Precision Nutrition Chapter 11
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
A naturally occurring trans fat that doesn't seem to harm humans
Amino
A nitrogen-hydrogen compound with the chemical formula NH2
Hydrolyze
A process of chemical breakdown
Oligosaccarides
A simple carbohydrate molecule with a few rings
Monosaccharide
A simple carbohydrate molecule with one ring
Disaccharide
A simple carbohydrate molecule with two rings
Galactose
A simple sugar
Glucocorticoid
A type of hormone involved in blood sugar regulation
Acetate
A type of short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes
Butyrate
A type of short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes
Propionate
A type of short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes
Resistant Starch
A type of starch that resists digestion, and acts like a fiber
Retrograde Starch
A type of starch whose molecules rearrange after being cooked and cooled, and so behave differently in digestion
Meta-analysis
A type of study that analyzes many studies stimutaneously
Hydrogenation
Adding hydrogen ions to an unsaturated fatty acid to artificially saturate the molecule
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that we can make ourselves, but not always effectively. particularly when we're under physical stress
Branched-chain amino acids
Amino acids with a branched molecular structure
Carboxyl Group
An acidic compound with carbon, two oxygen's, and a hydrogen
Glycemic Load
An alternative measure to glycemic index, based on the GI multiplied by the serving size of the food
Linoleic Acid
An essential omega-6 fatty acid that cannot be made in the body
Homecycstinuria
An inherited metabolic disease that causes a build-up of homopcysteine and its metabolites
Phenyketonuria
An inherited metabolic disease that causes a build-up of the amino acid phenylalanine
Peptide Bonds
Bonds that hold peptides and proteins together
Glucosamines
Complex carbohydrate-protein compounds that help build our connective tissues
Salivary Amylases
Enzymes in saliva that break down carbohydrates in the mouth
Urea
Nitrogen-based waste product from protein breakdown, excreted in urine
Proenzymes
Normally inactive substances that must be activated
Nitrogen
One of the fundamental elements in the body
Amylose
One of the two main forms of starch; has a long chain structure
Ions
Particles of an element with an electrical charge
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins that cannot dissolve in water
Amylopectin
one of the two main forms of starch; has a branched chain structure
Eicosanoids
Signaling molecules that help regulate processes such as immunity or inflammation
pro-inflammatory
Substances that increase and enhance inflammation
Anti-inflammatory
Substances that lower or prevent inflammation
Enterohepatic Recycling
The interconnected process of substances being produced or metabolized by the liver, excreted via bile into the intestine, and then re-absorbed through the intestine
Macro nutrient Split
The percentage of energy in a diet contributed by fat, protein, and/or carbohydrate
Glycosidic Bonds
A bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule
Polysaccarides
A complex carbohydrate molecule with many rings; glycogen, starches and fibers
Polypeptides
A complex structure made of multiple peptides, forming a protein molecule
Hydrocarbon
A compound of hydrogen and carbon bonded together
Gras ( generally recognized as safe)
A designation given by the United States Food and Drug Administration to food additives that are deemed safe to consume
FODMAP
A group of carbohydrates that can cause digestive problems in some people
Corticosteroid Hormones
A group of steroid homrones that includes the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Cortisol
A major stress-response and steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of vital body processes
Glycemic index
A measure of how quickly and significantly a given food can raise our blood sugar
Insulin Index
A measure of the amount of insulin the body produces in response to a particular food
