Praxis SLP Exam
Where is the damage found in an individual with Upper Motor Neuron dysarthria? Either to left or right Upper Motor Neuron tract along its course to the brainstem and spinal cord. In the Primary Voluntary Pathways. Nerve pathways in the basal ganglia. Damaged nerves emerging from the brainstem
Either to left or right Upper Motor Neuron tract along its course to the brainstem and spinal cord. Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron dysarthria is caused by damage to either the left or right Upper Motor Neuron tract, anywhere along its course to the brainstem and spinal cord.
There tends to be a difference between subject's performance on the first and last tests when administered the same test multiple times in succession. Researchers typically address this effect, better known as the _______ effect, by using a counterbalanced research design. Post hoc Placebo Linear regression Hawthorne
Hawthorne
What is a double-blind experimental design? A.Both subject and experimenter do not know what is expected B.Subject does not know there is an experiment C.There are two uncontrolled factors D.The research design is unknown
The correct answer: -0.99 So wise!
Of the following choices, the one containing consonants that are glides is: /wkrp/ /wj/ /wrj/ /fwsz/
The correct answer: /wj/
Many children will present with conductive hearing loss, either unilateral or bilateral. This means that they are having difficulty based on an outer or middle ear problem. If the child has hearing thresholds of 40-50db, what are the frequencies likely to be affected? A. 1000 - 5000hz B. 250 - 6000hz C. 500 - 4000hz D. 1500 - 3000hz
The correct answer: 250 - 6000hz A conductive hearing loss can affect speech sound frequencies across the entire speech range. Often it can be medically treated and always requires medical evaluation for causes such as otitis media, perforated eardrum, impacted cerumen and Eustachian tube dysfunction. Many conditions are reversible.
As a speech and language pathologist, you will work with many clients who present with a genetic syndrome. What is a genetic syndrome? A. A disease caused by an abnormality in the individual's genetic make-up. B. A disease that can be cured with stem cell research and intervention. C. A disease caused by damage to the neurological system which occurs at birth. D. A disease that causes the onset of severe dementia.
The correct answer: A disease caused by an abnormality in the individual's genetic make-up. Take a bow! A genetic syndrome is defined as a disease caused by an abnormality in an individual's genetic make-up.
You're involved in a research project designed to measure the benefits of Dr. Quackenbush's total Esperanto's immersion language therapy. Children are given a language test before and after one semester of this therapy. Trouble is, the clinician does not know whether these kids might have improved without therapy. Taking this variable into account, what ought to be included in your experimental design? A. A Tukey HSD test for post hoc comparisons B. A compensatory paradigm C. A separate group of children, not receiving the treatment to serve as a control group D. Multiple linear regression
The correct answer: A separate group of children, not receiving the treatment to serve as a control group Yeah baby!
Down syndrome is a common genetic disorder. Which of the following would you not expect to find with a child with Down syndrome? A.Easily frustrated. B.Cognitive disability. C.Above average intelligence. D.Short attention span.
The correct answer: Above average intelligence. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder where a child has an extra copy of chromosome 21. Most children with Down syndrome will learn to walk, speak, think, and solve problems but the development will be delayed. Most have some degree of cognitive disability. They generally grow more slowly, learn more slowly, and have more trouble with reasoning and judgment than other children. They often have a short attention span. They can be very impatient and get frustrated and angry.
Okay here's the scenario: A patient is referred to you, he was involved in a motorcycle wreck resulting in diffuse brain damage. The referring physician also explains to you that this patient immediately lost consciousness upon impact, what type of closed head injury might have caused this? Direct accelerating impact injury Acceleration trauma Deceleration trauma Acceleration-deceleration injury
The correct answer: Acceleration-deceleration injury
What occurs in an individual with normal ear function when there is exposure to a high-intensity sound stimulus? A. Hardening of the ossicles. B. Permanent hearing loss. C. Presbycusis. D. Acoustic reflex.
The correct answer: Acoustic reflex. The acoustic reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mammals in response to high-intensity sound stimuli. When presented with a high-intensity sound stimulus, the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles of the middle ear bones contract. The stapedius pulls the stapes of the middle ear away from the oval window of the cochlea and the tensor tympani muscle pulls the malleus away from eardrum. The reflex decreases the transmission of vibration energy to the cochlea. The acoustic reflex normally occurs only at relatively high intensities; activation for quieter sounds can indicate ear dysfunction and absence of acoustic reflex can indicate neural hearing loss.
The branch of physics that deals with the audible displacement of molecules, that is, the physics of sound is called: Agnosia Tympanometry Acoustics Audiology
The correct answer: Acoustics Incandescent! The branch of physics that deals with the audible displacement of molecules, that is, the physics of sound is called acoustics.
Phonological processes are described as sound errors that: Affect classes of sounds Result in distortions Result in omissions Affect individual sounds
The correct answer: Affect classes of sounds
Which of the following syndromes does not typically result in speech and language difficulties? A. Asperger Syndrome. B. Rett Syndrome. C. Alagille Syndrome. D. Fragile X Syndrome.
The correct answer: Alagille Syndrome. Smashing! Individuals with Asperger Syndrome, Rett Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome all present with delay/disorder in speech and language skills. Alagille Syndrome does not
Prior to initiating voice treatment, the speech pathologist should: Take baseline information Obtain a complete case history Collect acoustic data All are correct
The correct answer: All are correct OK!
The /t/ sounds in the words 'tub', 'stub', 'but' and 'butter' are known as: Minimal Pairs Allophones Glides Phonological processes
The correct answer: Allophones Keep working in this profession, you're make millions! If two similar sounds do not belong to separate phonemes, they are called allophones of the same underlying phoneme. The /t/ sounds in the words 'tub', 'stub', 'but', 'butter', and 'button' are all pronounced differently yet are all perceived as "the same sound", therefore they constitute another example of allophones of the same phoneme in English.
Which of the following genetic syndromes result in severe learning difficulties and developmental delay with normal facial appearance and behavior? A.Down Syndrome. B.Cerebral Palsy. C.Angelman Syndrome. D.Fragile X Syndrome.
