Praxis Study Guide

Questioning the Author (QtA)

A text-based strategy that invites the reader to interact with the info and build meaning from the content by analyzing the author's purpose.

Participle

A verb form that can be used as an adjective ending in (ing or ed) operates as an adjective ("barking" dog, "painted" fence)

Conjunctions

A word that joins words or groups of words and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (No nouns) and tells:- where: there, here, outside- when: now, then, later, immediately- how: quickly, slowly, stupidly- how often/long: frequently, never- how much: hardly, extremely, too, more

Anticipation Guide

Activates prior knowledge. A series of written or oral statements for individual students to respond to before reading text assignments. Ex: a teacher prepares a list of statements about what constitutes a tragedy, and asks students to indicate whether they agree or disagree with each statement. After reading the play, the class will discuss what their misconceptions were and how they have revised their thinking.

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance. Their Eyes Were Watching God. The novel explores main character Janie Crawford and tells the story of her evolving selfhood through three marriages.

Lewis Carroll

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Children's story about a girl who falls asleep and goes on a series of adventurers.

H.G. Wells

"The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

W.B. Yeats

"The Second Coming" "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" "That twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?" Inspired by the Irish Revival and Irish/Celtic mythology

Antithesis

"To err is human, to forgive, divine," by Alexander Pope, illustrates where words and phrases with opposite meanings are balanced against each other.

Jane Austen

(1813)Comedy of MannersThe story follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, moral rightness, education and marriage in her aristocratic society of early 19th century England.

Rudyard Kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands. The Jungle Book--emphasis on rule and order:Law of the Jungle, imperialism and the other

Beckett, Samuel

(1949)PlayWaiting for Godot follows two days in the lives of a pair of men who divert themselves while they wait expectantly, and unsuccessfully for someone named Godot to arrive

Sandra Cisneros

(born in America but of Mexican decent) Wrote The House on Mango Street. Structured as a series of vignettes, it tells the story of Esperanza Cordero, a 12-year-old Chicana girl growing up in the Hispanic quarter of Chicago.

Constructivism

-interested in the thinking processes readers use to comprehend and interpret text -places emphasis on how the social and cultural backgrounds of readers influence how they understand and experience a text

Comma Rules

1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. 3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause. 4. Do not use commas to set off essential elements of the sentence, such as clauses beginning with that (relative clauses). That clauses after nouns are always essential. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action are always essential. 5. Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives. 7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift. 8. Use commas to set off phrases at the end of the sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases are free modifiers that can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion. 9. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names. 10. Use a comma to shift between the main discourse and a quotation. 11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.

Joseph Conrad

1899-1902Colonial LitBegins on Thames River outside London, where Marlow is telling the story that makes up Heart of Darkness. Events of the story take place in Brussels, at the Company's offices, and in the Congo, then a Belgian territory. MAJOR CONFLICT • Both Marlow and Kurtz confront a conflict between their images of themselves as "civilized" Europeans and the temptation to abandon morality completely once they leave the context of European society.

George Orwell

1984. Written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love Animal Farm-- a novel written by George Orwell about a group of animals who mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

Emily Dickinson

19th century female poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter. wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;"

Couplet Triplet Quatrain Quintet Sestet Septet Octave

2 rhymed lines composing a stanza, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Mildred Taylor

A Female African American author, known for her works exploring the struggle faced by African-American families in the Deep South. Her most famous book is Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. In 1977, the book won the Newberry Medal.

Comma Splice

A comma splice, also called a run-on, occurs when a writer has connected two main clauses with a comma alone. Fix with period plus capital letter, comma and a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or reduce one of the clauses to an incomplete thought.

Motif

A conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula, which appears frequently throughout works of literature.

Think-Pair-Share

A technique in which students working in pairs learn from one another and get to try out their ideas in a nonthreatening context before presenting them to the class.

Semantic Feature Analysis

A graphic organizer using a grid to compare a series of words or other items on a number of characteristics. Relate vocabulary to text to understand meaning of vocabulary. Ex: grid of vocabulary and then use a + or - to see what the students know about that word.

helping verbs

A helping verb (also known as an auxiliary verb) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense, mood, or voice. shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could

Linking or Action Verbs

A linking verb connects the subject with a word that gives information about the subject, such as a condition or relationship. taste, feel, smell, sound, look, appear, become, seems, grow, remain, stay

Ode

A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.

Spenserian Stanza

A nine line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are pentameter and the last line is an Alexandrine—12 syllable line. Probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in a narrative poem

Postcolonial Criticism

A particular form of ideological criticism that seeks to interpret texts from the perspective of marginalized and oppressed people. Focuses on the influences of colonialism in literature, especially regarding the historical conflict resulting from the exploitation of less developed countries and indigenous peoples by Western nations.Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi Bhabha and Declan Kiberd

Colonial Period

A period of American Literature, 1620-1750 texts from early colonists who wrote about early exploration, Native American relations, and life in the New World Authors: William Bradford (History of Plymouth Plantation) Anne Bradstreet (The Tenth Muse Sprung up Lately in America, Contemplations), Olaudah Equiano, Jonathan Edwards

Synecdoche

A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part.

Rhyme Royal

A seven line stanzaic form invented by Chaucer in the fourteenth century and later modified by Spenser and other Renaissance poets. In this particular form, the stanzas are written in iambic pentameter in a fixed rhyme scheme (ABABBCC).

Ballad

A short narrative song about an event that is considered important; ballads are intended to be recited

Chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed. You can take the patriot out of the country but you cannot take the country out of the patriot.

Cormac McCarthy

All the Pretty Horses, Blood Meridian. Spanning the Southern Gothic, Western, and post-apocalyptic genres. All the Pretty Horses is the tale of John Grady Cole, who at sixteen finds himself at the end of a long line of Texas ranchers, cut off from the only life he has ever imagined for himself. With two companions, he sets off for Mexico on a sometimes idyllic, sometimes comic journey to a place where dreams are paid for in blood. An epic novel of the violence and depravity that attended America's westward expansion, Blood Meridian brilliantly subverts the conventions of the Western novel and the mythology of the "wild west." Based on historical events that took place on the Texas-Mexico border in the 1850s, it traces the fortunes of the Kid, a fourteen-year-old Tennesseean who stumbles into the nightmarish world where Indians are being murdered and the market for their scalps is thriving.

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Leatherstocking Tales, The Last of the Mohicans (1826). Main character- Natty Bumppo -nickname: Hawkeye - brave and resourceful woodsman armed with unerringly long rifle.Setting: 1757, Upstate NY, Seven Yrs. War.Romantic Allegory- symbolizes Native American removal from the land.Heightened formal rhetoric

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. Leaves of grass. Transcendentalism. Realist

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature. A Psalm of Life; The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls "Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou are, to dust thou returnest, Was not spoken of the soul."

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868-1869). This story is about four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

Toni Morrison

American writer noted for her examination of black experience (particularly black female experience) within the black community. Among Toni Morrison's best-known works are the novels The Bluest Eye (1970), Song of Solomon (1977), and Beloved (1987) Song of Solomon: It follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, an African-American man living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood. The Bluest Eye: tells the story of a young African-American lady named Pecola who grows up during the years following the Great Depression. Beloved: The work examines the destructive legacy of slavery as it chronicles the life of a black woman named Sethe, from her pre-Civil War days as a slave in Kentucky to her time in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1873.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" It follows a Dutch-American villager in colonial America named Rip Van Winkle who falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains and wakes up 20 years later, having missed the American Revolution. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820). The tale of a headless horseman who terrorizes the real-life village of Sleepy Hollow is considered one of America's first ghost stories

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; First writer of short and detective story.American Romantic MovementThe Fall of the House of Usher ~ The Murders in the Rue MorgueThe Raven - 1845The Pit and the Pendulum - 1842Tell-Tale Heart & Black Cat - 1843Cask of Amontillado - 1846Poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;"

Marxist Criticism

An approach to literature that focuses on the ideological content of a work—its explicit and implicit assumptions and values about matters such as culture, race, class, and power. Views literary works as reflections of the social institutions from which they originate. Georg Lukács, Valentin Voloshinov, Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin

Reader Response Criticism

An approach to literature that focuses on the reader rather than the work itself, by attempting to describe what goes on in the reader's mind during the reading of a text. Focuses upon the active response of the reader to a text.Louise Rosenblatt, Wolfgang Iser, Norman Holland, Hans-Robert Jauss, Stuart Hall

Conceit

An elaborate, usually intellectually ingenious poetic comparison or image, such as an analogy or metaphor in which, say a beloved is compared to a ship, planet, etc. The comparison may be brief or extended.

Meter (foot/feet)

An established rhythm within a poem-accentuated syllables are repetitive and predictable. The literary device "foot" is a measuring unit in poetry, which is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables. The stressed syllable is generally indicated by a vertical line ( | ), whereas the unstressed syllable is represented by a cross ( X ).

Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy (IBC)

An organizational method of ensuring that students have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

Leo Tolstoy

Anna Karenina is a realistic fiction - novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. This novel is commonly thought to explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion, and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the cityAfter having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; russian, 1970s, psychological novel

Reciprocal Teaching

Approach to teaching reading and listening comprehension in which students take turns asking teacher-like questions of classmates. Students get in groups and each have a job such as: summarizer, questioner, predictor, clarifier. -questioning- the text by asking literal and inferential questions of one another.-clarifying-understanding through discussion of how a confusing point might be cleared up.-summarizing- the main ideas of the passage.-predicting- what the author will discuss next, based on prior knowledge.

Word Walls

Are alphabetically arranged high-frequency words displayed in a manner to allow easy visual access to all students in a room.

William Golding

Author of Lord of the Flies whose outlook on humanity was changed when he served in the royal navy in WWII and believed that everybody was capable of murder

Relative Pronouns

Begin dependent clauses (It was Charlie who made the clocks.)who, whom, whose, which, that

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Born in CT 1811- Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in outraged response to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Story of a slave sold from Kentucky into a life of danger and uncertainty. Embolden by his abiding faith - allows him to forgive his final slave master's torture. Rescues Eva, white girl, whose father buys him and intends to emancipate him after Eva's death, but is killed before he can.Sold to evil Simon Legree eventually dies a martyrs death.

Psychoanalytical Criticism

Explores the role of consciousnesses and the unconscious in literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text.Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Harold Bloom, Slavoj Žižek, Viktor Tausk

Asyndeton

a practice in literature whereby the author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase.1. Read, Write, Learn.2. Watch, Absorb, Understand.3. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Capitalization Rules

Capitalize all proper nouns, all titles, days of the week, months, and the pronoun I. Not seasonsP for president when it is part of the person's nameHistorical periods (Civil War, Middle Ages)Not algebra, historyThe word earth is not capitalized when you use the word "the" and talk about "the" earth

split infinitive

Created by inserting an adverb between the word "to" and the verb ("to quickly leave").

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Crime and Punishment is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It Is a novel about an attempt to prove a theory. A student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s.

Willa Cather

Death comes for the archbishop, O! Pioneers, My Antonia. American author who was known for her portrayals of life on the frontier and the plains. Death comes for the archbishop is about a French Catholic missionary Father Jean Marie Latour establishing a diocese in the Southwest in the New Mexico territory.

Arthur Miller

Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, All My Sons (family-unjust system, misplaced values, & capitalism). The Crucible: Miller chose the 1692 Salem witch trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Death of a Salesman: Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman addresses loss of identity and a man's inability to accept change within himself and society. The play is a montage of memories, dreams, confrontations, and arguments, all of which make up the last 24 hours of Willy Loman's life.

Denotations vs. Connotations

Denotations: literal, dictionary meanings of a word Connotations: an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

Concept Map

Diagram of concepts and their interrelationships; used to enhance learning and memory of a topic. Bound words or phrases radiating from a central figure that represents the main idea or concept.

Cultural Studies

Emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life.Raymond Williams, Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall; Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno; Michel de Certeau; also Paul Gilroy, John Guillory

William Wordsworth

English Romantic poet. He wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor. Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters. Ode Immortality: "There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,The earth, and every common sight,To me did seemApparelled in celestial light,The glory and the freshness of a dream.It is not now as it hath been of yore;—Turn wheresoe'er I may,By night or day.The things which I have seen I now can see no more ..." The Prelude: Wisdom and Spirit of the universe!Thou Soul that art the eternity of thought!That giv'st to forms and images a breathAnd everlasting motion! not in vain,By day or star-light thus from my first dawnOf Childhood didst Thou intertwine for me

Virginia Woolf

English author whose work used such techniques as stream of consciousness and the interior monologue. regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. She wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist.

