Praxis Chapter 3

After suffering a severe stroke, Robert has difficulty with auditory comp and speaks fluently, though he does not make much sense. Which area of Robert's brain was affected?

Wernicke's area

The back-and-forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic is called: a. a sinusoidal wave b. an aperiodic wave c. simple harmonic motion

c. simple harmonic motion

The surface tissue of Julie's soft/hard palate has fused together, but her underlying muscle/tone has not been fused. You also notice that she has a bifid uvula. On palpation of the soft palate, you discover that Julie has: a. cleft of the alveolar process b. postmucous cleft c. submucous cleft d. cleft lip

c. submucous cleft

T/F: Increasing use of appropriate discourse skills is an appropriate goal for a child who's goal is to "increase semantic skills"

false

T/F: T-units are types of linguistic units

false

The lowest freq of a periodic wave is:

fundamental frequency

A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the:

hyoid bone

Acoustical, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission is called:

imepedance

A clinician who concentrated on syntax during therapy with children with lang delays and did not believe in external reinforcement would probably subscribe to the ________ theory.

nativist

The primary muscle of the lips is the:

orbicularis oris

T/F: A laryngeal exam can be conducted with indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic exam to inspect the BOT, vallecula, epiglottis, pyriform sinuses, vocal folds, and ventricular folds

False

Bloodstein suggested that stuttering is: a. a response of tension and speech fragmentation b. an avoidance behavior c. due to parental diagnosis d. an operant behavior

a. a response of tension and speech fragmentation

Which of the following could be an influence of being from Thailand, rather than a stroke? a. "They going over there today" b. "I done got to get dressed now" c. "She not have no money in the bank"

a. "They going over there today"

A semivowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and + continuant is the: a. /w/ b. /j/ c. /l/ d. /r/

a. /w/

Beginning therapy at the syllable level and not focusing on auditory discrimination is the: a. McDonald's sensory motor approach b. minimal pair contrast approach c. McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach

a. McDonald's sensory motor approach

Which of the following would be true of a clinician who used Skinner's behaviorism as a foundation for her intervention w/ children w/ lang delays? a. She or he would teach the child to use mands, tacts, and echoics b. She or he would target auditory sequencing skills c. She or he would teach the child to scaffold utternaces

a. She or he would teach the child to use mands, tacts, and echoics

Pearson r correlation of -.89 shows that there is _____________ between rate of speech and intelligibility. a. a strong negative correlation (or inverse) relationship b. a positive correlational relationship c. virtually no correlational relationship

a. a strong negative correlation (or inverse) relationship

Stuttering may be diagnosed on the basis of: a. a total dysfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of the words) b. eye blinks and other facial grimaces c. avoidance of speaking situations

a. a total dysfluency rate that exceeds an objective criterion (e.g., 5% of the words)

Susan tells you, "I am having problems with my voice." You notice intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction when she tries to phonate. This is known as: a. abductor spasmodic dysphonia b. adductor spasmodic dysphonia c. bilateral paralysis d. unilateral paralysis

a. abductor spasmodic dysphonia

In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would: a. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures b. restrict the patient's food choices to limit potential aspiration c. not consider the possibility of an ultrasound exam b/c you want to limit cost

a. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures

The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing include: a. delayed or absent swallowing reflex b. anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue c. reduced range of lateral and vertical tongue movement

a. delayed or absent swallowing reflex

A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (to be exchanged for gifts) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of: a. differential reinforcement of other behavior b. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior c. negative reinforcement d. punishment

a. differential reinforcement of other behavior

Procedures in which stuttering is directly reduced without teaching fluency skills (e.g., slow speech) are known as: a. direct stuttering reduction methods b. fluent stuttering c. parent counseling d. desensitazation to stuttering

a. direct stuttering reduction methods

Baselines: a. help establish the initial level of client's behaviors for later comparison b. are duplication of standardized tests c. are not necessary for each response mode

a. help establish the initial level of client's behaviors for later comparison

A clinician measured the dysfluency rates of a client from a speech sample. She then asked another clinician to measure dysfluencies using the same method she had used. The 1st clinician calculated reliability index based on her measure and that of the 2nd clinician. This index is a measure of: a. interobserver agreement/reliability b. intraobserver agreement c. split-half reliability

a. interobserver agreement/reliability

Which is true about Van Riper's approach to stuttering treatment? a. its goal is fluent stuttering b. it seeks to establish normal sounding fluency by slowing down the speech rate c. it seeks to reduce stuttering by using operant contingencies

a. its goal is fluent stuttering

In a voice eval, air pressure can be measured with a: a. manometer b. airmometer c. altimeter

a. manometer

In selecting the fluency-shaping technique, clinicians should consider that it: a. often leads to relapse of stuttering b. is known to promote long-term maintenance of fluency c. does not induce unnatural prosodic features

a. often leads to relapse of stuttering

The diadochokinetic rate is used to evaluate: a. oral-motor coordination b. dental deviations c. myofunctional disorders

a. oral-motor coordination

You are asked to develop a management plan for a patient with RHD. Treatment targets would include: a. pragmatic lang impairments b. production of morphological features c. phonological skills

a. pragmatic lang impairments

20-year-old man with TBI. Which is the correct orientation for this patient? a. pragmatic lang skills, production of speech sounds, and comprehension of lang skills should be among the main targets of assessment b. impair morphological skills should be the main concerns in assessment c. assessment of reading and writing skills is not a concern

a. pragmatic lang skills, production of speech sounds, and comprehension of lang skills should be among the main targets of assessment

A treatment efficacy study on phonological disorders proposed that the treatment to be investigated will not make a difference. This means that the investigator: a. proposed a null hypothesis b. proposed an alternative hypothesis c. proposed no hypothesis

a. proposed a null hypothesis

When sound waves move from one medium to another (air to water), it causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This phenomenon is known as: a. refraction b. reflection c. rarefaction

a. refraction

A child with a lang delay is in Brown's Stage V of morpheme mastery. Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate target for intervention? a. regular plural inflection -s b. irregular 3rd person c. contractible auxiliary d. contractible copula

a. regular plural inflection -s

External validity of a study may be threatened by: a. the Hawthorne effect b. statistical regression c. testing d. maturation

a. the Hawthorne effect

Which applies to ethnographic studies? a. they are mostly descriptive b. they are suitable for evaluating treatment effects c. they are not appropriate for studying patterns of culture

a. they are mostly descriptive

When acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument, it is called: a. tympanometry b. immittanceometry c. impedanometry d. acoustic reflex

a. tympanometry

Waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals are known as: a. aperiodic waves b. periodic waves c. sinusoidal motion/wave

b. periodic waves

Delay is a treatment procedure in which the clinician: a. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models b. repeatedly models target responses but does not require the child to imitate them c. waits for 30 seconds to deliver reinforcement for correct response

a. waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired object if there is no response after three models

What are of the brain connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area?

arcuate fasiculus

Impaired facial recognition is more common in patients with: a. anterior RHD b. posterior RHD c. left temporal lobe damage d. damage to the perisylvian region

b. posterior RHD

Which is correct: a. AOS is a lang disorder b. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder c. AOD does not coexist with aphasia

b. AOS is a neurogenic speech disorder

Before a glossectomy, a patient that is told that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which cranial nerves will be affected? a. CN IX, glossoparyngeal b. CN XII, hypoglossal c. CN VII, facial

b. CN XII, hypoglossal

A patient has a protruding maxilla and a receded mandible. This is: a. Class I malocclusion b. Class II malocclusion c. Class III malocclusion d. myofunctional disorder

b. Class II malocclusion

You are a new clinician in a NICU. Your job title is that of newborn development specialist (NDS). Which of the following is FALSE regarding your role? a. You would support the families and infants with issues involving hearing conservation and aural rehabilitation b. You would not serve as a primary care coordinator or case manager for infants and families b/c a medical doctor usually fills this role c. You would advocate oral feeding for the babies as soon as it is medically possible

b. You would not serve as a primary care coordinator or case manager for infants and families b/c a medical doctor usually fills this role