The correct answer: Angelman Syndrome. Can't do better! Angelman syndrome (AS) is an inherited neurological disorder resulting in severe learning difficulties, developmental delay, and typical facial appearance and behavior.
Which of the following genetic syndromes result in severe learning difficulties and developmental delay with normal facial appearance and behavior? A. Angelman Syndrome. B. Cerebral Palsy. C. Down Syndrome. D. Fragile X Syndrome.
The correct answer: Angelman Syndrome. Good job dude! Angelman syndrome (AS) is an inherited neurological disorder resulting in severe learning difficulties, developmental delay, and typical facial appearance and behavior.
A region of the brain involved in language and cognitive processes which lies in the parietal lobe near the superior edge of the temporal lobe and posterior to the supramarginal gyrus is called.... A. Primary auditory cortex. B. Supramarginal gyrus. C. Angular gyrus. D. Broca's area.
The correct answer: Angular gyrus. The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language and cognition. Studies have shown that written word is translated to internal monolog via the angular gyrus and that the angular gyrus is at least partially responsible for understanding metaphors.
You should already know that there are many different ways to describe aphasia. For example, fluent versus non-fluent describes aphasia based on the patient's speech production, whether it is intact or not. Another way aphasia can be described according to the location of the lesion in the brain is: Anterior versus posterior Anomic versus paraphasic Expressive versus receptive Aphasic versus multiphasic
The correct answer: Anterior versus posterior
Which of the following syndromes may result in cleft palate, recurrent ear infections, and webbing of hands and feet? A.Fragile X Syndrome. B. Apert Syndrome. C. Asperger Syndrome. D. Angelman Syndrome.
The correct answer: Apert Syndrome. Glorious! Apert Syndrome is a condition involving distortions of the head and face and webbing of the hands and feet. Individuals with Apert Syndrome may also have cleft palate, slower learning rates and abilities, vision problems caused by imbalance of the eye muscles and recurrent ear infections which can cause hearing loss.
Looking at the characteristics associated with Fragile X syndrome, what other developmental disorder could be confused for this syndrome? A.Parkinson's Disease. B.Prater-Willi. C.William's Syndrome. D.Autism spectrum disorder.
The correct answer: Autism spectrum disorder. Exquisite! Language delays, behavioral problems, enlarged genitalia (macroorchidism), large or prominent ears, hyperactivity, delayed motor development, and/or poor sensory skills are among the wide range of characteristics associated with Fragile X. In addition, autism or autistic-like behavior (including poor eye contact and hand-flapping) is a characteristic associated with Fragile X.
You have given the Goldman Fristoe and the Arizona to a group of students, and want to see if these tests are measuring similar factors. To figure this out, you might use: Factor analysis Test/retest Multiple regression ANOVA
The correct answer: Both subject and experimenter do not know what is expected Zealous! An experiment in which neither the subject or the experimenter knows whether the subject is getting a placebo in a drug study would be double-blind
MIT (melodic intonation therapy) is a therapy protocol mostly used with which type of aphasic client? A. Global B. Brocas C. Conduction D. Wernicke
The correct answer: Brocas Refreshing!
A client comes to your clinic by his mother who complains that her son has a "stuttering problem" and wants him to have speech therapy. You note that the client presents with breaks in the flow of speech, talks fast, sometimes in spurts and frequently seems unsure about what he wants to say. He has no struggle or secondary characteristics, has long pauses, with slurred speech production. He is difficult to understand and he presents with disorganized expressive language. What disorder does this client present with? Cluttering. There is not enough information to diagnose. Dysarthria. Stuttering.
The correct answer: Cluttering. Hooray! Cluttering is a fluency disorder as is stuttering. However, the two disorders are not the same. Cluttering involves excessive breaks in the normal flow of speech that seem to result from disorganized speech planning, talking too fast or in spurts, or simply being unsure of what one wants to say. On the other hand, the person who stutters typically knows exactly what he or she wants to say but is temporarily unable to say it. Some behaviors of clutterers include: Does not sound "fluent," that is, does not seem to be clear about what he or she wants to say or how to say it. Has little or no apparent physical struggle in speaking. Has few if any accessory (secondary) behaviors. Talks "too fast" based on an overall impression or actual syllable per minute counts. Sounds "jerky." Has pauses that are too short, too long, or improperly placed. Confusing, disorganized language or conversational skills. Limited awareness of his or her fluency and rate problems. Temporary improvement when asked to "slow down" or "pay attention" to speech (or when being tape recorded). Mispronunciation or slurring of speech sounds or deleting non-stressed syllables in longer words (e.g., "ferchly" for "fortunately"). Speech that is difficult to understand.
During connected speech, the anticipated overlapping articulatory influences of one speech sound on another helps to result in sounds having similar acoustic and perceptual qualities. What is this overlapping called? Symmetry. Acoustics. Coarticulation. Manner of articulation.
The correct answer: Coarticulation. Pride! During connected speech, the anticipated overlapping articulatory influences of one speech sound on another helps to result in sounds having similar acoustic and perceptual qualities is called coarticulation.
Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of what type of disability? A.Cognitive deficit. B.Language disorder. C.Gross motor deficits. D.Fine motor deficits.
The correct answer: Cognitive deficit. Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited cognitive deficit or mental handicap. Individuals with this condition have developmental delay, variable levels of cognitive deficit, and behavioral and emotional difficulties.
The teaching approaches and methodologies component of an IEP includes: How the student receives, processes, retains, and expresses information Compensatory strategies for learning What the child can do Goals
The correct answer: Compensatory strategies for learning
. The posterior medial edge of the glottis is the usual site of occurrence for which pathologic condition? A. Contact ulcer B. Vocal nodules C. Laryngeal Web D. Vocal polyp
The correct answer: Contact ulcer DYNAMITE!