John Keats

English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century. He wrote: "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer. Written in October 1816, this is the first entirely successful (surviving) poem he wrote. One of the most anthologised English lyric poems, "To Autumn" has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language. Also Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870). David Copperfield--after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, this young man finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

Structuralism/Semiotics

Examines the universal underlying structures in a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through any structures.Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Mikhail Bakhtin, Yurii Lotman, Jacques Ehrmann, Northrop Frye and morphology of folklore

William Faulkner

Faulkner, William -, William Faulkner, As I Lay DyingFaulkner's first novel published after The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, like the novel before it, is told in stream-of-conscious fashion by fifteen different speakers in some 59 chapters. In its depiction of the Bundren family's quest to Jefferson to bury their dead matriarch, Addie, among her "people," against the threats of flood and fire, the novel explores the nature of grieving, community, and family. Sound and the Fury: (downfall of the Compsons, good family ruined by present generation - brother, Benjy, was Downs Syndrome - sister, Candace, had a child out of wedlock - named the daughter Quentin after her brother that committed suicide - another brother, Jason, steals money from his family) Tom Jones

Faulty Parallelism

Faulty parallelism is a construction in which two or more parts of a sentence are equivalent in meaning but not grammatically similar in form.

Mary Shelley

Frankenstein. The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. This is a Gothic novel. 1818.

Villanelle

French verse. Usually nineteen lines long; it has 5 stanzas, each with three lines, with the final stanza having four lines. Example: Do Not Go Gentle Into That Goodnight by Dylan Thomas.

Thomas Pynchon

Gravity's Rainbow: Tyrone Slothrop is an American working for Allied Intelligence in London.The narrative is set primarily in Europe at the end of World War II, and centers on the design, production and dispatch of V-2 rockets by the German military. Satirical.

Which strategy is best for an English teacher to use when guiding students to select the most appropriate mode of writing for the assignment?

Having students brainstorm a variety of situations in which they have been asked to express their opinions.

Walter Dean Myers

He wrote The Glory Field and Monster. Monster--The book uses a mixture of a third-person screenplay and a first-person diary format to tell, through the perspective of Steve Harmon, an African American teenager, the story of his trial along with James King for felony murder in the state of New York. The Glory Field--Several generations of one family and the piece of land that ties them together.

Louis Sachar

Holes is a novel for children or young adults written by Louis Sachar. It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newberry Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". Set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commit

Canto

a principal form of division in a long poem, especially the epic. The word comes from Italian, meaning "song" or singing. Lord Byron's Don Juan, Valmiki's Ramayana (500 c-), Dante's The Divine Comedy (100 -), and Ezra Pound's The Cantos (120 -).

Background building

Increase potential for student success by building background knowledge before introducing new material. Before reading an assignment, determine and teach the vocabulary necessary for comprehension. Build connections to students lives through real-life applications, examples, and writing assignments.

sprung rhythm

Invented by Gerard Manley Hopkins for use in his own poetry to mimic human speech. Measured by counting only the accented syllables and by varying the number of unaccented syllables. Also called accentual rhythm—this term was to describe his personal metrical system in which the major stresses are sprung from each line of poetry. The accent falls on the first syllable of every foot and varying number of unaccented syllables following the accented one, but all feet last an equal amount of time when being pronounced.

Oscar Wilde

Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel. He wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray; The Picture of Dorian Gray is a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, first published complete in the July 1890. Dorian Gray is the subject of a full-length portrait in oil by Basil Hallward, an artist impressed and infatuated by Dorian's beauty; he believes that Dorian's beauty is responsible for the new mood in his art as a painter. Through Basil, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrat's hedonistic world view: that beauty and sensual fulfillment are the only things worth pursuing in life. Newly understanding that his beauty will fade, Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul, to ensure that the picture, rather than he, will age and fade. The wish is granted, and Dorian pursues a libertine life of varied amoral experiences while staying young and beautiful; all the while, his portrait ages and records every sin.

Cubing

Is a technique for considering a subject from six points of view. Remember it, Understand it, Apply it, Analyze it, Evaluate it, Create it.

metalinguistic awareness

Is the ability to think about and talk about language as language. Native speakers generally come by this naturally but all need to be taught. Ex: "can" has two meanings

Jack London

Jack London wrote this novel about a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell. Jane Eyre is a Gothic novel. The story is about who an impoverished young woman as she struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; novel, bildungsroman (coming of age), social protest novel

Amy Tan

Joy Luck Club (1989); Chinese American experience, explores themes of family and memory, and conflict of culture in American communities

Robert Frost

Known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech, Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. The Road Not Taken, Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening, Fire and Ice, Nothing Gold Can Stay.

lie vs lay

Lie means to recline or rest Principal parts of the verb are lie, lay, lain , or lying. Forms of lie are never followed by a direct object Ex I lie down to rest I lay down yesterday to rest I have lain down to rest I was lying down to rest Lay means to put or place. Principal parts of the verb are lay, laid, laid, and laying. Forms of lay are followed by a direct object Ex I lay the book on the table I laid the book on the table yesterday I have laid the book on the table before I am laying the book in the table now To test, substitute word with place, placed, placing If makes sense- use equivalent form of lay If doesn't make sense- use equivalent form of lie

JM Coetzee

Life and Times of Michael K, disgrace. South African author. Writes about desire and power, shame, remorse, and vanity.

Eugene O'Neill

Long Day's Journey Into Night. 1956. It centers on Edmund and the rest of the Tyrone family but is really an autobiographical account of the dysfunction of O'Neill's own family, set on one day in August 1912. The father is a miserly actor, while the mother is a morphine addict, and the brother is a drunk; they argue and cut each other down throughout the play.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Marquez, Gabriel García - , Written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez; a technique called magical realism is used in this portrait of seven generations in the lives of the Buendia family

Mind Mapping

Mind mapping is a visual form of note taking that offers an overview of a topic and its complex information, allowing students to comprehend, create new ideas and build connections. Through the use of colors, images and words, mind mapping encourages students to begin with a central idea and expand outward to more in-depth sub-topics.

Herman Melville

Moby Dick; he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny. First published in 1851.The story tells the adventures of wandering sailor Ishmael, and his voyage on the whaleship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ishmael soon learns that Ahab has one purpose on this voyage: to seek out a ferocious, enigmatic white sperm whale. In a previous encounter, the whale destroyed Ahab's boat and bit off his leg, which now drives Ahab to take revenge.In this novel Melville employs stylized language, symbolism, and the metaphor to explore numerous complex themes. Allegorical - Whale = Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/Civilization/Human Will; Ishmael=Poet/Philosopher(Debate between Ahab and Ishmael)

indefinite pronouns

a pronoun that does not refer to any person, amount, or thing in particular, e.g. anything, something, anyone, everyone.

Metacognition

Often described as thinking about one's thinking; it is also being aware of what one knows and does not know. Students use these skills:-develop a plan of action-maintain/monitor the plan-evaluate the plan

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Age of Revolution

Period of American Literature (1750-1815) texts centered on the colonies' quest for independence Authors: Thomas Paine (Common Sense), Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin

The Romantic/Transcendentalist Period

Period of American Literature (1800-1865) writers emphasized power of imagination, the celebration of individualism, and love of nature an attempt to break away from British literary tradition Authors: Edgar Allen Poe, James FEnimore Cooper, Emily Dickinson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville Transcendental Authors: Walt Whitman, Emerson, Thoreau

The Realistic Period

Period of American Literature (1855-1910) attempt to portray American life as it truly was and emphasize versimilitude (life-like) Civil War Writers, Regionalistis, Nationalists Authors: William Dean Howells (The Rise of Silas Lapham: The story follows the materialistic rise of Silas Lapham from rags to riches, and his ensuing moral susceptibility. Silas earns a fortune in the paint business, but he lacks social standards, which he tries to attain through his daughter's marriage into the aristocratic Corey family. Silas' morality does not fail him. He loses his money but makes the right moral decision when his partner proposes the unethical selling of the mills to English settlers.) A Modern Instance), Stephen Crane (The Open Boat: the story is told from the point of view of an anonymous correspondent, with Crane as the implied author, the action closely resembles the author's experiences after the shipwreck of the S.S. Commodore)

Lost Generation

Period of American Literature (1920-1930) within the modern period. Authors came of age in WW1 authors: Hemingway, T.S. Eliot, F. Scott Fitzgerald Lost because their inherited values were no longer relevant writers and other artists from the United States who took up residence in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s

Naturalism

Period of American literature (1880-1915) mostly within the period of Realism used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Although they used the techniques of accumulating detail pioneered by the realists, the naturalists thus had a specific object in mind when they chose the segment of reality that they wished to convey. Authors: Jack London (The Call of the Wild), Kate Chopin (The Awakening), John Steinbeck (East of Eden, Of Mice and Men)

Modern Period

Period of American literature (1900-1950) wrote about the World Wars, alienation, the Roaring Twenties, the Depression, and the changing world Includes Harlem Renaissance and the Lost Generation Authors: Robert Frost, E.E. Cummings, Flannery O'Connor, Ezra Pound

Harlem Renaissance

Period of American literature (1920-1930) within the modern period overt racial pride and the developing idea of a new black identity, that through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge the pervading racism and promote progressive politics Authors: Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston

Postmodern/Contemporary

Period of American literature (1950-present) challenged traditional values and structures and shown heightened concern for social issues authors: J. D. Salinger (Catcher in the Rye), Alice Walker (The Color Purple), Martin Luther King, Richard Wright, John Updike (Rabbit, Run), Kurt Vonnegut (Slaughterhouse Five)

Civil War Period

Period of American literature within period of Realism (1855-1870) Primarily includes diaries, letters, and memoirs as well as fiction invested the violence and trauma of the civil war with meaning, helping people to make sense of the war Authors: Mary Boykin Chesnut (Civil War Diary), A Diary from Dixie, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass (The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass)

Metaphysical Poetry

Period of British literature (1785-1830) philosophical exploration, colloquial diction, ingenious conceits, irony, and metrically flexible lines Topics of interest often included love, religion, and morality, which the metaphysical poets considered through unusual comparisons, frequently employing unexpected similes and metaphors in displays of wit. Authors: Wordsworth, Keats, Lord Byron, Mary Shelley

The Modern Period

Period of British literature (1900-1945) preferred novels related to social issues in which characters experienced epiphanies, some stream of consciousness by late 20th c. authors interested in psychology and observation of human behaviors and relationships authors: Joseph Conrad (Heart of Darkness), George Orwell (1984), Bernard Shaw, Virginia Woolf, Yeats

subject-verb agreement

Plural subjects must have plural verbs. Singular subjects must have singular verbs

The Writing Process

Pre-writing Drafting Revising Editing Publishing Students may need to move back and forth through writing strategies.

ReQuest

Questioning technique designed to assist students in formulating questions and answers based in a text passage student partners read a passage together, then write 2 or 3 questions and answers to quiz each other.

RAFT in teaching writing

Role- who is the writer, what is the role of the writer? Audience- to whom are you writing? Format- what format should the writing be in? Topic- what are you writing about?

Romantic Period

Romantic Period Period of British literature (1785-1830) reaction to emphasis on rational thought of the Enlightenment Period people believed truth was found in nature and unrestrained imaginative experience poems, ballads, imaginative gothic horror novels Authors: Wordsworth, Keats, Lord Byron, Mary Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Romanticism's major themes—restlessness and brooding, rebellion against authority, interchange with nature, the power of the visionary imagination and of poetry, the pursuit of ideal love, and the untamed spirit ever in search of freedomwrote "Prometheus Unbound,"It is concerned with the torments of the Greek mythological figure Prometheus, who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, for which he is subjected to eternal punishment and suffering at the hands of Zeus. "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark" "Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert, That from Heaven, or near it, Pourest thy full heartIn profuse strains of unpremeditated art."

Frederick Douglass

Self-educated slave who wrote a book named after himself...Narrative of the Life of________, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist. Without his approval, this man became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States

Patricia McLachlan

She is best known for winning the 1986 Newbery Medal for her book Sarah, Plain and Tall. Set in the late nineteenth century and told from young Anna's point of view, Sarah, Plain and Tall tells the story of how Sarah Elisabeth Wheaton comes from Maine to the prairie to answer Papa's advertisement for a wife and mother.

Tennessee Williams

The Modern Period "A Streetcar Named Desire," "The Glass Menagerie," and other plays The Glass Menagerie--From her cramped St. Louis apartment, Amanda Wingfield dreams of her days as a Southern debutante while worrying about the future of her aimless son Tom and unmarried daughter Laura. With their father absent and the Great Depression in motion, the siblings find comfort in their foibles — alcohol, movies and writing for Tom and a collection of glass animals for Laura — which only heightens Amanda's anxiety. When a gentleman caller arrives for dinner, the Wingfields are flooded with hope. But it's unclear if his presence will change things for the better or shatter their fragile illusions.

William Blake

Songs of Innocence and of Experience, The Tyger, The Chimney Sweep--romanticism, modernity.

KWL Chart

Stands for "What I KNOW, what I WANT to know, and what I LEARNED. It is is a type of graphic organizer to assist students in monitoring their reading comprehension

Question-Answer Relationship (QAR)

Strategy describes four types of questions: right there, think and search, author and you, and on your own. These can be done before, during, and after reading a text.

Socratic Seminar

Student led discussions that give all students the chance to share their thoughts about the novel. it also allows students to question the text

T-chart

Student lists and examines two facets of a topic, like the pros and cons associated with it, its advantages and disadvantages, facts vs. opinions, etc.

Jigsaw Method

Students are assigned to a group (e.g. Group 1). They then leave this group and form a new group (Group 2). No two students from Group 1 can be in the same Group 2. Each of these new groups is given a topic to become an "expert" on. The students talk among themselves and do research, etc., to become as knowledgeable as they can about their topic. Students then return to their original group and teach the others what they've learned. Home group- reads multiple texts among themselves. They find similarities of all the texts.Expert group- reads one book and discusses with the member that read the text from home group.

Learning Stations

Students are put into small groups. There will be stations around the room for the groups to go to. They will discuss at each station.

Faulty Predication

Subject doesn't fit logically with the rest of the sentence, in other words, the subject cant "be" or "do" the verb. Examples: The purpose of the movies was invented to entertain people. A waterspout is when a tornado is over water. The reason for low sales is that prices are too high.

Tanka

Tanka poems follow a five line form. When written in Japanese, the form will follow a pattern of syllables 5-7-5-7-7.

Sylvia Plath

The Bell Jar; born during the great depression. the novel is semi-autobiographical. It is about a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies. Passages: fig tree with figs that represent different choices she could make in her life. "To the person in the bell jar, blank and stopped as a dead baby, the world itself is the bad dream."

Chekhov, Anton

The Cherry Orchard opened at the Moscow Art Theatre in January 1904, just six months before the death of Russian author Anton Chekhov. Partly inspired by events in Chekhov's own life, the play tells the story of an aristocratic Russian woman who returns to her family estate—with its large, beautiful cherry orchard—just before it is auctioned off because of the family's financial difficulties. The play dramatizes the socioeconomic landscape in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, exploring themes such as the rise of the middle class, the abolition of serfdom, and the decline of the aristocracy.

Robert Cormier

The Chocolate War. Set at a fictional Catholic high school, the story depicts a secret student organization's manipulation of the student body, which descends into cruel and ugly mob mentality against a lone, non-conforming student, Jerry Renault.

S.E. Hinton

The Outsiders. Written by SE Hinton this novel is about a group of poor kids (greasers) hold their own against a group of rich kids (socials aka socs), losing two of their own in the process; protagonist: This story is a bildungsroman novel (bildungsroman means - coming-of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which character change is thus extremely important.

Paul Zindel

The Pigman, first published in 1968The novel begins with Lorraine's delinquent friend named John. signed by John Conlan and Lorraine Jensen, two high school sophomores, which pledge that they will report only the facts about their experiences with the principal

Stephen Crane

The Red Badge of Courage. It is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

Robert Louis Stevenson

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Treasure Island. "I learned to recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both."

Avi

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. Nothing But the Truth. Crispin. Historical fiction

Structural Word Analysis

The ability to deconstruct words to a certain meaning is directly related to a student's knowledge of root words and affixes.

Scansion

The act of 'scanning' a poem to determine its meter. Students break down each line into individual metrical feet and determines which syllables have heavy stress and which have lighter stress.

Oral vs Written Discourse

The difference is the paralanguage. Paralanguage is often used to refer to elements of speech, such as prosody, pitch, volume, and intonation, that suggest meaning or convey emotion. These cannot be relayed in written discourse.

5 W's and H

The essentials of any story: who, what, when, where, why, and how

Epic of Gilgamesh

The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality. Themes of friendship, the role of the king, enmity, immortality, death, male-female relationships, city versus rural life, civilization versus the wild and relationships of humans and gods resound throughout the poem. Gilgamesh's many challenges throughout the poem serve to mature the hero and make him a good king to his people. "You will never find that life for which you are looking. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping."

Anastrophe

a rhetorical term for the inversion of conventional word order. An example is, "Arms that wrap about a shawl" from 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock' by T.S. Eliot.

Phonetics

The study of sounds of language and their physical properties.

Prosody

The study of the meter, rhythm, and intonation of a poem; more specifically to refer to the scanning of poetic lines to show meter.

Kennings

The use of imagery and indicative, direct and indirect references to substitute the proper, formal name of the subjectBattle-sweat = bloodSky-candle = sun

circumlocution (or periphrasis)

The use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language to avoid getting to the point. Contrast with conciseness. Adjective: circumlocutory. (such as "a tool used for cutting things such as paper and hair") as opposed to scissors.

Achebe, Chinua

Things Fall Apart. Author, born in Nigeria, child of protestant missionaries, but had a multicultural upbringing, In the 1950's Achebe was one of the founders of the Nigerian literary movement. Drew upon the traditional oral culture of Nigeria's indigenous people. Things Fall Apart was published in response to Heart of Darkness, etc. Set in the 1890's, clash between Nigeria's white colonial government and traditional indigenous culture. Tries to avoid stereotyping either culture. Okonkwo is a tribal warrior

Mark Twain

Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. 1884. First time American vernacular, dialect in a book. Mock-epic tale of American Democracy. Intended to be sequel to Tom Sawyer. Plot is more connected set of adventures. Main Character, Huck, whose worst experience is having drunken father return. Runs away, faking his own death, goes to Jackson's Island, meets Jim, a runaway slave.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority. was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist..

Comma Splice

Two sentences joined incorrectly by a comma instead of a conjunction, period, or semicolon

Lord Tennyson

Ulysses, Charge of the Light Brigade, In Memoriam "I sometimes hold it half a sinTo put in words the grief I feel;For words, like Nature, half revealAnd half conceal the Soul within." and "Be near me when my light is low,When the blood creeps, and the nerves prickAnd tingle; and the heart is sick,And all the wheels of Being slow." Ring out the bells and no language but a cry.

graphic organizer

Used for promoting and extending student understanding of concepts and the relationship between them. Visually illustrates and organizes ideas.

