pre class quiz : cellular respiration bio 1610

Match the molecule with the correct number of carbons. acetyl group glucose pyruvate oxaloacetate carbon dioxide

-2 -6 -3 -4 -1

During the citric acid cycle, which of the following are produced?

-ATP -CO2 -NADH -FADH2

During pyruvate oxidation, which of the following are produced?

-CO2 -NADH -acetyl-CoA

During glycolysis, which of the following are produced?

-NADH -pyruvate -ATP

the _____________ process of diffusion of _____________ is coupled to the ________________process of producing ATP.

-exergonic -hydrogen ions -endergonic

Aerobic Cellular Respiration is a complex process that can be broken into 4 steps. Glycolysis is the _______________ respiration. This process takes place in the _______________ . Glycolysis literally means to "split sugar". This is because this process first splits sugar in half and then processes G3P to form _______________ pyruvate molecules. In the first step of the energy production phase of Glycolysis, the Carbon also gets partially oxidized. Energy is released both by breaking sugar into smaller molecules, and by oxidizing it. The entire process has 10 steps. The first 5 steps are called the energy input phase, because the cell has to use _______________ energy to get things started. The last 5 steps are called the energy output phase, because this is when _______________ are produced. The ATP made during cellular respiration can be made by two different process. The ATP produced during Glycolysis is produced by a process called _______________ . The way ATP is produced in the final step of cellular respiration, is called [oxidative P.]. The actual chemical reaction to build ATP is always the same. A phosphate group must be covalently attached to ADP to make an ATP molecule. Building ATP is an _______________ process and requires energy. The difference between these two processes for making ATP is where the energy comes from . During _______________ the energy used to attach the phosphate comes directly from cutting the phosphate off of the substrate, which is the sugar molecule that is being metabolized. Thus it is called substrate level phosphorylation. In contrast, during oxidative phosphorylation the energy to attach phosphate to ADP comes from the proton gradient built by the _______________ . In both cases, ATP is formed by _______________ ADP. ADP + Pi makes ATP. It is only the energy source that is different, therefore the process has a different name in each case. Oxidative phosphorylation is much _______________ efficient than substrate level phosphorylation. We know this because we get much more ATP from the steps of respiration that take place in the mitochondria, than we do from glycolysis. So where does the cell get the energy to build the H+ ion gradient (proton gradient) used to power oxidative phosphorylation? This energy comes from _______________ electrons which were harvested from the sugar molecule in the earlier steps of Cellular Respiration in which Carbon gets oxidized. Any time something gets oxidized something else must get reduced. These oxidation and reduction reactions always occur in pairs and are called _______________ reactions. The molecule getting oxidized loses high energy electrons, in the form of a _______________ . The molecule getting reduced gains the high energy electrons. Thus, sugar gets _______________ as it loses bonds to hydrogen and replaces them with bonds to oxygen. As Carbon gets oxidized an NAD+ molecule simultaneously gets reduced, producing _______________ . During aerobic respiration NADH is produced during _______________ . The NADH produced in these earlier steps of cellular respiration, delivers its high energy electrons to the ETC (Electron Transport Chain) where NAD+ is regenerated as NADH delivers its high energy electrons to Complex I of the ETC. This is step is very important because this enables the cell to continue to oxidize carbon in the 3 previous steps. High energy electrons are delivered to Complex I of the electron transport chain by NADH. As they flow down the chain, from complex I to complex III, and then to complex [IV], and finally to oxygen they lose energy. When O2 gains the electrons, _______________] is formed. As the electrons flow through the chain they _______________ energy. This energy is used to pump _______________ across the _______________ mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space. This builds a high concentration of H+ ions in the_______________. The energy that used to be chemical energy stored in the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule is now stored in the concentration gradient. In the final step of cellular respiration, called _______________ , ATP synthase uses the proton gradient produced by the electron transport chain, to power the formation of ATP. These two steps together are called Oxidative Phosphorylation because the electron transport chain uses NADH energy derived from _______________glucose , to form a H+ ion gradient, which is then used to power the _______________ of ADP by ATP synthase.

-first -cytosol -2 -energy input -ATP -ATP and NADH -Substrate level phosphorylation -anabolic -glycolysis -flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, which builds a proton gradient used to power ATP synthase -phosphorylating -more -high energy -redox -hydride ion, H- (this is a proton plus 2 electrons) -oxidized -NADH -steps 1,2, and 3 of cellular respiration (glycolysis, the oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle) -water! -lose -protons (H+ ions) -inner -chemiosmosis -oxidizing -phosphorylation

Which of the following produces ATP (or GTP)?