Mrs. Crumwinkle tells her 5th grade class to look at the back cover of the book. From the back row, Smitty (having just woke up) asks her, "Which book"? Which one of the following describes Smitty's question? Noncontingent query Contingent response Paraphrasing Contingent query
The correct answer: Contingent query Rich!
The three types of expansions most likely to occur during Brown's stages I - III are: Brown does not allow expansions of the two-word utterances in his analysis. Agent, Object, Entity Demonstrative, Attributive, Possessive Entity, Locative, Possessor
The correct answer: Demonstrative, Attributive, Possessive Take pride! Brown contended that the 8 Two-Term Prevalent Semantic Relations that he found to be frequently occurring in child language laid the foundation for longer utterances. The roles the child are most likely to expand include: agent, object, entity, locative and possessor. The 3 types of expansions most likely to occur during Stages I-III include Demonstrative (nomination), Attributive (recurrence) and Possessive.
What are some characteristics of a child with the inattentive type of attention-deficit? A. Poor organizational skills, restless body movement and difficulty sharing. B. Seeming to be "on the go" all the time with excessive talking. C. Difficulty sustaining attention loses things and poor organizational skills. D. Restlessness, turn-taking difficulty, and interrupting.
The correct answer: Difficulty sustaining attention loses things and poor organizational skills. wonderful! Some characteristics of the inattentive type of attention-deficit include ignoring details, careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, does not appear to listen, does not follow through on instructions, poor organization skills, avoidance of activities that required sustained mental effort, loses things, easily distracted by extraneous noises and forgetful in daily activities.
A type of approach commonly used with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders that breaks skills into smaller parts; teaches one sub-skill at a time until mastery; provides concentrated teaching; provides prompting and prompt fading; and uses reinforcement procedures is called. Discrete trail teaching A middle ground approach. Social-pragmatic teaching Sensory integration
The correct answer: Discrete trail teaching Unquestionnably! A type of approach commonly used with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders that breaks skills into smaller parts; teaches one sub-skill at a time until mastery; provides concentrated teaching; provides prompting and prompt fading; and uses reinforcement procedures is called discrete trail teaching.
Which of the following syndromes is the most common birth defect? A. Prater-Willi. B. Turner Syndrome. C. William's Syndrome. D. Down syndrome.
The correct answer: Down syndrome. Renowned! Down syndrome is the most common single cause of human birth defects. About 1 out of every 660 babies are born with Down syndrome.
Cleft palate is a birth defect which occurs during what part of development of the embryo? A. During the last trimester of pregnancy. B. No one knows for sure. C. During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy. D. During weeks 12 to 16 of pregnancy.
The correct answer: During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy. During the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy, the shape of the embryo's head is formed. Five primitive tissue lobes grow: a) one from the top of the head down towards the future upper lip; b-c) two from the cheeks, which meet the first lobe to form the upper lip; d-e) and just below, two additional lobes grow from each side, which form the chin and lower lip. If these tissues fail to meet, a gap appears where the tissues should have joined (fused). This may happen in any single joining site, or simultaneously in several or all of them. The resulting birth defect reflects the locations and severity of individual fusion failures (e.g., from a small lip or palate fissure up to a completely deformed face).
Muscular incoordination or paresis resulting in disturbances in the execution of movement for speech is termed: Dysarthria Agraphia Cluttering Stuttering
The correct answer: Dysarthria Smokin'
What offers the best prognosis for individuals with Fragile X syndrome? A.Stem -cell replacement. B. Early diagnosis and intensive intervention. C. Anti-seizure medication. D. Fragile X is terminal so there is no good prognosis.
The correct answer: Early diagnosis and intensive intervention. Fair! Early diagnosis and intensive intervention offer the best prognosis for individuals with fragile X syndrome. Adults with fragile X syndrome may benefit from vocational training and may need to live in a supervised setting. Intervention may include special education services, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy and medical interventions. There is no current cure for Fragile X syndrome.
Which of the following syndromes results in failure to thrive, delayed development, mild to moderate cognitive deficit as the result of the mother's high level of alcohol use during pregnancy? A.Prater-Willi Syndrome. B.Apert Syndrome. C.Reye's Syndrome. D.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
The correct answer: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Create a stir! Fetal alcohol syndrome is the manifestation of specific growth, mental, and physical birth defects associated with the mother's high levels of alcohol use during pregnancy. Consumption of alcohol by a pregnant woman may be the first indicator of potential fetal alcohol syndrome. Others indicators may be slow intrauterine and neonatal growth with occasional diagnosis of failure to thrive, delayed development and evidence of mild to moderate cognitive deficit (IQ range from 50 to 85 with reported average in the mid 60s), facial abnormalities, skeletal limb abnormalities, tremors, agitation and crying.
Which of the following disorders refers to permanent birth defects which occur in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy? A.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. B.Prater-Willi Syndrome. C.Developmental delay. D.Verbal Apraxia.
The correct answer: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Picture perfect! Fetal alcohol syndrome is a disorder of permanent birth defects that occurs in the children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy. It is unknown whether amount, frequency or timing of alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes a difference in amount of damage done to the fetus
You have a child on your caseload who has recently been diagnosed with an inherited syndrome caused by mutation in the FMR-1 gene located on the X chromosome. What is the name of this syndrome? A. Alzheimer's disease. B. Angelman Syndrome. C. Fragile X D. William's Syndrome
The correct answer: Fragile X O.K.! Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR-1 gene, located on the X chromosome.
You are a speech-language pathologist working in the school system. A private speech-language pathologist who you went to graduate school with is working with one of your students. She calls you and wants to collaborate on goals for this student. What is the first thing you do? A.Tell the private speech-language pathologist to mind her own business. B. Send a copy of the student's IEP to the private clinician. C. Get a signed consent for a release from the student's parents. D.Set up a meeting at the school so that you can collaborate on goals and therapy techniques.