If an African American adult patient in a hospital says "I been had the measles when I was a kid," this is an example of: a. semantic paraphasia b. a perfective construction c. the use of an additional auxiliary d. lack of noun-verb agreement.

b. a perfective construction

Two or more sounds of different frequencies are called: a. pure tones b. complex tones c. harmonic tones

b. complex tones

The radiographic imaging procedure that allows x-ray beams to circle through segments of the brain and pass through tissue while a camera takes pictures of sections of the structures being scanned is known as: a. electroencephalography (EEG) b. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan c. magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)

b. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

In standardizing a test of lang skills in children, the investigator asked 2 experts to judge each item on the test to make sure that all items were relevant to children's lang skills. This is a method of establishing the: a. concurrent validity b. content validity c. construct validity d. predictive validity

b. content validity

22-year-old student is diagnosed with a unilateral polyp. When she speaks, it appears that she is producing 2 different pitches simultaneously. She has: a. dysphonia b. diplophonia c. spasmodic dysphonia

b. diplophonia

A researcher places surface electrodes on both sides of the thyroid cartilage and passes a high-freq electric current between the electrodes. The patient is asked to phonate while the electric current is applied to the electrodes. This procedure is called: a. videostroboscopy b. electroglottography c. electromyography d. laryngoscopy

b. electroglottography

You are asked to design a treatment program for young children who stutter, including prek. Among the following choices, which would you most likely select? a. DAF b. fluency reinforcement or response cost c. fluent stuttering

b. fluency reinforcement or response cost

A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men "Daddy" is exhibiting the phenomenon of: a. underextension b. overextension

b. overextension

You are beginning intervention with a 7-year-old with developmental delays who has lang skills of a TD 4-year-old. Which would not be an appropriate skill to work on in treatment? a. use of future tense b. production of gerunds c. definition of common words d. use of complete sentenecs

b. production of gerunds (a gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading.")

If Jamal has CAS, which would you NOT expect him to present with?: a. repetition of sounds and syllables b. rapid speech that becomes faster as Jamal gets more deeply involved in a convo c. unusual errors of artic, such as metathesis d. deviations in prosody

b. rapid speech that becomes faster as Jamal gets more deeply involved in a convo

Patients who have damage to their nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex have a: a. cochlear disorder b. retrocochlear disorder c. middle ear disorder d. external auditory pathway disorder

b. retrocochlear disorder

Difficulty in using figurative lang, difficulty in using words with multiple meanings, and difficulty using synonyms appropriately all fall under what type of language skills? a. pragmatic b. semantic c. syntactic d. morphological

b. semantic

Speech samples of persons who clutter may contain such productions as "many thinkle peep so" This phenomenon is a: a. festinating articulation b. spoonerism c. disassimilation

b. spoonerism

A correlation coefficient: a. helps establish the effect of a variable b. suggests the ways in which 2 variables are related to each other c. allows researchers to make predictions about their subject's future behaviors d. confirms a cause-effect relationship between two variables

b. suggests the ways in which 2 variables are related to each other

Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter? a. the expectancy deconfirmation model b. the demands and capacities model c. the neruophysiological model

b. the demands and capacities model

Peter suffered a CVA; the neurologist reports lesions in the 3rd convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. The damaged area is: a. Wernicke's area b. the basal ganglia c. Broca's area d. the primary auditory area

c. Broca's area

You are working in an EI program with infants who are at risk for lang disorders. You need to assess, among other things, the infants' relationships and interactions with their caregivers. Which of the following would be the most appropriate? a. CELF-4 b. Woodcok Language Proficiency Battery-Revised c. Observation of Communication Intent d. Peabody Picture Vocab Test

c. Observation of Communication Intent

The impedance meter can measure a simple reflex response of the muscles attached to the stapes bone. This reflex is called the: a. stapes reflex b. tympanic reflex c. acoustic reflex

c. acoustic reflex

Which of the following is not a semantic relation expressed by 2-word utterances? a. ntoice (e.g., "hi" + noun) b. attribute + entity (e.g., "brown horse") c. affirmation (e.g., "yes cereal")

c. affirmation (e.g., "yes cereal")