George Eliot

Victorian novelist. Middlemarch: Taking place in the years leading up to the First Reform Bill of 1832, The realist work is a study of every class of society in the town of Middlemarch—from the landed gentry and clergy to the manufacturers and professional men, farmers, and labourers. The focus, however, is on the thwarted idealism of its two principal characters, Dorothea Brooke and Tertius Lydgate, both of whom marry disastrously. Mill on the Floss: It is mainly about the relationship between a brother and sister, Tom and Maggie Tulliver, who live in a mill (= a building where grain is ground into flour) on the river Floss. It describes their childhood and a dispute that causes them to separate.

Richard Adams

Watership Down is a classic heroic fantasy novel, written by English author Richard Adams, in 1972 about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

Kinesthetic Activity

When the student uses a visual representation of the word. Example: drawing pictures of the word

Joyce Carol Oates

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? A short story by Joyce Carol Oates in which fifteen-year-old Connie encounters the insidious Arnold Friend.

Elizabeth George Speare

Witch of Blackbird PondThe Sign of the BeaverThe Bronze Bow. Features native american/wilderness themes

Prepositions

Words we use before nouns or pronouns to show their relationship with other words in the sentence. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs)

Ray Bradbury

Wrote Fahrenheit 451. It is a 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot that takes place in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

Esther Forbes

Wrote Johnny Tremain. Fourteen-year-old Johnny Tremain, an apprentice silversmith with a bright future ahead of him, injures his hand in a tragic accident, forcing him to look for other work. In his new job as a horse-boy, riding for the patriotic newspaper, The Boston Observer, and as a messenger for the Sons of Liberty, he encounters John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Dr. Joseph Warren. Soon Johnny is involved in the pivotal events shaping the American Revolution from the Boston Tea Party to the first shots fired at Lexington.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Wrote Tender is the Night, The Great Gatsby. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

Emily Bronte

Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Wuthering Heights is the only published novel by this author.The narrative centers on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them.

Katherine Patterson

a Female American author best known for children's novels. A Bridge to Terabithia Jacob Have I LovedThe Great Gilly Hopkins. Jacob Have I Loved follows the story of the Bradshaws, a family who depends on the father and his crabbing/fishing business on his boat Truitt's two daughters, Sara Louise and Caroline, are twins, and Caroline has always been the favorite. She is prettier and more talented, and receives more attention not only from their parents but also from others in the community. The book traces Louise's attempts to free herself from Caroline's shadow, even as she grows into adulthood.

Negative Capability

a concept promoted by poet John Keats, some certainties were best left open to imagination and that the element of doubt and ambiguity added romanticism and specialty to a concept.Keats' own works, especially poems such as Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale.

Aphorism

a concise statement that is made in a matter of fact tone to state a principle or an opinion that is generally understood to be a universal truth.Upon seeing the shoddy work done by the employee the boss told him to "either shape up or ship out".

Epigram

a concise, witty saying in poetry or prose that either stands alone or is part of a larger work

Ekphrasis

a form of writing, mostly poetry, wherein the author describes another work of art, usually visual; convey the deeper symbolism of the corporeal art form by means of a separate medium.

Elegy

a formal poem focusing on death or mortality, usually beginning with the recent death of a particular person

Stanza

a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem.

Types of phrases

a group of words that communicates a partial idea that lacks either a subject or predicate. prepositional, verb, noun, appositive, gerund, participial, infinitive, absolute

Alexandrine

a line of poetic meter - 12 feet (no more, no less)- 2 verses of 6 feet each- a caesura in the middle. common in the German literature of the Baroque period and in French poetry of the early modern and modern periods. 'A needless alexandrine ends the song / that like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.' The second line is an alexandrine.

Epithet

a literary device that is used as a descriptive device. It is usually used to add to a person or place's regular name and attribute some special quality to the same; "Alexander the Great" is the -- commonly used to refer to Alexander III of Macedon.

Hyperbation

a literary device wherein the author plays with the regular positioning of words and phrases and creates a differently structured sentence to convey the same meaning"Alone he walked on the cold, lonely roads". This sentence is a variation of the more conventional, "He walked alone on the cold, lonely roads".

Sonnet

a lyrical poem composed of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter

noun phrase

a noun and its modifiers--a group of words that function like a noun. "The spotted puppy is up for adoption." "At the zoo, I saw a striped zebra."

Caesura

a pause or breathing-place about the middle of a metrical line, generally indicated by a pause in the sense.

Zeugma

a rhetorical term for the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one. Examples, "He fished for compliments and for trout," and "The disgruntled employee took his coat and his vacation

Terza Rima

a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri.

Sentence Fragment

a sentence missing a subject OR verb or complete thought, missing MAIN CLAUSE

Haiku

a short poem format, created in Japan, that consists of three lines and seventeen syllables. 5-7-5.

Strophe

a structural division of a poem containing stanzas of varying line length; and the first part of the ode in Ancient Greek tragedy. Sung east to west.

gerund phrase

a type of verbal phrase- begins w/ a word that would normally act as a verb but is filling another role (writing numerous Christmas cards occupies her aunt's time each year)

Line

a unit of poetry. can be separated by some sort of punctuation, meter, and/or rhyme

Gerund

a verb ending in "ing" that functions as a noun/subject ("Laughing" is good for you)possessive nouns are usually used with gerunds (running is fun)

participal phrase

a verbal phrase that acts as an adjective. Can be extracted from the sentence and the sentence will still make sense Enjoying the stars that filled the sky, Dave lingered outside for quite a while.

malapropism

a word humorously misused. the practice of misusing words by substituting words with similar sounding words that have different, often unconnected meanings, and thus creating a situation of confusion, misunderstanding and amusement. "Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons." Instead, what the character means to say is ""Our watch, sir, have indeed apprehended two suspicious persons."

dangling modifier

a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., 'when young' in 'when young, circuses appeal to all of us'

Verb

a word that shows action (run, swim, jump) or state of being (be, appear, seem, feel)

Articles

a, an, the

Feminist Criticism

an approach to literature that seeks to correct or supplement what may be regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness. Using feminist principles and ideological discourses to critique literature language, structure and being. This school of thought seeks to describe and analyze the ways in which literature reinforces the narrative of male domination in regard to female bodies by exploring the economic, social, political, and psychological forces embedded within literature.

Iamb

an unaccented syllable is followed by an accented one (ex. con-TAIN)

Interrogative Pronouns

begin questions. who, whom, what, where, when, which, why, how

prepositional phrase

begins w/ a preposition and ends with its object. "In time," "at home," "with me."

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

is a female American author best known for her children and young adult fiction books. She is best known for her children's-novel trilogy Shiloh (a 1992 Newbery Medal winner), Shiloh Season and Saving Shiloh, all made into movies.

William Armstrong

was an American children's author and educator. Best known for his 1969 Newberry Medal-winning novel, Sounder. The story of an African-American boy living with his sharecropper family. Although the family's difficulties increase when the father is imprisoned for stealing a ham from work, the boy still hungers for an education.

Open Form Poetry

does not have restrictions; unique arrangements of words and lines that flow naturally or communicate a particular feeling; use lengths of lines to emphasize ideas

Rhythm

drumbeat or heartbeat of a poem; it is the pattern of accentuated sounds, which creates or heightens the emotional effect of language

Common indefinite pronouns

each, either, neither, one, everyone, no one, everybody, nobody, some, any, none, both, few, several, many, nothing, something, anything, another

Formalism/New Criticism

emphasizes closely reading the text and analyzing how literary elements create meaning in it; it is unconcerned with the text's effect on the reader. A school of literary criticism and literary theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of a particular text. Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Erich Auerbach, René Wellek

Gender/Queer Studies

examines, questions, and criticizes the role of gender identity and sexuality in literature

pathetic fallacy

faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects

Post-Structuralism/Deconstruction

focuses on displacements, excesses, gaps are integral to meaning. erasure, trace, bracketing, differance, slippage, dissemination, logocentrism, indeterminancy, decentering. mimesis, alterity, marginality, desire, lack. A strategy of "close" reading that elicits the ways that key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable.Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, J. Hillis Miller, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Gayatri Spivak, Avital Ronell

Closed Form Poetry

follows a given form or shape- usually have a specified number of lines and a designed number of feet in each line; also follow consistent rhyme and meter

Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet

has 8 lines (octave) that follows an abba abba rhyme scheme which poses a question followed by six lines (a sestet) that follow either a cde cde or a cd cd cd rhyme scheme which answers the question

action or helping verbs

have, has, had, do, does, did

Possessive Pronoun

indicate possession (My coat is red)

reflexive/intensive pronoun

intensify a noun or reflect back upon a noun (I myself made the dessert. I made the dessert myself)

Lois Lowry

is a Female American author of children's literature She has explored such complex issues as racism, terminal illness, murder, and the Holocaust among other challenging topics. She has also explored very controversial issues of questioning authority such as in The Giver Trilogy. She wrote The Giver, winner of the 1994 Newberry Medal, and Number the Stars

Edith Wharton

is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote Ethan Frome, The Age of Innocence, and The House of Mirth. Ethan Frome struggles to make a living as a farmer near the bleak Massachusetts town of Starkfield, while his dour wife Zeena whines and complains about her imaginary ailments. When Zeena's destitute cousin, Mattie Silver, a sweet and cheerful young woman, comes to live with the couple, the growing friendship between Ethan and Mattie arouses Zeena's jealousy, and she evicts Mattie from the house. As they are about to part, Ethan and Mattie take a sled ride down the big hill near town. In despair now and aware of their love for each other, they decide to end their lives by crashing the sled. Instead they are both left crippled for life. At the end of the story, the original roles have changed. Ethan is deformed, hopeless, and poorer than ever, and Mattie is now the helpless invalid. Caring for them both—presiding over their wrecked lives—is Zeena. House of Mirth--Impoverished but well-born, Lily realizes a secure future depends on her acquiring a wealthy husband. Her downfall begins with a romantic indiscretion, intensifies with an accumulation of gambling debts, and climaxes in a maelstrom of social disasters.

Christopher Paul Curtis

is an African American children's author and a Newberry Medal winner who wrote The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Elijah, &Bud, Not Buddy. In Bud, Not Buddy, Bud, the main character, travels from Flint to Grand Rapids, giving readers a glimpse of the midwestern state in the late 1930's; he meets a homeless family and a labor organizer and experiences life as an orphaned youth and the racism of the time, such as laws that prohibited African Americans from owning land in many areas, the dangers facing blacks, and racial segregation. His book Elijah of Buxton (winner of the Scott O'Dell Historical Fiction Award, the Coretta Scott King Award, and a Newberry Honor) is set in a free Black community in Ontario that was founded in 1849 by runaway slaves.

Caroline Cooney

is an American author of suspense, romance, horror, and mystery books for young adults. The Voice on the Radio The Face on the Milk Carton

Carl Hiaason

is an American journalist, columnist, and novelist. He wrote Hoot. Hoot is a 2002 young-adult novelThe story takes place in Coconut Cove, Florida, where new arrival Roy makes a bad enemy, two oddball friends, and joins an effort to stop construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site. The book won a Newbery Honor award in 2003.

Gary Paulsen

is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newberry Honor-winning wilderness survival novel.HatchetBrian's Winter Tracker Dogsong

Beowulf

is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature. a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

Epode

is the third part of an ode, which followed the strophe and the antistrophe, and completed the movement.

double speak

language that is meant to be evasive or conceal (downsized = fired loss of job

Verb Phrase

main verb and its helping verbs. "The author is writing a new book." "He was walking to work today."

Noun

names a person, place, thing, idea, or quality

Metonymy

not using the formal word for an object or subject and instead referring to it by using another word that is intricately linked to the formal name or word. It is the practice of substituting the main word with a word that is closely linked to it.The phrase "Washington D.C." is metonymy for the government of the U.S. in this case.

picaresque

novel with a colorful, loosely structured, episodic plot that revolves around the adventures of a central character from a low social class. Involves clever rogues or adventurers.

Aestheticism

often associated with Romanticism, a philosophy defining aesthetic value as the primary goal in understanding literature. This includes both literary critics who have tried to understand and/or identify aesthetic values and those like Oscar Wilde who have stressed art for art's sake.Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Harold Bloom

Trochee

one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (e.g. picture, flower)

Dactyl

one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (e.g.annotate an-no-tate)

Regionalism

period of American Literature (1865-1920) mostly within the period of Realism Authors: Willa Cather, William Faulkner (As I Lay Dying), Twain (The Adventures of Huckelberry Finn), Kate Chopin (The Awakening) focus on characters, dialect, customs and other features of a given region mix of romanticism and realism

Medieval Period

period of British literature (1066-1485) focus on religion, romance, diversity, and chivalry; morality and folk ballads were popular Chaucer, Sir Thomas Malloy (Le Morte d'Arthur), Everyman

Renaissance Period

period of British literature (1485-1660) includes Elizabethan age of English drama and public theaters interest in love and the nature of human beings authors: Marlowe (Dr. Faustus, Passionate Shepherd to his Love), Shakespeare, John Donne (The Flea, The Sun Rising), Ben Johnson (The Alchemist, Volpone), John Milton

Restoration Period

period of British literature (1660-1798) comedy of manners, essays, and satires were popular aka "The Enlightenment" : emphasis on logic, reason, and rules includes Age of Sensibility (gothic novels) Authors: Jonathan Swift (Gulliver's Travels), John Dryden (Mac Flecknoe), Aphra Ben (Oroonoko)

Victorian Period

period of British literature (1832-1900) time of social, religious, and economic turmoil invention of printing press, growing middle class elegies popular authors: Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Browning, Rudyard Kipling, Dickens, Thomas Hardy

Slant Rhyme

poet substitutes assonance or consonance for real rhyme

Free Verse

poetry without patters of rhyme or regular meter

Blank Verse

poetry written in iambic pentameter and unrhmymed

Demonstrative Pronouns

point out or draw our attention to something or someone. can also indicate proximity or distance this, these, those, that

Enlightenment

was a late 17th- and 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, nature, and skepticism. The Enlightenment presented a challenge to traditional religious views Authors: Francis Bacon, John Locke (Two Treatises of Government), Jean Jacques Rousseau (On the Social Contract, On Education)

appositive phrase

rename the word or group of words that precedes them (my dad, the clock maker)

Internal Rhyme

rhyming two or more words in the same line of poetry

Morphology

study of the structure of words and word formation

Lyric Poem

subjective, reflective poetry with regular rhyme scheme and meter which reveals the poet's thoughts and feelings to create a single, unique impression

Enjambment

the continuation of a grammatical construction of a line of verse into the next line; stands in opposition to an end-stop, creates a sense of suspense and excitement, emphasizes the last word of the line

Cadence

the fall in pitch of the intonation of the voice, and its modulated inflection with the rise and fall of its sound.

Anne Bradstreet

the first colonial/Puritan poet. To My Dear and Loving Husband "If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee. If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me, ye women, if you can." The Tenth Muse

subject of a sentence

the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something

Antistrophe

the portion of an ode sung by the chorus in its returning movement from west to east, in response to the strophe, which was sung from east to west.

Inversion

the practice of changing the conventional placement of words. It is a literary practice typical of the older classical poetry genre. Paradise Lost, Milton wrote:"Of Man's First Disobedience, and the FruitOf that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste

Portmanteau

the practice of joining together two or more words in order to create an entirely new word. This is often done in order to create a name or word for something by combining the individual characteristics of 2 or more other words.Smog, Liger

Semantics

the study of the meaning in language, in language, study of meanings of words

Syntax

the study of the structure of sentences, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences

object of a sentence

the thing acted upon by the verb; receives the action of the verb and usually comes after it, except in a passive sentence

Polysyndeton

the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural

Antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which the pronoun is referring (Sally=antecedent for her)

English/Shakespearean Sonnet

three groups of 4 lines (quatrains) ending with a rhyming couplet. Abab cdcd efef gg.

Infinitive Phrase

to + verb. made up of "to" and the base form of a verb (to order, to abandon)

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

transitive verbs take an object; intransitive verbs do not. Transitive: The speaker discussed different marketing strategies in the video. Intransitive: The patient's health deteriorated quickly.

Fused Sentence

two sentences that run together without any punctuation between them. Fix with period plus capital letter, comma and a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or reduce one of the clauses to an incomplete thought.

Spondee

two stressed syllables together (e.g. e-nough)

Anapest

two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable (e.g. comprehend com-pre-hend)

Absolute Phrase

usually noun+participle in which a participle follows the noun that it modifies whole phrase modifies entire clause to which it is attached, so the phrase acts as an adverb usually answering the question, under what conditions Her eyes closing, Sandra laid her head down on the pillow, ready for a good night's sleep.

Madeline L'Engle

was a female American writer best known for her young-adult fiction, particularly the Newberry Medal-winning A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, National Book Award-winning. She also wrote The Small Rain and 24 Days before Christmas

Scott O'Dell

was an American children's author who wrote 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He has been called "the foremost American writer of children's historical fiction." Although he is best known for stories set in the past, his books include gothic romances, nonfiction, and stories of contemporary life. He wrote Island of Blue Dolphins. Island of the Blue Dolphins is a 1960 American children's novel. The story is about a young girl stranded for years on an island off the California coast, it is based on the true story of Juana Maria, a Nicoleño Indian left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island in the 19th century. Island of the Blue Dolphins won the Newbery Medal in 1961. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1964.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, and Unitarian minister who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. Most important figure in Transcendentalist movement & friend of Thoreau. A champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.Nature - 1836 - individualism Self-Reliance - 1841 -It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.

Jean Craighead George

was an American writer who authored over one hundred books for young adults, including the Newberry Medal-winning Julie of the Wolves, the Newberry Honor book My Side of the Mountain, and its sequel, On the Far Side of the Mountain. Common themes in her works are the environment and the natural world.

J.R.R. Tolkien

was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit (being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature. Wrote The Hobbit), The Lord of the Rings (The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel), and The Silmarillion.

C.S. Lewis

was an Ireland novelist, poet. He wrote The Lion, the Witch, and the WardrobeThe Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children Published in 1950, it is the original book of The Chronicles of Narnia and is the best known book of the series

Virgil

was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. This poet is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans.*A Trojan destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era. Her poetry was widely popular in both England and the United States during her lifetime. A collection of her last poems was published by her husband, another famous poet, shortly after her death. She wrote "Aurora Leigh," andSonnet Number 43 -How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. Aurora Leigh is an eponymous epic novel/poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The poem is written in blank verse and encompasses nine books. (1856)

Verbals

words that appear to be verbs, but are acting as some other part of speech. The old "laughing" lady dropped by to call.

Countee Cullen

wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" (tale about a doomed interracial relationship) American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance. "The ills I sorrow at Not me alone Like an arrow, Pierce to the marrow, Through the fat And past the bone. Your grief and mine Must intertwine Like sea and river, Be fused and mingle, Diverse yet single, Forever and forever."

T.S. Eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic. The Wasteland: "April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain." "For you know only / A heap of broken images."

Maya Angelou

wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet. "Still I Rise."

Elie Wiesel

wrote Night - He is a Romanian-born Jewish-American. He is a writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Prize Winner, and Holocaust survivor.The novel -Night - is about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps.

Anne Frank

wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany