LOGIC FOR ORAL RECIT

deductive argument

an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. it involves necessary reasoning

inductive reasoning

an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that conclusion be false given that the premises are true, it involves probabilistic reasoning

argument from authority

an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert has said that it is true

argument from analogy

an argument that depends on the existence of similarity between two states of affair

generalization

an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group

prediction

an argument that proceeds from our past knowledge of the past to a claim about the future

causal inference

an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect

argument based on signs

an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim a sign symbolizes

categorical syllogism

an argument which each statement begins with the words "all", "no", or "some"

hypothetical syllogism

an argument which each statement has a conditional "if...then" in one or both of its premises

disjunctive syllogism

an argument which has a disjunctive "either... or..." in a premise

unsound argument

but if the argument is invalid and has one or more false premises then it is an _____

sound argument

if a deductive argument is valid and all premises are true then it is a ______

syllogism

is an argument consisting two premises and one conclusion

valid deductive argument

is an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

strong inductive argument

is an argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true

invalid deductive argument

is an argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises is true

weak inductive argument

is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though it is claimed to

inductive cogent argument

is an argument that is strong and has all the premises true by meeting the total evidences required which makes the conclusion to be true than false

inductive uncogent argument

is an argument that is weak, has one or more false premises and fails to meet the total evidences required which makes the conclusion more likely to be false than true

validity

it is not something that is uniformly determined by the actual truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion, rather it is determined by the relationship between the two

supports

it is not whether the premises and conclusion is true or false, but whether if the premises ____ the conclusion

argument based on mathematics

the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement

argument from definition

the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion.

(1) special indicator words, (2) actual strength of the inferential link between premises and conclusion, and (3) character or form of argumentation

to interpret an argument's inferential claim we look at three factors: