular strength and body fat from infancy to toddlerhood present perceptual-motor challenges
sarcomere hypertrophy
- when fewer repetitions of lifting heavy weights rupture muscle cells' plasma membranes, calcium leaks out between the cells, activating enzymes - to remove and break down damaged tissue and stimulating nearby muscle cells to make and release growth factors
torque
-the rotational equivalent of force -a measurement of a force's tendency to cause something to rotate - strong rotation - large torque - weak rotation - small torque - same force applied - farther from axis will have greater torque
Principal of progression
A gradual increase in weight
Alarm Stage of stress
Body exposed to a stressor and prepares for combat
epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Speed play
Bursts of high speed alternated with periods of rest - also called fartlek interval training in running
Closed skills
Fixed environment with a clearly defined beginning and end. Ex- free throw
Principal of specificity
In order to master a sport you must master the skills that pertain to that sport - one must exercise the specific body part, muscle, or sport movements and techniques that one wants to improve.
plasticity of the brain
Neuroplasticity - its structure and function can be modified by various influences such as behavioral training and other new learning
Fatigue
Predicted by % of oxygen consumed in relation to the intensity of the activity
Alveoli
Small thin air sacs arranged in clusters that is responsible for direct exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Open skills
Temporarily change environment; adjusts made on the run - skills performed in an environment that is dynamic - unpredictable and in motion - goal is to adapt movements in response to ever-changing environment - e.g. invasion games
G.A.S. General Adaptation Syndrome
The internal mechanism that helps the body remain in balance during stress
Exhaustion of stress phase
The stress has continued over a long period of time and you experience no desire to continue your work or social life.
Resistance Phase of stress
When you do not experience relief of initial stress and energy levels begin to decrease
performance indicator
a description of more specific behaviors students should perform to demonstrate knowledge, understanding and action - associated with a standard
chronic disease
a disease or condition of long duration that takes a long time to develop and progress
systemic disease
a disease that affects the body as a whole - flu, diabetes - local diseases can become these for example, cancer
idiopathic
a disease that has no known cause
local disease
a disease that is confined to a certain area or a system of the body
primary disease
a disease that is not associated with or helped along by a previous injury or disease - happy and healthy and got the flu
acute disease
a disease that is rapid in onset, short in duration, and often severe and rapidly changing
secondary disease
a disease that results after and as a consequence of a primary disease - have the flu then you may get strep throat as a result of the flu
running
a gait that includes an aerial phase when no body parts contact the ground or floor, with no external forces on the body (excluding gravity and wind resistance).
Hemophilia
a group of rare hereditary bleeding disorders in which the blood does not clot properly. There are three main types of hemophilia called hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and hemophilia C - A and B are X-linked genetic disorders therefore more likely in males
FITNESSGRAM
a health-related physical fitness assessment. Each of the test items were selected to assess important aspects of a student's health-related fitness, not skill or agility
calorie
a unit of energy equaling the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
energy
any or all activity generating force through activating muscles
vector
any organism that carries and transmits an infectious agent into another organism - a mosquito
conditioning
augmenting muscle energy capacity through physical exercise programs; does not focus on performance
Haemophilius influenzae Type B
bacteria
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to other tissues of the body
veins
blood vessels that carry blood from various tissues to the heart
principles of overload
body only responds beyond normal level if new stimuli are introduced - stopping within comfort zone maintains skill but not improvement - true for strength, losing weight, athletic ability - muscles must function in unaccustomed ways - can help push, motivate clients to work past comfort zones
neurons
brain cells
amino acids
building blocks of proteins - cannot be produced by human body - must be supplied by diet
egocentric
cannot see other's views - literally and physically as well as abstractly
sarcolemma
cells' plasma membranes
ligaments
connect bones at joints - exercise strengthens connections
Skeletal muscles
contractile organs composed of several motor units
Proximodistical Motor
control develops from the center of the body to out - example - tendency for more general functions of limbs to develop before more specific - gross motor before fine motor skills
Cephalocaudal Motor
control develops head to tail - example - infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs
maximum oxygen consumption
equals the maximal aerobic capacity - frequently regarded as indicating cardiorespiratory fitness - the cardiovascular systems greatest ability to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles and how quickly the body can produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to supply energy to muscles
anemia blood
fewer red blood cells that normal
Negative work
force times distance exerted along with or assisted by gravitational force
positive work
force times distance exerted in opposition to the force of gravity
FITT
frequency, intensity, time, type your body adapts so change it up to see results!
integrity of self
have learned and gained insight and perspective from their life experiences, attaining wisdom
motor units
includes all the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron, and at least some are always contracting - even when we're at rest. The contraction may not be enough to produce movement, but they keep the muscle at a resting level of tension or tone.
body mass index
is the ratio of weight to height, squared in kilograms and meters, used to show weight-height relationship
Ballistic Power training:
lift, accelerate, and release weight. Ex: bench throw, jump squats, push press.
aerobic power
maximum rate at which someone can consume oxygen during intensive exercise performance which indicates cardiorespiratory fitness
metabolic cart
measures how much oxygen the person's body can consume during the exercise - the higher the amount of oxygen one can consume - the higher the cardiorespiratory endurance
capillaries
microscopic blood vessels with very thin walls that allow the transfer of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissues
dynamic contraction
more accurate term for isotonic contraction - meaning the muscle tension varies throughout the movement - e.g. These forms of exercises help to isolate certain muscle groups, as in the case of dumbbell curls during which the primary muscle worked is the bicep.
Fast-Twitch (FT) fibers
muscle fibers that contract quickly, have high anaerobic - without oxygen - capacity and hence apply best to activities with high power output
Slow-twitch (ST) fibers
muscle fibers that contract slowly, have hight aerobic - with oxygen - capacity and low anaerobic capacity and apply best to activities with low power output.
eccentric contraction
occurs when the muscle lengthens - helps to control the rate of movement
Concentric contraction
occurs when the muscle shortens - muscle shortens when the arm flexes at the elbow in the act of curling
principle of use/disuse
one must use muscles to sustain muscular strength "use it or lose it" - anytime we stop exercising or exercise less and notice we are no longer seeing results
aerobic
oxygen
respiration
process of gas exchange that occurs in the respiratory zone
Isometric muscular endurance
push against something that is immovable - static tension - involves muscle contraction without the muscle or joints moving - e.g. pushing against a wall or doing a push-up/stopping in the 'up' position - do not significantly build strength but maintain strength, which is why used for rehabilitation
Wellness
refers to the state of being in optimal mental and physical health - living a life full of personal responsibility and therefore taking proactive steps for one's entire well-being.
Exercise physiology
scientific study of how the body functionally responds, adapts and adjusts to chronic training and acute exercise
Cardiac output - CO
term used to show the amount of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle - determined by multiplying the number of heartbeats per minute times the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles with each heartbeat
principle of adaptation
the body adapts to exercise, so that with regular practice, certain activities become easier. to continue improving, one must vary ones workouts with different training and/or routines. The body adjusts to demands made of it.
Isotonic Contraction
the force generated by a muscle while contracting, when the muscle lengthens and shortens during movement, with the force remaining constant -e.g. dumbbell curls, squats, lunges and walking.
blood pressure
the force per unit area that the blood exerts against an artery's inner walls, and the force that carries blood through the circulatory system
adenosine triphosphate - ATP
the form of energy your body uses to perform bodily functions - a high-energy-containing molecule, and it might help if you think of it as your body's fuel, much like gas is the fuel used by your car
diastolic blood pressure
the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood. In a blood pressure reading, it is typically the second number recorded.
recovery oxygen
the net amount of oxygen, reported in liters, that one consumes while recovering from exercise in other words - oxygen consumed beyond the amount consumed over the same time period when at rest
core temperature
the operating temperature of an organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the liver, in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues.
Kinetics
the part of biomechanics involving the study of movement and the forces that produce movement
rate-pressure product
the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure which gives a non-invasive estimation of myocardial oxygen consumption
body composition
the proportions of fatty and muscular tissue that make up a person's body weight - the percentage of body fat an individual has is significant to health and fitness - the higher the body fat the higher the risk of chronic diseases
Muscle tone
the resting tension in the skeletal muscle, and it helps to stabilize the position of the bones and the joints
bioenergetics
the study of energy transformations in living organisms
psychology
the study of human behavior - therefore - perception and motor behaviors inform psychological development
etiology
the study of origins of causes of diseases or pathological conditions
principle of reversibility
training principle that fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered.
Plyometric
training that addresses, from the standpoint of specificity, explosive movements - rapid isotonic contractions. Note: Care should be taken when using plyometric training. Its use with young athletes may carry a risk of injury.
Anaerobic
without oxygen - protein building