Prelim 2 Practice Questions
(digestion & microbiota) Which enzyme is most likely to be found in the esophagus of a patient suffering from gastro-esophogal reflux? a. just pepsin b. just trypsin c. just chymotrypsin d. trypsin and chymotrypsin e. a mix of them all
a. pepsin acts in the stomach, others in the duodenum (villi cleaves it as regulation)
(circulation 1) How is organic material such as sugar carried through a plant? a. sugar is primarily transported from roots to leaves through vessel elements b. water follows high concentrations of sugar to increase hydrostatic pressure c. phloem pushes sugar via negative pressure against gravity d. unidirectionally: from sink to source within phloem
b.
(circulation 1) Which of the following would increase vascular tone? a. relaxation of smooth muscle in arterioles b. an increase in oxygen c. larger diameter allowing more blood flow d. an inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
b.
(circulation 2) Higher ____ pressure at the _____ end of capillaries causes _____ of substances out of the capillaries. a. oncotic; arterial; reabsorption b. hydrostatic; arterial; filtration c. oncotic; venous; filtration d. hydrostatic; venous; reabsorption
b.
(circulation 2) How does the sinoatrial (SA) node determine the pace? It depends on how quickly... a. Na+ from neighboring cardiomyocytes enters SA node cells b. Na+ diffuses into SA node cells, reaches a threshold potential, then sends an action potential to neighboring cardiomyocytes c. K+ from neighboring cardiomyocytes leaves SA node cells d. K+ diffuses out of SA node cells, reaches a threshold potential, then sends an action potential to neighboring cardiomyocytes
b.
(circulation 2) The role of the atria in the heart is to: a. prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle b. increase the amount of blood that is pumped into the ventricles c. directly pump blood into the pulmonary and systemic circuits d. modulate blood pressure of the systemic circuit
b.
(circulation 1) How are water and minerals transported through a plant's xylem? a. bidirectionally: water and minerals flow from source to sink b. sieve elements and companion cells are dead components that create an open tube system c. transpiration pulls water via negative pressure d. water cohesion pushes water via positive pressure e. all of the above occur in xylem
c.
(circulation 1) Which of the following paths does a red blood cell follow in your body? a. right ventricle -> lungs -> right atrium -> peripheric tissue (body) b. left ventricle -> peripheric tissues (body) -> right atrium -> lungs c. lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> peripheric tissues (body) d. body -> right atrium -> left atrium -> lungs
c.
(circulation 2) Which of the following does NOT occur before ventricular contraction? a. the sinoatrial node conducts an electrical signal b. an electrical signal travels down the middle of the heart and branches out to both the right and left ventricle c. ventricular cardiomyocytes depolarize (Na+ enters), repolarize (K+ leaves), and the action potential travels to multiple cardiomyocytes through intercalated discs d. atrial systole in both the right and left atria
c.
(circulation 2) Which of the following does NOT play a major role in maintaining a mammal's blood pressure? a. systole b. arterial wall recoil c. valves in veins d. position in Earth's gravitational field e. none of the above - all play a major role in blood pressure
c.
(digestion & microbiota) Match the following terms to their functions: ABSORPTION a. mechanical breakdown increases food particle surface b. breakdown nutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis c. nutrients enter body cells in small and large intestines d. removal of undigested material
c.
(kidneys & excretion) Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), does what? a. it acts on the distal tubule of the nephron. b. its release is triggered by an overabundance of water in the body. c. it results in urine with high concentration of solute. d. it causes an increase in aquaporin activity, in turn causing water secretion.
c.
(kidneys & excretion) Which of the following statements about the nephron is FALSE? a. the Bowman's capsule receives and filters blood from arterioles. b. the loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal tubules. c. the collecting duct empties into the distal tubule. d. the loop of Henle empties into the distal tubule.
c.
(osmoregulation) Great white sharks are subject to _______; in turn, they ________. a. losing too much salt; actively secrete Cl- followed by Na+ b. gaining too much water; secrete large amounts of dilute urine c. losing too much water; secrete small amounts of concentrated urine d. gaining too much salt; secrete large amounts of dilute urine
c.
(osmoregulation) In response to dehydration (hypovolemic), the following structures/organs contribute to thirst: a. osmoreceptor neurons within the amygdala b. baroreceptors in the wall of capillaries c. cells of the kidney d. stretch receptors in the hypothalamus e. B & D
c.
(osmoregulation) You notice a local farmer places a salt block in the barn for her grass-fed cows. Why is she doing this? a. it will deter flies from the barn b. it will cause the cows to gain more weight c. the grass has inadequate sodium for the cows' diet d. none of the above
c.
(osmoregulation) ______ thirst occurs when there is _____. a. intracellular; both hypertonic dehydration and hypovolemia b. intracellular; a bodily need to drink water and eat salt c. extracellular; hypovolemia d. extracellular; vasodilation and high blood pressure
c.
(thermoregulation) Which of the following is NOT true about heat exchange? a. evaporative cooling works better in the desert than in the tropics b. in countercurrent exchange, heat from warm blood warms returning cold blood to retain heat in the body core c. metabolism of ectotherms doesn't generate heat d. an arctic whale has up to 50 cm of fat under the skin to insulate internal organs by decreasing conduction
c.
(thermoregulation) Which of the following would NOT help a homeothermic endotherm such as a deer to maintain Tbody as the Tambient decreases w/o increasing its metabolism? a. decrease conductance b. puff up its fur c. evaporate sweat d. curl up into a ball e. get out of the wind
c.
(circulation 1) If the resistance (r) of a coronary artery has been decreased by half, by how much should the heart increase its pressure to maintain normal circulation? a. 2 fold b. 8 fold c. 16 fold d. 32 fold e. 64 fold
c. R-> 1/2 r resistance varies in 1/r^4 resistance becomes 2^4/r^4 = 2*2*2*2 = 16 times higher - to maintain Q constant: P = QR, P/R needs to be a constant - if R is 16 times higher, then P needs to by 16 times higher - the heart can't do that -> blood flow diminished -> risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack)
(circulation 1) Flux of blood will greatly increase when blood is moved from an area of ___ to ___ pressure. This occurs within the ____ of mammals. a. low; high; veins with deoxygenated blood b. low; high; arteries with deoxygenated blood c. high; low; veins with oxygenated blood d. high; low; arteries with oxygenated blood
d.
(circulation 1) If blood pressure doubled while peripheral resistance also doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be: a. doubled b. halved c. 16 times greater d. unchanged
d.
(circulation 2) Acetylcholine causes a(n) ______ in heart rate by ________. a. increase; allowing more Ca2+ ions to enter cardiomyocytes b. increase; triggering the parasympathetic nervous system c. decrease; triggering the sympathetic nervous system d. decrease; hyperpolarizing cardiomyocytes via K+ loss
d.
(circulation 2) You measure Mr. X's cardiac output and determine that it is increased above its normal value. This MUST mean that stroke volume has: a. increased b. decreased c. not changed d. cannot be determined from the data given
d.
(digestion & microbiota) Match the following terms to their functions: ELIMINATION a. mechanical breakdown increases food particle surface b. breakdown nutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis c. nutrients enter body cells in small and large intestines d. removal of undigested material
d.
(digestion & microbiota) Which statement about digestive system adaptations is FALSE? a. humans contain a monogastric digestive system b. both ruminants and hindgut fermenters are herbivores c. cows and sheep are ruminants, meaning they have a stomach with multiple compartments d. herbivores have longer small intestines than carnivores to aid in nutrient absorption e. villi and microvilli on the surface of the small intestine greatly increase nutrient absorption
d.
(excretion and osmoregulation) Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the filtration membrane through the nephron. 1. Bowman's capsule 2. collecting duct 3. loop of Henle 4. distal tubule 5. proximal tubule A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B. 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 C. 5, 1, 3, 4, 2 D. 1, 4, 3, 5, 2
1, 5, 3, 4, 2
(circulation 2) List the flow of a red blood cell beginning and returning to the left atrium, noting when it passes through each of the four heart valves.
1. heart valve 2. left ventricle 3. heart valve 4. aorta to systemic circuit 5. capillaries - blood is now deoxygenated 6. vena cava 7. right atrium 8. heart valve 9. right ventricle 10. heart valve 11. pulmonary artery to lung - blood is now oxygenated 12. pulmonary vein
(digestion & microbiota) How do rhizobacteria become endosymbionts? Provide the correct order of steps.
1. plant cells secrete flavonoids 2. rhizobia produce Nod factors 3. Nod factors alter root cell activity 4. an infection thread forms through which bacteria enter root cells
(circulation 1) Examples of organisms that use diffusion instead of a circulatory system include: a. flatworms and lobsters b. birds and jellyfish c. mollusks and centipedes d. none of the above
d.
(excretion and osmoregulation) Which of the steps of urine formation in the nephron determines urine concentration? (hint: there are 2) 1. filtration in Bowman's capsule 2. selective reabsorption in proximal tube 3. water salt absorption in Loop of Henle 4. selective reabsorption in distal tube 5. water and salt reabsorption in collecting duct
4 & 5 - water reabsorption going down the loop -> venules - salt reabsorption going up the loop -> arterioles
(digestion & microbiota) Why did antibiotics work better than antiacids to cure stomach ulcers (hypothesize the etiology)?
Bacterial problem caused the problem with mucus and exposed the stomach to its own pH
(symbiosis and microbiota) SHORT ANSWER QUESTION: a. How do Rhizobia in the soil surrounding a soybean plant get from soil into the soybean roots? Describe the chemical dialogue btw rhizobia and the plant. Include the specific chemicals involved and the response(s) they elicit (including morphological changes). b. Describe how both the plant and the bacteria benefit from this interaction.
How do they get in: The rhizobia get in the root as a result of bacterial-root communication that requires several steps: First, the root secretes compounds, including flavonoids, that accumulate in soil. Rhizobia sense these flavonoids and in return secrete factors (Nod factors) that will change the plant physiology. More specifically, Nod factors promote the internalization (encapsulation) of Rhizobia via root threads. Rhizobia finally are packed in enlarged root cells. Benefit: The rhizobia help the plant to acquire nitrogen. They are "Nitrogen-fixing bacteria". The rhizobia acquire sugars from the plant as well as an anaerobic environment.
(circulation 1) What vessels carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart? a. pulmonary artery only b. coronary arteries only c. neither coronary arteries or pulmonary artery d. both coronary arteries and pulmonary artery
a.
(circulation 1) You blow up a balloon slightly to V1. Later, you inflate it fuller to V2. The pressure now (V2) is ___________ the initial pressure (V1). a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as
a.
(circulation 2) Imagine you are listening to a mammal's heart through your stethoscope. You hear two clear sounds as part of the heartbeat. Which of the following is TRUE? a. the first sound "lub" is due to atrioventricular valves closing. b. both sounds occur at the end of ventricular diastole. c. both sounds occur at the end of ventricular systole. d. between the two heart sounds, the ventricle itself undergoes nominal pressure changes. e. the second sound "dub" is due to both atria collapsing.
a.
(circulation 2) Which of the following occurs during an action potential within a cardiomyocyte? a. potassium channels open, causing a repolarization b. calcium channels open, causing a depolarization c. sodium channels open, causing a repolarization d. potassium ions enter the cell e. sodium ions leave the cell
a.
(circulation) Choose the answer that correctly orders the following parts of the circulatory system from highest to lowest systolic pressure: a. Left ventricle > aorta > capillaries >veins b. Right ventricle > pulmonary artery > left ventricle >veins c. Aorta > left ventricle > capillaries >veins d. Veins > capillaries > aorta > left ventricle e. Pressure is constant throughout the human circulatory system, so these parts cannot be ordered based on pressure
a.
(digestion & microbiota) Match the following terms to their functions: INGESTION a. mechanical breakdown increases food particle surface b. breakdown nutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis c. nutrients enter body cells in small and large intestines d. removal of undigested material
a.
(digestion & microbiota) Wolbachia is a parasite that resides within bodies of insects and nematodes. Wolbachia would therefore be classified as ________. a. an endosymbiont b. microbiota c. a commensalist d. a mutualist
a.
(kidneys & excretion) Where in the nephron do hormones play a large role in regulation? a. distal tubule and collecting duct b. proximal and distal tubules c. Bowman's capsule and collecting duct d. ascending and descending loop of Henle
a.
(kidneys & excretion) Worms, insects, and mammals have a tube or system of tubes as major components of their excretory systems. Which of the following is TRUE? a. extracellular fluid (e.g., blood or hemolymph) is filtered such that select components become filtrate b. there are regions of the tube(s) that reabsorb solutes to be removed from the body c. there are regions of the tube(s) that reabsorb water to be removed from the body d. along this tube or tubes, toxins and waste are secreted to remain in the body e. all of the above occur
a.
(osmoregulation) Osmosis is movement of ____ toward a ____ concentration of ____ while diffusion is movement of ____ from ____ concentration. a. water; higher; solute; solute; high to low b. water; lower; solute; solute; high to low c. solute; higher; water; water; high to low d. solute; lower; water; water; low to high
a.
(osmoregulation) True osmoconformers in freshwater systems do not exist because they would... a. lose too much salt from the ECF to the environment b. lose too much water from the ECF to the environment c. gain too much salt from the environment d. none of the above - there are numerous types of osmoconformers in freshwater systems
a.
(circulation 1) All multicellular organisms must bring nutrients and chemicals (and eliminate waste) to all cells. This is accomplished through all of the following EXCEPT: a. there is a muscular pump that causes circulation. b. there is a fluid that contains nutrients, chemicals, and waste. c. there is a series of interconnected vessels. d. there is a pressure system (positive pressure, negative pressure, or both) that drives movement. e. all of the above are components of all multicellular circulation.
a. (plants don't have muscle pump)
(excretion and osmoregulation) The Kangaroo rat is a desert animal that needs to conserve as much water as possible.Which of the following statements about the Kangaroo rat is likely FALSE? a. kangaroo rat blood is hyperosmotic compared to human blood b. the nephron may have a relatively longer loop of Henle compared to that of humans c. kangaroo rat urine will be hyperosmotic relative to human urine d. the kangaroo rat will have a very high concentration of salt in its renal medulla relative to humans
a. - blood will be normal as the kidney regulates the blood salt concentration to be isotonic to cell cytoplasm (a false -> correct answer) - the longer the Loop of Henle the more concentrated the urine can become as the concentration of salts becomes greater with depth in the medulla (b true) - the urine will be hyperosmotic as the animal conserves water and excretes salts (c true) - the concentration of salt in the inner medulla determines how concentrated the urine can be. Thus, the Kangaroo rat medulla will have a higher concentration than ours (d true)
(excretion and osmoregulation) Hummingbirds consume large amounts of nectar (dilute sugary solution) as their primary energy source. Which of the is most likely to be true about the hummingbird excretory system? a. the concentration of their urine is more like that of freshwater fish than marine/saltwater fish b. nitrogen is primarily excreted in the form of urea c. they produce relatively small amounts of urine to conserve the salts in their body d. they have large numbers of aquaporins in collecting ducts of their nephrons as a result of high levels of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) e. all of the above are likely to be true
a. drinking large volumes of dilute nectar will mean that hummingbirds must excrete relatively large volumes of water and hence excrete very dilute urine. Freshwater fish, which are exposed to hypotonic conditions will also excrete dilute urine.Marine fish, however, are exposed to a hypertonic environment and excrete concentrated urine
(thermoregulation) How do endotherms such as polar bears and penguins survive arctic temperatures? a. fur can decrease heat loss from conductivity b. a thin layer of fat around vital organs can increase thermal conductivity by being closer and adapting to the ambient temperature c. perform regional heterothermy: increasing circulation to appendages which are in constant contact with snow/ice d. all of the above
a. endotherms living in very cold climates would have thicker layer of fat (b wrong); regional heterothermy wouldn't increase blood flow to appendages, but has arteries and veins physically close to one another to retain heat (c wrong, review slide 19)
(digestion & microbiota) Which of the following has the relatively largest hindgut cecum? a. bunny b. lion c. cow d. goat
a. lions are carnivores, other two are ruminants
(circulation 1) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: a. why is there more risk for hydrocution during the summer? b. why is it dangerous to dive in cold water but not walk into a cold room? c. based on knowledge of thermoregulation and circulation, explain a hypothetical sequence of physiological events leading to cardiac arrest.
a. body is already acting to cool you down, so it isn't prepared to respond to cold water (conductor) -> sudden decrease in body temp b. water takes heat at very high rates; the thermalconductivity of air, an insulator, is low (water's is 20 times higher) c. abrupt vasoconstriction of all vessels to quickly respond to change in temp leads to a massive increase in pressure to maintain flow -> increase in resistance & constant flow increases P -> pressure would need to be huge -> cardiac arrest
(circulation 1) A large vein in the leg of an accident victim is cut, and the individual loses 2 liters of blood. The pressure in her vein will: a. increase b. decrease c. remain unchanged
b.
(circulation) Your friend silently comes behind you and suddenly screams at you. You are surprised and your heart pounds. What caused the increase in heart rate? a. activation of the parasympathetic nervous system—acetylcholine depolarizes cardiomyocytes, generating more action potentials per minute b. activation of the sympathetic nervous system—noradrenaline depolarizes cardiomyocytes, generating more action potentials per minute c. activation of the sympathetic nervous system—noradrenaline hyperpolarizes cardiomyocytes, generating more action potentials per minute d. activation of the parasympathetic nervous system—acetylcholine hyperpolarizes cardiomyocytes, generating fewer action potentials per minute
b.
(digestion & microbiota) Match the following terms to their functions: DIGESTION a. mechanical breakdown increases food particle surface b. breakdown nutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis c. nutrients enter body cells in small and large intestines d. removal of undigested material
b.
(digestion & microbiota) Symbiosis can be described as a _________ interaction between organisms. An example of symbiosis is _________, in which one species benefits and the other _________. a. prolonged; commensalism; benefits b. prolonged; commensalism; neither benefits nor is harmed c. very brief; parasitism; is harmed d. very brief; mutualism; also benefits
b.
(kidneys & excretion) As filtrate moves through the loop of Henle, why does the filtrate becomes more dilute? a. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water and ions b. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but not water c. the ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to ions and water d. the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not ions
b.
(kidneys & excretion) Which of the following occurs during urine formation? a. the proximal tubule is the site of filtration that generates primary urine b. toxins are secreted into primary urine c. the osmolarity of the interstitium at the base of the loop of Henle is very low d. the ascending loop of Henle is a major site of water reabsorption e. there is active reabsorption of NaCl along the entire loop of Henle
b.
(osmoregulation) Algae is placed in a beaker with a hypertonic solution. This means that the ___ concentration is ___. a. solute; higher within the algae b. solute; higher in the surrounding solution c. water; higher in the surrounding solution d. water; equivalent to the solute concentration
b.
(osmoregulation) If there is too much salt in the ECF... a. that is equivalent to low plasma osmolarity b. the hypothalamic thirst center will respond c. the signal is received by baroreceptors d. all of the above are true
b.
(osmoregulation) Which of the following about extracellular fluid (ECF) is FALSE? a. it is composed of interstitial fluid and blood. b. it only contains water and electrolytes. c. it contributes to normal cellular function by maintaining electrochemical gradients. d. water and solutes must be highly regulated, but they can be independently lost from an organism's body.
b.
(digestion & microbiota) An organism that receives its energy from light and consumes carbon best describes which of the following? a. chemoheterotroph b. photoheterotroph c. chemoautrotroph d. photoautotroph e. organotroph
b. "photo" refers to light and "heterotroph" indicates consumption
(circulation) During one cardiac cycle of the human heart, which of the following events occurs 3rd among those listed here? a. ventricular contraction b. firing of the AV (atrioventricular) node c. conduction of an action potential in the right and left bundle branches d. firing of the SA (sinoatrial) node e. contraction of the atria
b. (D, E, B, C, A)
(circulation 1) A fluid is flowing through the tube shown below in the direction of the arrow. If the tube is pinched in the middle while kept constant at the beginning of the tube, the end of the tube's pressure flow/resistance will: a. increase b. decrease c. remain unchanged
b. (counterintuitive)
(digestion & microbiota) Which is more consistent across people and within a person over time? a. taxonomic composition b. functional capacity
b. (overlapping genes in diff organisms)
(digestion) While photoautotrophs require light energy to fix CO2, ______ require electrons from the oxidation of ________ to fix CO2. a. organoautotrophs; organic compounds b. chemoautotrophs; inorganic compounds c. hemoheterotrophs; inorganic compounds d. autoheterotrophs; inorganic compounds e. none of the above
b. - organoautotrophs is not a term present on the metabolic identification guide. Also organoautroph is something of an oxymoron. Organo indicates carbon is obtained from organic sources and autotroph indicates carbon comes from CO2 (a wrong) - chemo indicates electrons coming from something other than organic compounds which would be inorganic compounds (b correct) - chemo indicates electrons coming from something other than organic compound however the term heterotroph means it does not use CO2 as carbon source (c wrong) - autoheterotroph is not a term present on the metabolic identification guide. Also a weird term since auto indicates CO2 fixation and heterotroph does not (d wrong)
(circulation 2) The ventricle fills... a. ONLY when the atrium contracts b. ONLY when the pressure in the ventricle is less than the pressure in the atrium c. ONLY when the papillary muscles contract and open the A-V valve
b. always back to the basics: Q=P/R => P needs to be positive (valve would close when ventricle P > atrium P)
(digestion & microbiota) Which feature is more consistent across people, and within a person over time? a. the taxonomic composition of people's gut microbiota - which types of microbe are present b. the functional capacity of peoples' gut microbiota - what types of genes the microbes have c. both A & B
b. microbes from diff taxonomic groups generally contain partially overlapping sets of genes, so the same/similar functions can be carried out by somewhat diff microbial communities
(thermoregulation) Why do small orgs have diff thermal interactions compared to larger orgs? a. orgs w/ larger bodies have larger surface are compared to internal volume, therefore radiate more heat b. small orgs have very large surface area to volume ratio, therefore exposed to more heat loss thru convection, conduction, and evaporation c. larger organisms have higher basal metabolic rates compared to orgs w smaller body sizes bc their circulatory systems are not flowing as rapidly d. basal metabolic rates of smaller orgs aren't as energetically costly to maintain compared to larger-bodied orgs e. bc of their size, larger orgs that get hot lose heat very quickly and essentially become "ectotherms", losing heat to the environ
b. review slides 12-14 in the recording
(thermoregulation) You are interested in the rate of a temperature-sensitive physiological process. If the Q10 is 3.0, what does this mean? a. if the temperature is increased by 3 degrees, the rate of activity will increase 10-fold b. if the temperature is increased by 10 degrees, the rate of activity will triple c. the rate of the physiologycal process begins at 10, then increases in increments of three (e.g., 10, 13, 16, 19, etc.) d. cannot determine - you would first need more information about the physiological process itself
b. the value of Qx indicates temp. increments; 3.0 means it will triple per temp. change increment (multiplicative, not additive)
(circulation 1) Consider Poiseuille's equation. If cross-sectional area of vessels _______, velocity _________ in that region. This occurs in ________. a. increases; increases; capillaries b. increases; decreases; veins c. decreases; increases; arteries d. decreases; increases; capillaries
c.
(circulation 1) Diffusion is effective in ____ concentration of substances over ___ distances. Organisms that rely on strictly diffusion as a transport mechanism must therefore be ____. a. low; long; small b. low; short; large c. high; short; small d. high; long; unicellular
c.
(digestion) The role of bile in digestion is to: a. break triglycerides down into monoglycerides b. facilitate the transport of lipids across the gut epithelium c. facilitate interaction between lipids and enzymes d. all of the above
c. - the term break implies some type of modification, suggesting enzymatic activity. Bile isn't an enzyme (a wrong) - transport across membranes usually requires an enzyme and since bile isn't a protein it can't fulfill this function. If anything, high concentrations of bile would dissolve membranes so there would be no need for transport (b wrong) - as discussed earlier this semester lipids are hydrophobic and so don't easily interact with enzymes that aid in their digestion since these enzymes are hydrophilic. Bile is used to help break up groups of lipids (emulsify) and make them accessible to digestive enzymes (lipases) (c correct)
(thermoregulation) Consider a feedback loop for body temperature maintenance in an endotherm. Which is false? a. hypothalamus in the brain monitors an internal set point of temperature b. if temp set point is out of normal range, neg feedback loops maintain body temp homeostasis c. if body temp set point is higher than normal range, body will increase shivering d. if body temp set point is lower than normal range, body will vasoconstrict blood vessels in the skin e. none, all of the above are true
c. consider your own experiences as an endotherm - when you are too hot, you start to sweat, not shiver
(thermoregulation) Which is true about the heat exchange equation? a. organisms can lose internal heat from metabolism b. orgs can gain body heat thru radiation into surroundings c. orgs lose body heat via evaporation d. orgs can lose internal heat via conduction if surface has higher temp than body e. ambient temp only affects body temp of ectotherms
c. evaporation removes body heat
(thermoregulation) Pre-term babies ("premies") are unable to maintain body temperature as effectively as full-term newborn infants. Which of the following is NOT a possible contribution to this neonatal challenge? a. Premies have a lower metabolic rate associated with their lower body mass b. Brown fat deposits develop in last few weeks of pregnancy c. They have a lower ratio of surface area to volume and lose more heat d. Neural control circuitry in the hypothalamus of their brain may not be developed yet e. Their muscles are weak and ineffective at shivering
c. premies are smaller than full-term babies and actually have a higher surface to volume ratio
(digestion & microbiota) Complete the statement about digestive tracts: Primitive animals contain __________, which involves __________. a. a flow-through digestive tract; stepwise digestion b. cells that only perform phagocytosis; regionalized body areas for specific types of digestion c. a gastrovascular cavity; a two-way digestive tract d. defined spaces within the body to digest and distribute nutrients; a mouth and an anus e. none of the above correctly complete the statement
c. primitive animals evolved from cells that were only performing phagocytosis (b), but are not as complex as those who have flow-through digestive tracts like humans (a); primitive animals do have defined spaces within the body to digest and distribute nutrients, but do not have a mouth and an anus (d)
(circulation 2) If all the nerves innervating the heart are cut, the heart will: a. stop beating b. continue beating at at the same rate c. continue beating, but at a different rate
c. the heart will beat faster
(circulation) Assuming a healthy mammalian heart, how many capillary beds and valves will a red blood cell pass through if it travels from the atrium that contains the sino-atrial node to the ventricle that pumps blood directly to the systemic circuit? a. zero, one b. one, two c. one, three d. two, two e. two, four
c. the sino-atrial node is in the right atrium. From there a red blood cell passes through the valve into the right ventricle, then through the valve into the lungs. There it passes through one capillary bed where it picks up oxygen. From there it goes to the left atrium and then passes through the third set of valves into the left ventricle, which is the one that pumps blood to the systemic circuit
(circulation 2) If cardiac output increases significantly, then the resistance of the arterioles will: a. immediately and directly increase significantly b. immediately and directly decrease significantly c. not change directly to any significant extent
c. two independent ways to control flow (Q=P/R)
(kidneys & excretion) Establishing a vertical gradient is critical for proper nephron osmoregulation function. Which of the following is FALSE regarding establishing this vertical gradient? a. Na+/K+ pumps in the ascending loop of Henle remove salt from the filtrate (primary urine) b. Na+/K+ pumps in the ascending loop of Henle add salt to the interstitium c. an increase in salt in the interstitium will cause osmosis from the nephron (primary urine) to the interstitium d. most water has been reabsorbed by the time primary urine reaches the loop of Henle
d.
(kidneys & excretion) Glomerular filtration rate would be increased by: a. constriction of the afferent arteriole b. a decrease in afferent arteriolar pressure c. compression of the renal capsule d. a decrease in the concentration of plasma protein e. a decrease in renal blood flow
d.
(kidneys & excretion) The primary pressure(s) that force filtration and directional movement of substances from the blood to the nephron is/are: a. Hydrostatic pressure b. Blood pressure c. Oncotic pressure d. A and B
d.
(kidneys & excretion) Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate? a. amino acids b. glucose c. electrolytes d. larger molecular weight molecules e. urea
d.
(excretion and osmoregulation) Which of the following is most likely to result in intracellular thirst? a. Running in a marathon and drinking nothing but water b. Bleeding profusely c. Receiving a blood transfusion d. Eating salty food e. A and B
d. A) you will have hyponatremia, but not hypernatremia which generates intracellularthirstB) Bleeding profusely generates hypovolemiaC) Receiving a blood transfusion does not change osmolarity, and if anything increasesblood volume.D) Eating salty food will generate hypernatremia, and thus intracellular thirst.
(circulation) To repolarize the sinoatrial node after Ca2+ channels open, which ion must pass across the membrane? Is this ion moving into the cell or out of the cell? Through what kind of channel? a. Na+; in; voltage gated channel b. K+; out; active transport c. Cl-; in; voltage gated channel d. K+; out; voltage gated channel e. Ca2+; in; Ca2+/H+ co-transporter
d. K+ goes outward, and this repolarizes the cell, and this is passive transport
(digestion & microbiota) Steatorrhea (increased fat in feces) is least likely to be caused by: a. liver b. small intestine c. pancreas d. gallbladder
d. liver = bile, small intestine and pancreas = lipases, gallbladder = just storage
(thermoregulation) Which of the following is NOT a method for maximizing heat loss for an endotherm on ahot day when Tambient > Tbody? a. Vasodilation of capillaries under the skin surface increase conduction then radiative loss b. Begin sweating to increase evaporative cooling c. Relaxation of erector pili muscles (goose pimple muscles) to lay the hair flat across the skin and collapse air pockets d. Run to a shady area to reduce heat gain from solar radiation e. Standing with the appendages separate from the body to increase surface area
d. the metabolic increase will increase heat gain. So, while shade will reduce heat gain, it does not maximize heat loss
(digestion & microbiota) Which of the following statements about the digestive system is TRUE? a. Amylase and trypsin are enzymes that break down fats b. Most digestion occurs in the stomach c. The stomach is only triggered and activated once it receives the bolus of food d. Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids are all broken down in the small intestine e. None - all of the statements are false.
d. amylase breaks down carbs, and trypsin breaks down protein (a). Most digestion occurs in the small intestine (b). The stomach is triggered before it receives any food (this is the cephalic phase, so c is wrong)
(thermoregulation) Which of the following describes a behavioral thermoregulator? a. a frog: body temp primarily dictated by environ bc it chooses to live in/around small bodies of water b. a naked mole rat: endotherm that doesn't regulate body temp but burrows underground c. a bird: source of heat mostly from metabolism, primarily regulated by migrating d. a winter moth: ectotherm that can modify its body temp through vibrations e. a bat: it's a nocturnal heterotherm
d. behavioral thermoregulators are ectotherms (makes b&c wrong); frogs are non-thermoregulating (a wrong); bats are heterotherms, which is diff from behavioral thermoregulators (e wrong)
(thermoregulation) Why is thermoregulation biologically important? a. most biochemical processes are temperature-sensitive b. most physiological processes are temperature-sensitive c. proteins will denature and thereby lose function if temp is too hot d. enzymes have an optimal temp at which they function e. all of the above
e.
(digestion & microbiota) E. coli makes up which percentage of the human gut biome? a. 99% b. 80% c. 35% d. 10% e. <1%
e.
(digestion & microbiota) Which of the following is FALSE? a. many diseases are correlated with alterations in gut microbiota b. diff regions of the body support distinct microbial communities (e.g., oral bacteria are diff than gastrointestinal microbes) c. the majority of the large intestine is composed of 2 bacteria phyla d. change of gut microbiota can negatively impact normal immune and brain function e. none of the above - all are true
e.
(digestion & microbiota) Which of the following types of organisms are part of the human microbiome? a. bacteria b. archea c. eukarya d. A and C e. all of the above
e.
(kidneys & excretion) In normal conditions, the proximal tubule of the nephron is the primary location for the reabsorption of: a. proteins b. protons c. glucose d. A & B e. A & C f. A, B, & C
e.
(kidneys & excretion) You are watching pigeons. As they walk around the pavement, they leave behind excretions. Using your BIOG 1440 knowledge, you know that their nitrogenous waste... a. contains uric acid and has very little water b. contains ammonia, which requires relatively little energy to produce as a waste product c. contains byproducts of metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids d. contains urea and is a watery solution e. A and C
e.
(digestion) Which of the answers below best describes the digestive tract adaptation used by ruminants to digest plant material? a. longer cecum b. multi-compartmented stomach c. mycorrhizae d. cellulose digesting bacteria e. both B & D
e. - does help in digestion of plant materials but is not used by ruminants (a wrong) - the multi-compartmented stomach is a hallmark of ruminants (b correct) - mycorrhizae are fungi which grow in association with the roots of a plant and help supply the plant water and mineral nutrients (c wrong) - cellulose digesting bacteria are found in herbivores but particularly in ruminants where the stomach provides a beneficial environment for them (d correct)
(thermoregulation) Which is true? a. some ectotherms can survive extreme temperatures, saving energy by not having to consistently supply thermoregulatory machinery b. homeothermic endotherms can only thermoregulate in very limited environmental conditions c. homeotherms' body heat comes primarily from shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis d. homeotherms can vasoconstrict capillaries to increase radiative heat loss e. brown adipose tissue can directly be used to thermoregulate by decreasing body temp due to radiative heat loss
e.? (not b or d) brown adipose tiddue can dissipate proton gradient (proton leak) -> free energy released as heat and increase in fatty acid (see slides for more)
(digestion & microbiota) Which of the following are normal functions of the human gut microbiota? a. synthesize neurotransmitters and related molecules b. metabolize undigested food compounds, providing additional energy to the host c. inhibit pathogens from colonizing the host or causing disease d. synthesize vitamins and amino acids that are used by the host e. A, B, & D f. all of the above
f.