-glycolysis -oxidative phosphorylation -the citric acid cycle

match the correct step of cellular respiration to the products if that step

-glycolysis- 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate -oxidation of pyruvate- 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 0 ATP -citric acid cycle- 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 4 CO2 -Electron transport chain- a proton gradient and water (and NAD+ and FAD) -chemiosmosis- a lot of ATP (28-32 ATP)

Photosynthesis converts ________________ into ______________.

-light energy -chemical energy

The overall equation describing the process of Cellular Respiration is : C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Identify ALL the steps of cellular respiration in which carbon dioxide is formed. (mark all that are correct)

-oxidation of pyruvate -citric acid cycle (kreb's cycle)

During which steps of aerobic cellular respiration is NAD+ reduced to NADH?

-pyruvate oxidation -glycolysis -citric acid cycle

Which of the following produces CO2?

-pyruvate oxidation -the citric acid cycle

The energy input phase of glycolysis uses _______________. The energy output phase of glycolysis produces _______________. (choose the gross amount, not the net amount) The half way point of glycolysis is the production of two molecules of _______________. The first energy harvested in glycolysis is produced by partially oxidizing G3P in a _______________ reaction that produces 1 NADH per G3P. The net energy production per glucose burned in glycolysis is _______________. (use the net amount, not the gross amount) At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy in the original sugar molecule is in the pyruvate molecule. If oxygen is present, this pyruvate will now _______________.

-uses 2 ATP -4 ATP and 2 NADH -Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) -redox -2 NADH and 2 ATP -enter the mitochondria where it will be further oxidized to produce CO2 and lots more NADH and ATP

Oxygen is essential for life in aerobic organisms. What does it do that is so important? The primary role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration is to ________

be the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Which of the following produces the most ATP, by far?

oxidation phosphorylation

If a molecule loses electrons is has been ____________________.

oxidized

ch 7 steps of cellular respiration into the correct order

1.) glycolysis 2.) oxidation of pyruvate 3.)Citric acid cycle 4.) oxidation phosphorylation phase 1 of step 4.) electron transport chain phase 2 of step 4.) chemiosmosis

Select the chemical reaction that describes what happens when oxygen accepts electrons.

1/2O2 +2H+ + 2e- ->H2O

The protein complex that catalyzes the reaction below is called ______________________. ADP+Pi⟶ATP

ATP synthesis

Choose the correct statement about glycolysis.

At the end of glycolysis, the original six carbon atoms from glucose are present in two molecules of pyruvate

Choose the correct statement about pyruvate oxidation.

At the end of pyruvate oxidation, the original six carbon atoms from glucose are present in two molecules of acetyl-CoA and two molecules of carbon dioxide

Choose the correct statement about the citric acid cycle.

At the end of the citric acid cycle, the original six carbon atoms from glucose are present in six molecules of carbon dioxide

Which is the correct chemical reaction that describes aerobic cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6H2O + 6CO2

What are the electron carriers that function in aerobic cellular respiration?

NAD and FAD

Mitochondria were originally derived from _________________________.

aerobic alpha-proteobacteria

Which of the following statements is NOT True of Fermentation? (choose the statement below that is FALSE)

cells switch to fermentation mode when oxygen levels are too high

A molecule capable of accepting electrons and donating them to another molecule is a(n) _________________________.

electron carrier

An anabolic reaction would also be _____________________.

endergonic

The process by which early eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria is called ___________________.

endosymbiosis

ATP synthase requires energy to regenerate ATP. This is provided by ____________________.

energy released by diffusion of hydrogen ions

Which of the following is an anaerobic process that generates ATP through the reduction of pyruvate?

fermentation

Which of the following are reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

Formation of ATP by Substrate Level Phosphorylation occurs during ______________.

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following will take place if oxygen is NOT present?

glycosis

Each time an energy transformation takes place, some energy is transformed into _______________ energy

heat

Each time energy is transformed into heat energy, the entropy of the universe __________________.

increases

Some molecules, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), can exist in either a reduced or oxidized form. Which has more free energy?

the reduced form

What is the main purpose of the first three steps of aerobic cellular respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle)?

to harvest high-energy electrons that can be used to power the electron transport chain

Which of the following are products of aerobic cellular respiration?

water and carbon dioxide