Presenting Online, the art of public speaking chapter 8 Part 2, public speaking chapter 8
testimony
an influence from someone else
Which of the following are guidelines for the effective use of statistics?
Explain any statistics that are used. Use statistics sparingly. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends.
What is the mean of the group of numbers: 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 12, 27?
11
Which of the following are benefits of using peer testimony in a speech?
It has an emotional impact. It provides authenticity.
A vivid example can be very effective in reinforcing an idea in your speech, but for such a purpose you should be especially certain that it is a(n) ______ example and not an exceptional case.
Representative
Examples that make the most impact on an audience are usually which of the following?
Richly textured Specific Vivid
Examples that make the most impact on an audience are usually which of the following?
Specific Richly textured Vivid
A politician refers to a proposed new program as a "potentially tremendous disaster." The program's supporters quote the politician as saying it is "potentially tremendous." The supporters are
quoting out of context.
An important use of examples is to ______ your ideas.
reinforce
When giving a speech about homelessness, Trina describes Jules, the youngest child of a family of four, all of whom have been living on the streets for six months. She talks about how Jules has never had a bedtime story read to him or a warm breakfast to wake up to. Trina is using this example to ______ the ideas in her speech.
support personalize
Statistics can be easily
distorted or manipulated
Among the tips for using statistics are to
round off numbers. name the source of statistics. use numbers sparingly.
True or false: Examples in a speech help explain how many people are affected by the issue being discussed.
False
A real-time speech
should be adapted to work properly with a webcam.
Because numbers can be interpreted in many ways, what should a speaker avoid when including numbers in a speech?
Biased sources
Which of the following are ways to enhance your delivery of extended examples during a speech?
Vary the speed at which you speak Use eye contact Vary your voice volume
What is the main reason to use statistics in a speech?
To give your ideas numerical precision
What is one way to lend credibility to a speech?
Mentioning the sources of statistics
Which of the following are basic kinds of supporting materials for a speech?
Statistics Testimony Examples
Which of the following should you do to make sure your statistics are representative?
- Different groups of a population sample must be in the correct proportion. - The sample size must be large enough.
Examples used in speeches are used for which of the following purposes?
Clarify an idea Personalize an idea Reinforce an idea
Examples used in speeches are used for which of the following purposes?
Clarify an idea Reinforce an idea Personalize an idea
Which of the following questions may be on a list about effectively using statistics in a speech?
Do I use statistics to quantify ideas? Do I relate the statistics to the audience? Are my numbers from reliable sources?
What does a richly textured example supply that helps pull listeners into a speech?
Everyday details
Ivan is giving a speech about global warming. He explains that an iceberg measuring about 2,200 square miles has recently gone adrift. He mentions that the iceberg is the size of Delaware and holds twice as much water used in the United States each year. Which of the following did Ivan do correctly in this example?
He explained the statistics in a way that would be meaningful to the audience. He provided a visual for large statistics.
What are three other names for extended examples?
Illustrations Anecdotes Narratives
Suppose you want to use an example in your speech to describe what it is like to be a child advocate. Which of the following suggestions would make the example more effective?
Make it vivid and richly textured.
Which of the following are tips for creating good nonverbal online communication?
Make sure your eyes do not dart back and forth Look at the camera Use gestures that are controlled
Using quotes accurately involves which of the following?
Making sure you do not quote out of context Making sure you do not skew the meaning of paraphrased statements Making sure you do not misquote anyone
During his speech on gun violence, John is presenting statistics on gun violence in major metropolitan areas. What could John do next to make sure his audience understands the impact of these facts and figures? Multiple choice question.
Provide an example about a person affected by gun violence that represents a typical situation
What are the key points to keep in mind when using testimony in a speech?
Quote accurately Use qualified sources Paraphrase accurately Use unbiased sources
In discussing the elections for governor in his state, Jeremy explained that a runoff had been scheduled because, according to the election commission, Rivera had won 45.42% of the vote, Li had won 30.23% of the vote, and Johnson had won 23.87% of the vote, with the remainder of the vote undecided. Which of the following is a tip in using statistics that Jeremy failed to follow?
Round off numbers.
Jenna used the following statistics in her speech about infectious diseases: 2,700 cases of Hepatitis A, 16 million parasitic diseases, 34,000 cases of Lyme disease. What did Jenna do before she presented these numbers to her audience?
Rounded them off
Polly is giving a speech about the world economy. She offers interesting statistics about the gross domestic product of several countries, all of which are in the billions of dollars. How could Polly have improved her speech?
She could have translated the large numbers into terms listeners can relate to.
Tansie was preparing a speech about the value of final exams for high school seniors. To gather some statistics, she asked 10 of her girlfriends in the junior class for their opinion. Six were against final exams, and four supported them. Why are Tansie's statistics not usable?
She only asked 10 people, which is not a large enough sample. She only spoke with girls, which is not representative of the student body. She only spoke with juniors, which is not representative of the student body.
Tansie was preparing a speech about the value of final exams for high school seniors. To gather some statistics, she asked 10 of her girlfriends in the junior class for their opinion. Six were against final exams, and four supported them. Why are Tansie's statistics not usable?
She only spoke with girls, which is not representative of the student body. She only spoke with juniors, which is not representative of the student body. She only asked 10 people, which is not a large enough sample.
In a birthday toast to her husband, Sandra said, "Physical fitness expert Bonnie Prudden once said, 'You can't turn back the clock. But you can wind it up again.' So here's to many more years of winding!" Which of the following are reasons why Sandra used a direct quotation?
The direct quotation is witty and compelling. The quotation is brief and conveys what Sandra wants to say better than she can.
Hypotheticals
These are suggested scenarios or possible situations.
Which of the following statements about using concrete examples in a speech are true?
They Can make Ideas More Personal They have.a strong impact in listeners beliefs and actions
What is the problem with the following numbers (25.7 inches, 62,789,499 people, 78.55 kilometers per hour) being used in a speech?
They are too complicated to be easily understood by listeners.
How are visual aids addressed when using Skype to make a real-time online presentation?
They can be displayed by means of a "share screen" feature.
Which of the following are good reasons for identifying the source of testimony that you provide in a speech?
To add credibility to the testimony given To give proper attribution and avoid plagiarism To help listeners determine if the source is biased
In your speech, you discuss the health problems of obese children. Which of the following sources would be the most credible and reliable source of testimony?
U.S. Centers for Disease Control
Which of the following are ways to enhance your delivery of extended examples during a speech?
Use eye contact Vary the speed at which you speak Vary your voice volume
In her speech about the maternal mortality rate around the world, Hannah included the following: "According to the CIA's World Factbook, Sierra Leone has the highest death rate, at 1,360 per 100,000 live births. The Central African Republic follows, with 882. Chad and Nigeria are not far behind, at 856 and 814, respectively. The United States ranked 138th with a rate of 14 deaths per 100,000 live births." What did Hannah fail to do when using statistics in her speech?
Use numbers sparingly
What are the key points to keep in mind when using testimony in a speech?
Use qualified sources Paraphrase accurately Quote accurately Use unbiased sources
Which of the following are guidelines for the effective use of statistics?
Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends. Explain any statistics that are used. Use statistics sparingly.
When you use examples in your speeches, they should be which of the following?
Vivid Richly textured
When you use examples in your speeches, they should be which of the following?
Vivid Richly textured
Guidelines for both recorded and real-time online speeches include
adjusting the pace. remembering the audience. practicing repeatedly.
When you are presenting your speech to an audience and are using testimony, statistics, or examples, it is important to remember to
cite your sources orally.
Examples put abstract ideas into ______ terms that listeners can easily understand.
concrete
Seeing your online speech as a mental dialogue with listeners is an element of
considering the audience.
Darrell Huff, the author of How to Lie with Statistics, attempted to question the long-held belief that numbers
do not lie.
To quote or paraphrase someone correctly, it is essential that you
do not misquote. do not quote out of context. do not violate the meaning of the statements being paraphrased.
Darrell Huff, author of How to Lie with Statistics, attempted to question the long-held belief that numbers
don't lie
An expressive delivery is especially important when using ______ examples in a speech.
extended
Illustrations, or narratives, are a type of supporting material referred to as
extended examples.
Determining what angles and distances an online speech audience will see you from is known as
framing.
Dani is in an online speech class, preparing for her final speech. She needs to realize that
her goal is to communicate with her audience.
The mean, the median,___________ and the are basic statistical measures that determine characteristics of a given group of numbers.
mode
when a person can measure and express what they are speaking about in ______, they have proved that they know something about the topic. examples
numbers
If you were giving a speech about a Japanese tsunami, and you quoted a local survivor on the hardships endured, you would be using ______ testimony.
peer
mean
popularly called the average—is determined by summing all the items in a group and dividing by the number of items.
A vivid example can be very effective in reinforcing an idea in your speech, but for such a purpose you should be especially certain that it is a(n) ______ example and not an exceptional case.
representative
Among the tips for using statistics are to
use numbers sparingly. round off numbers. name the source of statistics.
Since you can't see your audience online, it is important to keep their interest by
utilizing visual aids. keeping the speech within time limits.
When using costs or other monetary measures from different years as a statistic in a speech, it is important to consider the ____________of the dollar in terms of inflation.
value
When using costs or other monetary measures from different years as a statistic in a speech, it is important to consider the of the dollar in terms of inflation.
value
Changing the speed and tone of your _______ depending on the type of example you are giving can affect how listeners respond to your speech.
voice
One of the most important tips for using extended examples is to
work on expressive delivery.
When citing sources in your speech, you do not need to include all of the information that you would use in a written bibliography. What you include depends on
your topic. your audience. the kind of supporting material you are using. the claim you are making.
A strong example in a speech achieves which of the following?
-Makes the speech topic more personal and relevant to the audience -Creates a visual image for the audience -Provides vivid details
Which type of example always describes an imaginary, nonfactual, situation?
Hypothetical
Quotations or paraphrases from trusted sources that are used to support a point are
known as testimony
In statistics, the ______ is the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
mode
Brief examples are also called
specific instances
Brief examples are also called
specific instances.
You are giving a speech about school violence, and you briefly mention Columbine, Virginia Tech, and the Amish school shootings in a sentence. You are using
specific instances.
______ is the term for using another person's ideas or words without giving credit to that person.
Plagiarism
What is the best way to present a series of statistics during a speech?
Simple graph
Speeches without examples generally come off as which of the following?
Vague Impersonal
Some statistics are better understood when the audience can actually see them, such as in a graph. What are these types of support materials called?
Visual aids
The technology used during an online speech
exposes the speech to an increased number of potential problems.
When you paraphrase someone to provide testimony in a speech, you
give the gist of someone else's statement in your own words.
Which of the following questions may be on a list about effectively using statistics in a speech?
Are my numbers from reliable sources? Do I relate the statistics to the audience? Do I use statistics to quantify ideas?
Which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating the validity of statistics?
Are the statistics from a reliable source? Are statistical measures used correctly? Are the statistics from a large enough sample? Are the statistics representative?
Which of the following should you do to make sure your statistics are representative?
Different groups of a population sample must be in correct proportion. The sample size must be large enough.
Which of the following questions may be on a list about effectively using statistics in a speech?
Do I relate the statistics to the audience? Do I use statistics to quantify ideas? Are my numbers from reliable sources?
Which of the following might be found on a list about how to best use testimony in a speech?
Do I use testimony from unbiased sources? Do I identify the sources of all testimony? Do I give credit to the original source of all quotes?
If you are giving a speech with many abstract ideas that are hard to explain, which of the following would be the best supporting material to use?
Examples
What are the two major kinds of testimony?
Expert and peer
Which of the following terms is used to describe quotations or paraphrases from an authority in a given field?
Expert testimony
True or false: A TED talk is a type of real-time presentation.
False
True or false: You can only be found guilty of plagiarism when you quote material verbatim.
False
True or false: It is generally better to use statistics from a company or an organization that has a vested interest in the figures.
False
True or false: Listeners do not generally care whether or not a speaker provides the source of his or her statistics.
False
True or false: Visual aids take too much time to use effectively in a speech.
False
Examples that make the most impact on an audience are usually which of the following?
Specific Vivid Richly textured
Josh was preparing a speech about home real estate and wanted to give an idea how home prices had fallen in all seven recognized neighborhoods in his city. He found that the rounded percentage decreases were 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, and 19. Why would using the mean, or average, decrease be misleading?
The last value would skew the result.
What is one of the best ways for a speaker to explain a technical process or term to an audience?
Use an example
How do visual aids factor into the pacing of an online speech?
Visual aids should be introduced after the speaker has become established on the screen.
A hypothetical example is an example that describes
an imaginary or fictitious situation.
Technical difficulties during a real-time online speech
are less severe when a backup plan is available.
A good method for starting a real-time online speech is to
confirm that the audience has audio and visual contact with the speaker.
median
is the middle figure in a group once the figures are put in order from highest to lowest
Speakers who will present in an online environment must
practice with the equipment.
Ivan is giving a speech about global warming. He explains that an iceberg measuring about 2,200 square miles has recently gone adrift. He mentions that the iceberg is the size of Delaware and holds twice as much water used in the United States each year. Which of the following did Ivan do correctly in this example?
He explained the statistics in a way that would be meaningful to the audience. He provided a visual for large statistics.
A speaker should be wary of testimony from self-interested, or ______, sources.
biased
In his speech, Joe says, "George Washington Carver, Lonnie G. Johnson, Percy Julian." By reciting a list like this that relates to his topic, Joe is using
brief example
In his speech, Joe says, "George Washington Carver, Lonnie G. Johnson, Percy Julian." By reciting a list like this that relates to his topic, Joe is using
brief examples.
Speakers have a(n) ______ responsibility to use testimonies accurately and effectively.
ethical
A real-life case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like is called a(n)
example.
Peer testimony works well in a speech when you need a statement from someone who has ______ on the topic.
experience
What are three other names for extended examples?
illustrations , narratives, and Anecdotes
Research has shown that the impact of examples is (increased/decreased) when they are combined with statistics that show the examples to be typical.
increased
An effective format for a persuasive speech, either online or in person, is
Monroe's motivated sequence.
Which of the following would be considered an unbiased source for a speech on gun control?
New York Times
Darnell feels confident that his speech on the benefits of plastic shopping bags will be persuasive because of the testimony he will provide. This testimony comes from two expert witnesses: one who is the president of a successful plastics manufacturing company and one who is a research scientist conducting studies funded by the plastics industry. Should Darnell feel confident that his speech will be convincing?
No, because his testimony is likely to be biased by sources whose work depends on the plastics industry.
When there are major technological problems in presenting an online presentation, the speaker should do which of the following?
Offer to present the speech in a different format Share the text of the speech and allow the audience to make comments about it Offer to present the speech at a different time
Unlike a traditional speech, a speech presented in an online environment has which of the following challenges?
Online speakers are less able to determine if the audience is engaging with external distractions. Online speakers are less able to gauge audience responses. Online speeches lack direct eye contact.
Maizie is going to give a real-time presentation next week. She has given recorded online speeches before, but this is her first real-time presentation. How is it likely to differ from her previous online speeches?
She will not be able to edit her mistakes before the audience sees them.
When using statistics in a speech, a speaker should ensure which of the following?
That the statistics are representative of what they claim to measure
In a speech about childhood obesity, Terence told the story of the real-life case of a young girl who spent her time watching television and eating junk food. He went into detail about how the young girl ended up in this situation. This type of supporting material is defined as
an extended example
Darrell Huff, author of How to Lie with Statistics, attempted to question the long-held belief that numbers
do not lie.
In your speech you decide to use a vivid and detailed narrative about a camping trip you took last year to illustrate one of your points about camping. This type of supporting material is called a(n) ______ example.
extended
Perry is going to deliver an online speech, and he wants to perfect his nonverbal communication, particularly his eye contact. Some tips he should bear in mind include
gazing straight into the camera. realizing that the camera makes eye movements more noticeable. making sure his eyes do not dart around.
In addition to quoting or paraphrasing text accurately from supporting material, it is important both for ethical reasons and for credibility to
identify your sources aloud in a speech.
narrative.
is a story. In this case, your friend is not relating a story but making a recommendation based on her experience.
When using testimony, it is best to make certain that the source
is qualified on the subject at hand and unbiased
When using testimony, it is best to make certain that the source
is qualified on the subject at hand. is unbiased.
When using testimony, it is best to make certain that the source
is qualified on the subject at hand. is unbiased.
Gesturing, facial expressions, and eye movements during an online speech are all elements of
nonverbal communication.
According to 19th-century physicist Lord Kelvin, when a person can measure and express what they are speaking about in ______, they have proved that they know something about the topic.
numbers
Deciding when to show visual aids is primarily an aspect of
pacing.
Rick explained, "Sue said that turning the faucet clockwise three times will stop the dripping." Carmen added, "Sue said, 'These rotations always fix the problem.'" If both Rick and Carmen were reporting accurately, then Rick ______ Sue, and Carmen ______ Sue.
paraphrased; quoted
A speaker can give his or her ideas greater impact by ______ the opinions of people who have special experience or knowledge about the topic being discussed.
paraphrasing quoting
When someone presenting a real-time online presentation has a technical problem, the presenter
should consider alternate ways to get the material to the audience.
What is the best way to present a series of statistics during a speech?
simple graph
An effective delivery for a persuasive online speech should be
sincere and personable.
GoToMeeting, Skype, Zoom, and Adobe Connect are all examples of
software designed for real-time online speeches.
You have decided to take up running. You have a friend who has been running and coaching a long time. She tells you to go to a specialty store and look for lightweight, flexible running shoes rather than buying cheap shoes online, so you do. You were influenced by her
testimony.
When preparing an online speech, you must realize that
the environment will change many aspects of the presentation.
In a real-time online speech,
the main concern with framing is determining the distance you should be from the webcam.
Controlling the visual environment and adjusting the pacing are two guidelines that apply
to both real-time and recorded online speeches.
When giving an extended example, you should imagine that you are a(n)
storyteller.
"About 1.4 million shelter dogs are adopted each year" is an example of
a statistic.
When an example gives a human face or perspective to an abstract idea, it is said to ______ the idea.
personalize
Making an effort to control the visual environment
helps to achieve an appearance or feeling with the desired level of formality.
Certain types of examples can personalize your ideas by adding ______ interest to them.
human
mode
is the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
Major elements of the visual environment include
lighting. setting. framing.
One of the most important steps when using statistics in a speech is to make sure that the numbers are
meaningful
One of the most important steps when using statistics in a speech is to make sure that the numbers are
meaningful.
Compared to a real-time presentation, a recorded online speech is more likely to
mirror a speech given in a traditional classroom setting.
The mean, the median, and the ________ are basic statistical measures that determine characteristics of a given group of numbers.
mode
Samantha explained her grandmother's trick for grilling hamburgers by saying, "To yield the juiciest burgers, my grandmother told me she would make a small impression on the top of the burger, then she would place a small ice cube in that indentation while the burger grills." Samantha was ______ her grandmother.
paraphrasing
When should you use statistics in a speech?
Only when needed
What are the two major kinds of testimony?
Expert and Peer
Daniel is presenting his speech to his classmates. He uses examples, testimony, and statistics to support his ideas. He does not explain his sources during the speech, but he does show his bibliography on a PowerPoint slide at the end of the speech. What common error has Daniel made in his speech?
He failed to cite his sources orally.
Harry is giving a speech in class on endangered species. He has conducted a significant amount of research and includes some of the data he found in his speech. How else could Harry lend credibility to the information he is reporting?
Include quotations from experts on endangered species
Which of the following statements about expert testimony are true?
It lends credibility to your speeches. It is especially important to use when your speech is on a controversial topic.
Which of the following statements about expert testimony are true?
It lends credibility to your speeches. It is especially important to use when your speech is on a controversial topic.
Rey's instructor tells him to practice his speech by placing chairs around the room with a sticky note on each one. Why did the instructor tell Rey to do this?
It will help Rey visualize an actual audience.
Pedro give the following example in his speech about unemployment: One older guy lost his job and was unemployed for the rest of his life. What could Pedro have done to make more of an impact on his audience?
Pedro could have used a more vivid, detailed example.
If you quoted your sister about her experience at summer camp, you are using what type of testimony?
Peer testimony
is the term for using another person's ideas or words without giving credit to that person.
Plagiarism or Plagiarizing
Anne is presenting budget information to the corporate office in another city via an online presentation. On the day of the speech, she discovers that the corporate office is unable to hear what she is saying because the audiovisual equipment in their conference room isn't working properly. Which of the following would be effective options for Anne to communicate with her colleagues?
Postponing the meeting to allow the equipment to be fixed Arranging an audio-only conference call with different equipment E-mailing her colleagues the outline of the speech
Which of the following should you provide about the source of the testimony presented in a speech?
Qualifications of the person or organization Name of the person or organization
In a birthday toast to her husband, Sandra said, "Physical fitness expert Bonnie Prudden once said, 'You can't turn back the clock. But you can wind it up again.' So here's to many more years of winding!" Which of the following are reasons why Sandra used a direct quotation?
The quotation is brief and conveys what Sandra wants to say better than she can. The direct quotation is witty and compelling.
Alana wanted to speak about climate conditions that might favor tornado formation in the United States. For testimony she used a document by researchers Schaefer and Marzban on the NOAA website, and she said, "Schaefer and Tatom (1998) looked at the mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the strip 5 deg. N to 5 deg. S and 180 deg. W to 150 deg. W and wrote, 'A Kruskal-Wallis H test was then used to see if any difference in different tornado measures exists between El Niño, La Niña and neutral years. Also the entire contiguous U.S. and three sub-areas were considered. All six of these combinations failed to have significance at the 99 percent level. One could not state with confidence that El Niño/La Niña had any effect on tornado or strong tornado activity.'" Why should she have paraphrased instead of using a direct quotation?
The quotation is longer than two or three sentences. The wording of the quotation is cumbersome and contains technical terms.
which of the following should you typically include in your oral citations?
The type of document, the author, the date published, and the author's qualifications
statistics
This is numerical information.
Patty is preparing a speech on tourism in island countries in the Caribbean. She suspects there might be a relationship between visitor totals to particular island countries and outbreaks of disease. Keeping in mind the importance of obtaining statistics from a reliable source, from which of the following should Patty first seek the data on disease rates for specific Caribbean island countries?
World Health Organization
What makes quoting out of context so dangerous?
You can twist someone's remarks to prove something completely different from what was intended.
It can be especially helpful to use statistics in a speech when you are attempting to convince your audience of the existence of
a problem.
What is the number 421,113,603,533 when rounded?
421 billion
What is the number 421,113,603,533 when rounded? .
421 billion
When giving a speech about homelessness, Trina describes Jules, the youngest child of a family of four, all of whom have been living on the streets for six months. She talks about how Jules has never had a bedtime story read to him or a warm breakfast to wake up to. Trina is using this example to ______ the ideas in her speech.
support personalize
Quotations or paraphrases from trusted sources that are used to support a point are known as
testimony.
Numbers, especially large numbers, can be hard for listeners to
visualize.