You are writing a treatment program for an adult who stutters. You wish to use fluency-shaping. What do you include? a. cancellations, pullouts, preparatory sets b. fluent stuttering with desensitization to stuttering c. airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features

c. airflow management, gentle onset of phonation, slower speech, and normal prosodic features

The presence of "double voice." The perception of two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation is: a. strain-strangle b. glottal fry c. diplophonia

c. diplophonia

The lowest intensity of a sound that will stimulate the auditory system is called: a. SPL b. decibel c. hearing level d. pitch

c. hearing level

Patients with RHD tend to demonstrate: a. profound auditory comp problems b. severe oral expression problems c. impaired comp of implied meanings d. impaired syntactic skills

c. impaired comp of implied meanings

4-year-old boy with SLI. He omits all grammatical morphemes. Which of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy? a. articles a, an, the b. regular plural -s c. present progressive -ing d. regular past tense -ed

c. present progressive -ing

Which one of the following is false? a. Noniconic symbols are geometric, abstract, and arbitrary, and must be specifically taught b. A hieroglyphic picture of a house is an iconic symbol indicating the word house c. the facilitated communication approach is supported by evidence d. the whole-language approach has been discredited

c. the facilitated communication approach is supported by evidence

6th grade Christina M. is not speaking and the pediatrician thinks she might have functional aphonia. This means that: a. there is evidence of neurological damage b. the condition is not psychogenic c. there is no voice d. the larynx is damaged

c. there is no voice

Among other functions, the right hemisphere specializes in: a. understanding of syntax b. production of grammatically complex sentences c. visual and spatial information

c. visual and spatial information

43-year-old high school football coach comes to you. He has been hoarse for ~10 months. A subsequent medical eval reveals have he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A naso-endoscopic eval confirms that the patient has developed: a. polyps b. contact ulcers c. vocal nodules

c. vocal nodules

Which might be typical of an artic disorder, not a difference in a Cambodian child: a. "The funny circus crown had red nose" b. "I won't ste- on your toes" c. "Please hand me the block (black) one d. "I am derry (very) -appy (happy) to meet your tids (kids)

d. "I am derry (very) -appy (happy) to meet your tids (kids)

Nick has a short lingual frenum (tongue-tie). Because of the frenum attached too close to the tip of the tongue, it causes reduction in tongue mobility. Nick, is therefore, unable to produce lingua-alveolar sounds (/t/, /d/). Which is the most appropriate diagnosis for Nick? a. Class I maloclussion b. Class II maloclussion c. Myofunctional disorder d. Anklyloglossia

d. Anklyloglossia

Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to this artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects? a. internal carotid b. external carotid c. middle cerebral d. anterior cerebral

d. anterior cerebral

Ibo-speaking child from Nigeria who learned Ibo first, then English in prek when he was 3. His parent continue speaking Ibo at home and he's cared for by his Ibo-speaking grandparents. Unfortunately, his Ibo skills were not well-developed when he was exposed to English. Which would you NOT expect to be true? a. he has experienced sequential bilingual acquisition b. his development in Ibo may be arrested or may regress while he is focusing on developing English c. he may score low on tests in Ibo and English for a while and consequently appear to have a LLD d. he will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker

d. he will not be interested in maintaining his skills in Ibo, and he will become a monolingual English speaker

A client who stutters mentions to his SLP that his social life is limited and states that "no one will talk to me b/c I stutter." This is an example of the common defense mechanism known as: a. displacement b. projection c. repression d. rationalization

d. rationalization

Which is NOT a characteristic sign of single-subject experimental designs? a. Repeated measures of behaviors before a treatment is administered b. intensive study of a few individuals c. absence of a control group d. the use of an experimental and a control gorup

d. the use of an experimental and a control gorup

When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and later closes a cleft of the hard palate, it is known as:

delayed hard palate closure

The softest level of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented is known as:

speech reception threshold

T/F: T-units contain an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses

true