The correct answer: Get a signed consent for a release from the student's parents. Unbeatable! According to ASHA, speech-language pathologists and audiologists must be aware of who owns patient records. In a school setting, the school district owns the record. For example, a school district maintains one "official" record on each student. Speech-language pathology or audiology reports are the property of the school district and may not be released to anyone without appropriate, signed releases of information. A report prepared by a speech-language pathologist or audiologist in the course of employment in a particular setting is not "owned" by the speech-language pathologist or audiologist.2. Persons other than the client/student may request information about the client's communication problem. Requests might come from an off-site clinic supervisor, Clinical Fellowship supervisor, a professional who supervises student teachers, reporters, insurance companies, and government agencies. Again, information cannot be disclosed without signed releases.
Of the following, which sounds are you likely to hear from a newborn? A. Complex CVC structures B. CV/VC syllable combinations C. Chances are these are not likely to be heard D. Hiccups
The correct answer: Hiccups The best! The area for speech in the brain is not developed enough to make these sounds. Hiccups are not neurological in nature but are natural sounds made when you diaphragm gets out of sync and you gulp in air.
Chronic and transient voice problems can be differentiated by which of the following? A. The degree of concern of parents, caretakers and teachers B. Hoarseness that persists for two to three weeks without concomitant respiratory inflammation C. Cold symptoms accompany transient problems D. Hoarseness that persists for two to three weeks with concomitant respiratory inflammation
The correct answer: Hoarseness that persists for two to three weeks without concomitant respiratory inflammation
A _________ is when children use one word utterances to represent complete sentences: Semantic delay Holophrase Verbalization Vocable
The correct answer: Holophrase Sheer brilliance!
When 9-year-old Billy talks, the other kids at his new school say that he sounds like Jethro Clampitt, only not as smart, and taunt him. Billy has been trying to change how he sounds by using a standard English dialect. In doing this, which of the following is Billy likely to exhibit? A. Lateralization B. Hypercorrection C. Idiomatic inversion D. Ethnocentric inversion
The correct answer: Hypercorrection
___________ ____________ is an educational philosophy that proposes an integrated educational system based on each classroom becoming a supportive environment for all its members-children and teachers. Tran disciplinary model Separatist model Inclusive schooling Pull out
The correct answer: Inclusive schooling
You begin with a broad, general topic, then you start to formulate assumptions and develop hypotheses to test; you start off with an assumption and then begin testing it against the topic. What kind of approach are you using in the former? A. Pragmatic B. Inductive C. Analogous D. Extended
The correct answer: Inductive Linton would be happy
While working in a private speech/language clinic, you become aware that a speech/language pathologist working in the clinic with you altered test scores on one of the children evaluated at the clinic so that parents would enroll their child in services. According to ASHA, you are bound to: A. Pretend that you don't know about it. B. Nothing. The child really needed the therapy. C. Tell the parent what the correct score is. D. Inform the ASHA Board of Ethics.
The correct answer: Inform the ASHA Board of Ethics. You're intelligent! The ASHA Code of Ethics, through Principle of Ethics IV, Rules B, F, I, and J, addresses confidentiality in relationships with colleagues. B. "Individuals shall not engage in dishonesty, fraud, deceit, misrepresentation, sexual harassment, or any other form of conduct that adversely reflects on the professions or on the individual's fitness to serve persons professionally." F. "Individuals' statements to colleagues about professional services, research results, and products shall adhere to prevailing professional standards and shall contain no misrepresentations." I. "Individuals who have reason to believe that the Code of Ethics has been violated shall inform the Board of Ethics." J. "Individuals shall comply fully with policies of the Board of Ethics in its consideration and adjudication of complaints of violation of the Code of Ethics." (ASHA)
Sounds are represented by writing them in a phonetic alphabet known as the: International Phonetic Alphabet Graphics Phonological Process American Sign Language
The correct answer: International Phonetic Alphabet Go for the prize! In order to avoid confusion based on orthography, sounds are represented by writing them in a phonetic alphabet which ascribes rigorous characteristics to each symbol. This system of writing is called the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is used universally amongst people who require accurate descriptions of phonetic material, and is often referred to as the IPA
Sounds are represented by writing them in a phonetic alphabet known as the: A. International Phonetic Alphabet B. American Sign Language C. Graphics D. Phonological Process
The correct answer: International Phonetic Alphabet Splendid! In order to avoid confusion based on orthography, sounds are represented by writing them in a phonetic alphabet which ascribes rigorous characteristics to each symbol. This system of writing is called the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is used universally amongst people who require accurate descriptions of phonetic material, and is often referred to as the IPA.
Generalization _____________. Is what a caregiver does Is what a therapist does Is the use of a newly learned skill in various settings Happens before learning takes place
The correct answer: Is the use of a newly learned skill in various settings Out of this world!
What is the minimal perceptual difference in characteristics between two stimuli called? Barely noticeable difference (BND) Minimally aware stimuli (MAS) Barely can hear it (BCHI) Just noticeable difference (JND)
The correct answer: Just noticeable difference (JND) The minimal perceptual difference in characteristics between two stimuli called just noticeable difference. The other choices are made-up but sound good!!
You have a 16 year old male on your caseload who has not yet developed facial hair and seems overall underdeveloped. He has expressive language disorder and has difficulty making friends due to social pragmatic impairments. You suspect that this young man presents with the following genetic syndrome? A.Klinefelter's syndrome. B.Down Syndrome. C.Cerebral Palsy. D.Prater-Willi Syndrome.
The correct answer: Klinefelter's syndrome. A shining example! Klinefelter's syndrome is a condition that occurs in males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells. The syndrome can affect different stages of physical, language and social development. They may have trouble using language to express themselves. They may also present with social pragmatic difficulties as well. The most common symptom is infertility. Because they often don't make as much of the male hormone testosterone as other boys, teenagers with Klinefelter's syndrome may have less facial and body hair and may be less muscular than other boys.
A child on your caseload reportedly had normal language skills until age three and a half. At that time, he stopped gradually speaking completely and had increasing difficulty understanding what was said to him. Hearing evaluation reveals normal hearing thresholds. This child is developmentally delayed and exhibits some "autistic like" characteristics. This child demonstrates characteristics of which of the following genetic syndromes? A. Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. B. Prater-Willi Syndrome. C. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. D. Stickler Syndrome.
The correct answer: Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. Landau-Kleffner syndrome is a childhood disorder whose major feature is the gradual or sudden loss of the ability to understand and use spoken language. All children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome have abnormal electrical brain waves that can be documented by an electroencephalogram. Approximately 80 percent of the children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome have one or more epileptic seizures that usually occur at night. Behavioral disorders such as hyperactivity, aggressiveness and depression can also accompany this disorder.
Besides cognitive deficit, what are some other characteristics of children with Fragile X? A. Cognitive deficit is the only characteristic. B. Ataxic dysarthria, behavioral problems and flat affect. C. Language delays, hyperactivity and delayed motor development. D. Vocal fold paralysis, hyperactivity and poor sensory skill
The correct answer: Language delays, hyperactivity and delayed motor development. Language delays, behavioral problems, autism or autistic-like behavior (including poor eye contact and hand-flapping), enlarged genitalia, large or prominent ears, hyperactivity, delayed motor development, and/or poor sensory skills are among the wide range of characteristics associated with this disorder Fragile X syndrome
1. According to research, when does a long-term stable interest for a specific pattern of activities typically emerge? Latency Mid-adolescence Late adolescence Pre-adolescence
The correct answer: Late adolescence
A patient comes to your clinic for evaluation. You note that he has right sided hemiplegia. In which hemisphere is this patient's brain damage located? You need more information to make this determination. Left hemisphere. Hemiplegia is caused by global damage in both hemispheres. Right hemisphere.
The correct answer: Left hemisphere. Class act! A frequent co-existing problem with aphasia is hemiplegia which can affect walking, using one's arm or both. Because the left side of the brain controls movement on the right (and vice versa) paralysis affecting the side of the body opposite the side of the brain damage is evidenced.
Typically, there is a difference between the degree of cognitive deficit in males and females with Fragile X syndrome. What is that difference? A.Males have mild cognitive deficit while females have moderate cognitive deficit. B.Females have severe cognitive deficit while males do not typically have any cognitive deficit. C.Males have severe cognitive deficit while females do not typically have any cognitive deficit. D.Males have moderate cognitive deficit while females have mild cognitive deficit.
The correct answer: Males have moderate cognitive deficit while females have mild cognitive deficit. Easy as 1 2 3 (ABC)! Generally, males are affected with moderate cognitive deficit (since they only have one X chromosome) and females with mild cognitive deficit.
Contrasting pairs of words differing by a single sound is part of the ______ approach to phonological therapy. Minimal pairs Devoiced Novel Traditional
The correct answer: Minimal pairs Matchless!
The contrasts of "lap" and "lab" and the contrasts of "rip" and "lip" are examples of what? Phonics Minimal pairs Phonological processes Phonetics errors
The correct answer: Minimal pairs Stellar! A minimal pair is two words that differ in only one sound. The words presented only differ by one sound so are referred to as minimal pairs.
According to the ASHA Code of Ethics, individuals are not allowed to charge for services not rendered, misrepresent services rendered, products dispensed or research activities conducted. A Speech/Language Pathologist who charged for services not rendered would be guilty of: Marketing. Competition. Misrepresentation. Accuracy.
The correct answer: Misrepresentation. Good woman! According to the ASHA Code of Ethics, there are three Rules of Ethics dealing with misrepresentation: Principle of Ethics I, Rule M: Individuals shall not charge for services not rendered, nor shall they misrepresent services rendered, products dispensed, or research and scholarly activities conducted. Principle of Ethics III, Rule D: Individuals shall not misrepresent diagnostic information, research, services rendered, or products dispensed; neither shall they engage in any scheme to defraud in connection with obtaining payment or reimbursement for such services or products. Principle of Ethics III, Rule F: Individuals' statements to the public advertising, announcing, and marketing their professional services, reporting research results, and promoting products shall adhere to prevailing professional standards and shall not contain misrepresentations.
If a client has apraxia, he or she will exhibit: Underlying weakness of the speech musculature Mostly distortion errors Mostly substitution errors Reduced speech volume
The correct answer: Mostly substitution errors
When there is a complete occlusion of the oral cavity and the air passes through the nose, the sound is referred to as a: Stop. Fricative. Plosive. Nasal.
The correct answer: Nasal. Exceedingly terrific! Nasal: where there is complete occlusion of the oral cavity, and the air passes instead through the nose. The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasals their characteristic sounds. Examples include English /m, n/.
There comes a time when a child who stutters, in fear of specific words and /or sounds, starts to use substitutions and circumloctions. In which of the following stuttering developmental phases would these be classified? Not considered a phase Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 2
The correct answer: Phase 3
/t/, /d/ and /k/ are examples of: A. Minimal pairs B. Phonological processes C. Syllables D. Phonemes
The correct answer: Phonemes You show finesse! A phoneme is a contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language. Phonemes are represented between slashes by convention. Example: /b/, /j/, /o/
Subjects in one clinical group are told that a treatment should improve their hearing loss by stimulating neural hair cells Actually, researchers are flushing out these folks' ears with lukewarm Snapple. Nonetheless, many of them report having less difficulty hearing. This effect, which should be taken into consideration in studies far more reasonable than the example cited here, is called the: A. Placebo effect B. Post hoc effect C. Multiple base rate effect D. Linear regression effect
The correct answer: Placebo effect
The two major categories of type of airstream modification are continuants and stops. Stops are produced by completely blocking the airstream briefly and releasing it. Stops are divided into: Glides and fricatives. Plosives and nasals. Fricatives and affricates. Plosives and affricates.
The correct answer: Plosives and affricates. Manner of consonant articulation concerns the type of airstream modification. The two major categories of type of airstream modification are continuants and stops. Continuants involve holding the articulators in a fixed position while producing a particular phoneme. Stops are produced by completely blocking the airstream briefly and releasing it.
What are some of the cognitive and functional disabilities found in children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? A.Rigid muscle tone, poor attending skills with normal language development. B.Poor language skills even though cognitive development is usually advanced. C.Poor memory, attention deficits and impulsivity. D.Hearing loss and low muscle tone.
The correct answer: Poor memory, attention deficits and impulsivity. Good thinking! The main effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is permanent damage to the central nervous system. Developing brain cells and structures are underdeveloped or malformed by prenatal alcohol exposure. This can create an array of primary cognitive and functional disabilities including poor memory, attention deficits, impulsive behavior, and poor cause-effect reasoning. The risk of brain damage exists during each trimester, since the fetal brain develops throughout the entire pregnancy.
What are some of the cognitive and functional disabilities found in children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? A. Poor memory, attention deficits and impulsivity. B. Rigid muscle tone, poor attending skills with normal language development. C. Hearing loss and low muscle tone. D. Poor language skills even though cognitive development is usually advanced.
The correct answer: Poor memory, attention deficits and impulsivity. Simple! The main effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is permanent damage to the central nervous system. Developing brain cells and structures are underdeveloped or malformed by prenatal alcohol exposure. This can create an array of primary cognitive and functional disabilities including poor memory, attention deficits, impulsive behavior, and poor cause-effect reasoning. The risk of brain damage exists during each trimester since the fetal brain develops throughout the entire pregnancy.
________ means use. Semantics Output processing Pragmatics Content
The correct answer: Pragmatics Exhilarating!
Parents bring a 5 year old female, Sally Smith, to the ABC Speech and Hearing Clinic for an evaluation. They report that she is not learning at the rate they think she should and that she often has severe temper tantrums and seems to "obsess" over objects. They also say that they cannot understand her speech. You note that Sally is very large for a 5 year old, has low muscle tone and appears happy even though parents report temper tantrums. You suspect that Sally may have a genetic syndrome. What syndrome do you suspect? A.Prater Willi. B.Fragile X. C.Rett's Syndrome. D.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
The correct answer: Prater Willi. Your future looks bright! The major features of Prater Willi Syndrome are obesity, cognitive impairment, behavior problems, poor muscle tone, and less than normal sex hormones. Other typical features can include speech problems, developmental delay, obsessive/compulsive behavior, temper tantrums and violent outbursts, and short stature.
All of the following are characteristics of voice problems in dysarthria except: Dysphonia Hoarseness Puberphonia Harshness
The correct answer: Puberphonia Remarkable!
Susie Smith is a 6 year old child on your caseload. She reportedly was born healthy and appeared to be developing normally until about the age of 18 months. At that time, Susie's parents noted a slowing of her speech and motor skills and she has subsequently lost all communication skills and purposeful use of her hands. Susie is likely presenting with which of the following genetic disorders? A. Reye's Syndrome. B. Asperger Syndrome. C. Stickler Syndrome. D. Rett Syndrome.
The correct answer: Rett Syndrome. Rett Syndrome is a neuro-developmental disorder which begins to show its affects in infancy or early childhood. It is seen almost exclusively in females, although it can occur rarely in boys. The age of onset and the severity of different symptoms may vary. The child with Rett Syndrome is usually born healthy and shows an early period of apparently normal or near normal development until 6-18 months of life. At that time, there is a slowing down or stagnation of skills. A period of regression then follows when the child loses communication skills and purposeful use of hands. Eventually, stereotyped hand movements and gait disturbances are noted.
Which of the following syndromes is characterized by progressive impairment with autism-like symptoms in girls who previously had normal development? A. William's Syndrome. B. Rett Syndrome. C.Down Syndrome. D.Cerebral Palsy.
The correct answer: Rett Syndrome. The best! Rett syndrome is a genetic syndrome that causes autism-like symptoms in girls usually starting between six and 18 months of age. Up until that time, the girls have normal development. There is no cure, but there are treatment options for the symptoms. Treatment may include: Supportive care to assist with everyday activities Nutritional support Physical therapy to improve flexibility and movement Occupational therapy to help with doing daily activities Speech therapy to help with communication Medication to treat seizures, breathing, and motor problems Special equipment like braces or splints for orthopedic problems
Hypothesis testing for a t-test posits the null hypothesis is: A. Sample mean 1 > sample mean 2 B. Sample mean 1 = sample mean 2 C. At least one sample mean varies from the other D. Sample mean 1 does not equal sample mean 2
The correct answer: Sample mean 1 = sample mean 2 Hypothesis testing for a t-test posits the null hypothesis is the the sample means equal one another. H1 posits that the sample means are not equal. H1 can be nondirectional or directional
The correlation coefficient showing the highest degree of correlation is: A.-0.97 B.1.89 C.-0.99 D.98
The correct answer: Sample mean 1 = sample mean 2 Hypothesis testing for a t-test posits the null hypothesis is the the sample means equal one another. H1 posits that the sample means are not equal. H1 can be nondirectional or directional.
Which of the following speaking tasks would a client with apraxia have the least amount of difficulty performing? Responding to a verbal query regarding daily activities Responding to being asked for directions to his house Screaming for "help" if in trouble Saying his name after receiving a verbal request
The correct answer: Screaming for "help" if in trouble Out of this world!
John is wondering why his therapist is providing so much structure and routine during language therapy. You, being the smartest from your graduating class replies : John's therapist seems to be using a _______, which is a set of expectations about routine organized in a temporal-causal sequence containing shared event knowledge based on common experiences. Which by the way, aids and enhances memory and comprehension. Script Lesson Monologue Soap note
The correct answer: Script
A patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 5 indicates what? A. Severe traumatic brain injury. B. Mild traumatic brain injury. C. Normal brain functioning. D. Malingering.
The correct answer: Severe traumatic brain injury. Think ahead! Neurological features associated with TBI are standardized using the Glasgow Coma Scale. This test is scored from 1 to 15 points. Each of three measures (eye opening, best verbal response, and best motor response) is scored separately, and the combined score helps determine the severity of TBI. A total score of 3 to 8 reflects a severe TBI, 9 to 12 a moderate TBI, and 13 to 15 a mild TBI.
What is the applicable diagnosis for a child who has nasal emission on the pressure consonants /s / and /z/ and otherwise normal production of pressure consonants? A. She would exhibit post adenoidectomy velopharyngeal inadequacy B. She would have a phoneme velopharyngeal inadequacy C. She would have a stress velopharyngeal inadequacy D. She would exhibit a postoperative velopharyngeal inadequacy
The correct answer: She would have a phoneme velopharyngeal inadequacy
You evaluate a student at your clinic who presents with speech and language delay, poor attending skills, delayed cognitive development and low muscle tone. Her mother reports that this child had difficulty feeding as an infant, had chronic middle ear infections, does not sleep well and has sudden and severe tantrums. You believe that this child could have which of the following genetic syndromes? A. Apraxia. B. Rett Syndrome. C. Fragile X Syndrome. D. Smith-Magenis Syndrome.
The correct answer: Smith-Magenis Syndrome. DYNAMITE! Smith-Magenis syndrome (or SMS) is a chromosomal disorder characterized by a recognizable pattern of physical, behavioral, and developmental features. Common features include: characteristic facial appearance, infant feeding problems, low muscle tone, developmental delay, variable levels of mental retardation, early speech/language delay, middle ear problems, skeletal anomalies and decreased sensitivity to pain. The syndrome also includes a distinct pattern of behavioral features characterized by chronic sleep disturbances, arm hugging/hand squeezing, hyperactivity and attention problems, prolonged tantrums, sudden mood changes and/or explosive outbursts and self-injurious behaviors.
You evaluate a student at your clinic who presents with speech and language delay, poor attending skills, delayed cognitive development and low muscle tone. Her mother reports that this child had difficulty feeding as an infant, had chronic middle ear infections, does not sleep well and has sudden and severe tantrums. You believe that this child could have which of the following genetic syndromes? A. Fragile X Syndrome. B. Rett Syndrome. C. Smith-Magenis Syndrome. D. Apraxia.
The correct answer: Smith-Magenis Syndrome. Your future is going to be bright! Smith-Magenis syndrome (or SMS) is a chromosomal disorder characterized by a recognizable pattern of physical, behavioral, and developmental features. Common features include: characteristic facial appearance, infant feeding problems, low muscle tone, developmental delay, variable levels of mental retardation, early speech/language delay, middle ear problems, skeletal anomalies and decreased sensitivity to pain. The syndrome also includes a distinct pattern of behavioral features characterized by chronic sleep disturbances, arm hugging/hand squeezing, hyperactivity and attention problems, prolonged tantrums, sudden mood changes and/or explosive outbursts and self-injurious behaviors.
What is often the first sign of Fragile X Syndrome? A. Hearing loss B. Speech/language delay C. Excessive crying D. Projectile vomiting
The correct answer: Speech/language delay Linton would be happy! There are often patients referred to an SLP for evaluation very early in life because they are not talking. Some of them may be diagnosed with Fragile X Syndrome after that initial speech/language evaluation because children with FXS often do not begin to speak until age two or older.
As durable as kids are, they can't always beat the cosmic dice. Car crashes, falls, sports injuries, and physical abuse can cause head trauma that leads to changes in their cognitive functioning in ways that affect behavior and learning patterns. Of the following, which is the best strategy when starting to work with a child who has suffered this kind of head trauma? Start out with rote language tasks that have high success levels, then later go on to more challenging tasks First help the child to develop stronger motor skills, then later go on to specific speech-language intervention activities First, help renew the child's premorbid sense of normality, then initiate specific speech-language intervention Start with bring out complex linguistic structures, regressing to simpler material only if the child cannot perform complex tasks
The correct answer: Start out with rote language tasks that have high success levels, then later go on to more challenging tasks
One of your clients presents with a genetic disorder. The bridge of her nose is broad, flat and sunken making her face look flat. She was born with a cleft palate and has a sensori-neural hearing loss as well as vision problems. This client likely presents with which of the following genetic syndromes? A.Tourette's Syndrome. B. Angelman Syndrome. C. Apert Syndrome. D. Stickler Syndrome.
The correct answer: Stickler Syndrome. Stickler syndrome is a genetic disorder inherited as a dominant trait. Initial symptoms of Stickler Syndrome may include a broad, flat, sunken bridge of the nose which makes the face look flattened. A cleft palate and small jaw may also be present. In addition, sensori-neural deafness may develop. Eye defects may include a high degree of nearsightedness (myopia), irregularities of the lens (astigmatism), and changes of the optic disk
Which one of the following is a perceptual sign of a voice problem? Harmonics to noise ratio Shimmer Tremor index Stridor
The correct answer: Stridor
You have a patient in the hospital who is scheduled for a complete laryngectomy. What does this mean? That a portion of the patient's larynx will be removed. That Teflon will be injected into the patient's vocal folds. That vocal nodules will be scraped off the patient's vocal folds. That all of the patient's larynx will be removed.
The correct answer: That all of the patient's larynx will be removed. So right! A laryngectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the larynx. This is a last choice treatment for laryngeal cancer. A complete laryngectomy involves removal of the entire larynx.
The tendency of a speaker to raise the volume of speech to compensate for background noise is called: Yelling The Doppler effect Presbycusis The Lombard effect
The correct answer: The Lombard effect Very good! The tendency of a speaker to raise the volume of speech to compensate for background noise is called the Lombard effect. The Doppler effect is the change in pitch caused by movement toward or away from a source of sound. Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss. Yelling is what could occur as the result of the Lomabard effect
Cognitive deficits are sometimes associated with traumatic brain injury. Recovery from cognitive deficits is most dramatic within what time frame after the TBI? A. The first year. B. The first eighteen months. C. There is no recovery from cognitive deficits since the damage is irreversible. D. The first six months.
The correct answer: The first six months. Recovery from cognitive deficits is most dramatic within the first six months after TBI, and less apparent after this time frame. Long-term survivors of TBI may suffer from persistent problems with behavior, thinking, and communication disabilities, as well as epilepsy; loss of sensation, hearing, vision, taste, or smell; tinnitus, coordination problems, and/or paralysis.
A Type 1 error is found in a study comparing verbal skills in people who have been hit by lightning and individuals that accidentally put their fingers in a light socket. What does this type of error suggest? A. The significant difference presented by the study is nonexistent B. The two groups had different degrees of cognitive reasoning and therefore not valid C. The sample size was under 50 D. The study's results did not use any standard error
The correct answer: The significant difference presented by the study is nonexistent
The following statement "Mark left for the store. I think is coming back soon" is considered Spanish-influenced English because of which of the following rules? A. The use of a semantic rule B. The use of a grammatical style C. The use of an inflection D. The use of a syntactic rule
The correct answer: The use of a syntactic rule O.K.! Syntactic rules enable you to combine morphemes into sentences. Like the rules making up the other components, syntactic rules become increasingly complex. From combining 2 morphemes, to combining words with suffixes or inflections and then creating questions, statements, and commands. Then you will go on to combine 2 ideas into 1 complex sentence, and so on
If your hip bones connected to your thigh bone and your thigh bones connected to your knee bone, which one of the following are your vocal folds connected to anteriorly. Hyoid Thyroid Cricothyroid Cricoid
The correct answer: Thyroid
All but one of the following are related to vocal resonance. Which one is not? Size of the vocal cavity Vocal fold elasticity Velar elevation Oropharyngeal constriction
The correct answer: Vocal fold elasticity You're so talented!
You have a patient, Jimmy Smith, who is very verbal and has good syntax/morphology skills. Concrete vocabulary is within normal limits, however, he has difficulty with more abstract and conceptual-relational vocabulary. Jimmy is almost overly friendly, is very impulsive and has poor attending skills. He can also be very anxious at times. Mother reports low birth weight, irritability as a baby and poor coordination. Jimmy also presents with a very distinctive facial appearance. Which of the following genetic syndromes does Jimmy most likely suffer from? A. Williams Syndrome. B. Unknown. C. Down Syndrome. D. Fragile X Syndrome.
The correct answer: Williams Syndrome. Incredible! Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare, congenital disorder that comes with many physical and developmental problems. People with Williams Syndrome tend to have an impulsive and outgoing personality, lack of coordination, slight muscle weakness, heart defects, mental retardation, attention deficit disorder, and hyperkalemia (elevated blood calcium levels). They can also have low birth weight, slow weight gain, feeding problems, irritability during infancy, dental and kidney abnormalities, hyperacusis, and musculoskeletal problems. Individuals with Williams Syndrome have a distinctive facial appearance, and a unique personality that combines overfriendliness and high levels of empathy with anxiety. Within language, the strongest skills are typically in concrete, practical vocabulary, which in many cases is in the low average to average range for the general population. Abstract or conceptual-relational vocabulary is much more limited. Most older children and adults with Williams Syndrome speak fluently and use good grammar. Their speech is often referred to as "cocktail speech."
If as a clinician you wanted to screen your clients for signs of early-onset dementia, using a task that is very effective in identifying dementia, which linguistic activity might you choose? A. Word order B. Spatial organization C. Semantic fluency D. Word fluency
The correct answer: Word fluency
VOT has been studied in young stutterers and nonstutterers. Which of the following best describes the results of these studies? A. Young nonstutterers have less variable VOTs than young stutterers B. Young nonstutterers have more variable VOTs than young stutterers C. The results for the physiological timing for VOT was the same for both groups D. Young stutterers have relatively long VOTs than nonstutterers
The correct answer: Young nonstutterers have less variable VOTs than young stutterers
A client comes to your clinic complaining that he is having difficulty with his hearing. He states that he can understand men's voices better than women's voices, has difficulty hearing alarms and cell phones. Discrimination testing indicates that he has difficulty differentiating fricatives, sibilants and plosives. What would you expect his hearing profile to look like? A. Adequate hearing in the lower frequencies with reduced hearing in the higher frequencies. B. Normal hearing but poor discrimination. C. Reduced hearing at both low and high frequencies. D.Adequate hearing in the higher frequencies with reduced hearing in the lower frequencies.
Your Answer: Adequate hearing in the lower frequencies with reduced hearing in the higher frequencies. The correct answer: Adequate hearing in the lower frequencies with reduced hearing in the higher frequencies. Brainy! People with adequate hearing in the lower frequency ranges (low tones), and reduced hearing in the higher frequencies may merely find it difficult to differentiate between words that begin with sounds such as the fricatives or sibilants, z, or th, or the plosives d, t, b, or p. They may be unable to hear thin, high-pitched or metallic noises, such as birds chirping or singing, clocks ticking, etc. Often, they are able to hear and understand men's voices better than women's.
Sounds which begin like a plosive but release into a fricative are known as: Sibilants. Plosives. Fricatives. Affricates.
Zesty! Affricate, which begins like a plosive, but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own. The English letters "ch" and "j" represent affricates.
You have a patient who has experienced widespread damage to the language area of the left hemisphere as a result of a stroke. All of his basic language functions are severely impaired. What type of aphasia does your patient present with? Wernicke's aphasia. Global aphasia. Transcortical motor aphasia. Total aphasia.
he correct answer: Global aphasia. Rich answer! Global aphasia is caused by widespread damage to the language areas of the left hemisphere. As a result, all basic language functions are affected, but some areas may be more affected than others. For example, an individual may have difficulty speaking but may be able to write well. The individual may experience weakness and loss of feeling on the right side of their body.
How the tongue, lips, and other speech organs involved in making a sound make contact is referred to as: Phonology. Linguistics. Place of articulation. Manner of articulation.
he correct answer: Manner of articulation. In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. Plosives, stops, fricatives are examples of manner of articulation. In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth). Along with the manner of articulation and phonation, this gives the consonant its distinctive sound.
