Precision Nutrition Chapter 11

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid

A naturally occurring trans fat that doesn't seem to harm humans

Amino

A nitrogen-hydrogen compound with the chemical formula NH2

Hydrolyze

A process of chemical breakdown

Oligosaccarides

A simple carbohydrate molecule with a few rings

Monosaccharide

A simple carbohydrate molecule with one ring

Disaccharide

A simple carbohydrate molecule with two rings

Galactose

A simple sugar

Glucocorticoid

A type of hormone involved in blood sugar regulation

Acetate

A type of short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes

Butyrate

A type of short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes

Propionate

A type of short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria and involved in metabolic processes

Resistant Starch

A type of starch that resists digestion, and acts like a fiber

Retrograde Starch

A type of starch whose molecules rearrange after being cooked and cooled, and so behave differently in digestion

Meta-analysis

A type of study that analyzes many studies stimutaneously

Hydrogenation

Adding hydrogen ions to an unsaturated fatty acid to artificially saturate the molecule

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that we can make ourselves, but not always effectively. particularly when we're under physical stress

Branched-chain amino acids

Amino acids with a branched molecular structure

Carboxyl Group

An acidic compound with carbon, two oxygen's, and a hydrogen

Glycemic Load

An alternative measure to glycemic index, based on the GI multiplied by the serving size of the food

Linoleic Acid

An essential omega-6 fatty acid that cannot be made in the body

Homecycstinuria

An inherited metabolic disease that causes a build-up of homopcysteine and its metabolites

Phenyketonuria

An inherited metabolic disease that causes a build-up of the amino acid phenylalanine

Peptide Bonds

Bonds that hold peptides and proteins together

Glucosamines

Complex carbohydrate-protein compounds that help build our connective tissues

Salivary Amylases

Enzymes in saliva that break down carbohydrates in the mouth

Urea

Nitrogen-based waste product from protein breakdown, excreted in urine

Proenzymes

Normally inactive substances that must be activated

Nitrogen

One of the fundamental elements in the body

Amylose

One of the two main forms of starch; has a long chain structure

Ions

Particles of an element with an electrical charge

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that cannot dissolve in water

Amylopectin

one of the two main forms of starch; has a branched chain structure

Eicosanoids

Signaling molecules that help regulate processes such as immunity or inflammation

pro-inflammatory

Substances that increase and enhance inflammation

Anti-inflammatory

Substances that lower or prevent inflammation

Enterohepatic Recycling

The interconnected process of substances being produced or metabolized by the liver, excreted via bile into the intestine, and then re-absorbed through the intestine

Macro nutrient Split

The percentage of energy in a diet contributed by fat, protein, and/or carbohydrate

Glycosidic Bonds

A bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule

Polysaccarides

A complex carbohydrate molecule with many rings; glycogen, starches and fibers

Polypeptides

A complex structure made of multiple peptides, forming a protein molecule

Hydrocarbon

A compound of hydrogen and carbon bonded together

Gras ( generally recognized as safe)

A designation given by the United States Food and Drug Administration to food additives that are deemed safe to consume

FODMAP

A group of carbohydrates that can cause digestive problems in some people

Corticosteroid Hormones

A group of steroid homrones that includes the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Cortisol

A major stress-response and steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of vital body processes

Glycemic index

A measure of how quickly and significantly a given food can raise our blood sugar

Insulin Index

A measure of the amount of insulin the body produces in response to a particular food


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