America & the World Wars (1890-1945)

London Economic Conference

-1933 -London Economic Conference: Conference between financial leaders for countries to work jointly to get out of the Great Depression Significance: Franklin Roosevelt said NO, United States is only focused on itself and did NOT want to help other countries

Wilson's "Golden Rule Diplomacy": The Mexican Revolution: security vs business vs democracy & human rights + "Watchful Waiting"

-A revolution broke out in Mexico from 1910-1920 -There were at times 3 groups fighting each other //This exposed flaws in the Golden Rule Diplomacy and Wilsonianism //Wilsonianism: Idealistic foreign policy to do good in the world because its the right thing to do -Problem: All the guys in the Mexican Revolution were NOT good (no Goldilocks) //One was a threat to security, as he could NOT stop raids into the United States //One was a threat to businesses, as he was bad for American businesses //One was a threat to democracy & human rights, as he could violate them

Platt Amendment: protector/protectorate + treaties & loans + Guantanamo

-Amendment: Changing something -The Platt Amendment was an Amendment to a LAW, NOT the Constitution -It had to do with Cuba -The United States did NOT ask if Cuba approved of it Purpose of Platt Amendment -The United States was afraid Cuba would screw something up and lose independence through signing away their freedom What did the Platt Amendment do? 1. Protector/protectorate -The United States made itself the protector of Cuba, and Cuba was protectorate of the United States -We did NOT ask Cuba for its approval 2. Treaties & loans -In any treaty or any foreign loan between Cuba and a foreign country, the United States would decide if Cuba could accept it //This infringed on Cuba's sovereignty -"If you sign something that hurts your independence/can't pay off your loan, we won't allow it" 3. Guantanamo -American marine and naval base at the Southern tip of Cuba -All those things made Latin America suspicious and fearful of the United States -The United States may think its helping, but other countries felt bullied

1890-1914

-America's rise to power //World War I began in 1914, but the United States entered in 1917

The "Good Neighbor Policy": (abrogation of Roosevelt Corollary, revocation of Platt Amendment)

-Began with Hoover, but more associated with Franklin Roosevelt because he coined the phrase Significance: "United States will change its policy with Latin America" -Instead of being a bully, treat them equally -Abrogation of Roosevelt Corollary //After 30 years of being police for Latin America, no more -Revocation of Platt Amendment //After 30 years, not more protecting Cuba -The Good Neighbor Policy helped the United States in World War II //Even today, Latino America is mistrustful of the United States, but the Good Neighbor Policy did help, as Latin America stayed in line with the United States during World War II //"They may be ran by dictators, but they're on our side"

"The Great Migration"

-Blacks and women were affected by World War I Blacks -From World War I to the end of World War II (30 years), millions of blacks migrated from the South, where most were poor farmers, to the North, where they lived in big cities and worked in factories //They moved solely to work in factories -This had good and bad consequences for blacks -During the war in the North, there were race riots //Some were as severe as the 1960s race riots

Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy": The Roosevelt Corollary

-Corollary: A qualified addition to a theorem -The Roosevelt Corollary was a corollary (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine -Problem: Latin American countries had been borrowing money from foreign countries (mostly Europe and the United States) for economic development, but the Latin American countries were NOT paying off the loans Why did the Latin American countries NOT pay off the loans? 1. The Latin American economies had NOT developed as they should have 2. Often times, political leaders were corrupt -Political leaders would put the money into their ;comets -The European countries got upset and threatened to intervene into the Latin American countries -The United States said Europe can NOT do this, as this would violate the Monroe Doctrine -Theodore Roosevelt said in the Roosevelt Corollary that the United States will intervene for the European countries and collect the money for Europe -Significance: Made the United States the police force in the world //Theodore Roosevelt would send in marines to collect taxes from the Latin American countries //Theodore Roosevelt said, "The United States needs to do this to maintain law and order in Latin America" //Latin America said, "The United States was just bossing us around and we are sick of it"

Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy": (1909-1913)

-During campaigning, presidents say that previous president's policies are NOT good -Taft followed Theodore Roosevelt -Taft created Dollar Diplomacy //Dollar Diplomacy: Federal government aided American banks to invest in Latin America //Invest: Build roads, lend money, etc. -"We are replacing bullets with dollars"

1918

-End of WWI

1945

-End of WWII

Filipino insurrection: guerrilla warfare + "America's first Vietnam"

-Filipino people did NOT want to be a part of the United States empire after how the United States treated them -The Filipino people wanted to be independent, so the people rise up and did guerrilla warfare against the United States -It is called "America's first Vietnam" because it was the same type of place and type of warfare -The United Sates defeated the FilIpino insurrection and signed a treaty granting the Philippines gradual (incurred) independence

Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy": Policy: US as world power + US dominance in Western Hemisphere

-Foreign policy: Big Stick policy //"The United States should speak softly but carry a big stick" -However, Theodore Roosevelt did the opposite, as the United States actually spoke loudly/toughly and did NOT carry a big stick Theodore Roosevelt's legacy and policy -There's no question Theodore Roosevelt revolutionized America's place in the world 1. US as world power -Theodore Roosevelt convinced American people that the United States was a world power (this was a fact) and the United States needs to act like one //"No way around this" 2. US dominance in Western Hemisphere -He was determined to make the United States a world power

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

-German high command by the beginning of 1917 had concluded that at the rate of war so far, Germany would NOT win //"We can't beat Britain and France" -So, "The only chance we have is an all out offensive on the western front against Britain and France" -The would happen on land -German government included along with an all out offensive that Germany would resume unrestricted submarine warfare -Germany gambled that this would bring the United States into war, but Germany would hopefully knock out Britain and France before the United States joined //They were right in that it brought the United States in, but Britain and France hung on until the United States joined

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: "Sussex Pledge"

-Germany issues the Sussex Pledge after the ship was sank -Sussex Pledge: Germany pledged it would NOT practice unrestricted submarine warfare //Unrestricted submarine warfare: No warning, just attack with surprise -Instead, Germany would give merchant ships a warning and then sink them -Thus, Germany's submarine campaign was NOT as effective, as it wanted to keep the United States out of the war -This lasted a few months

The Stimson Doctrine (Manchuria)

-If you lived in East Asia, World War II began in 1931 -Japan was a military powerhouse -In 1931, Japan invaded the Northern province of China known as Manchuria -Manchuria: North east of China, North side of the Yalu River -Japan conquered Manchuria Why did Japan want Manchuria? 1. Valuable economically -It had natural resources -Japan had no natural resources -Japan later in 1937 conquered Eastern side of China along the Sea and South What does the United States do about Japan's invasion of Manchuria -Options: 1. Go to war with Japan over Manchuria 2. Do nothing -It was too late to help Manchuria -United States settled on the Stimson Doctrine //Stimson: Republican Secretary of State, served the United States, NOT the president //Stimson was Secretary of War under Roosevelt of the army and Air Force during World War II //People believed in him -The Stimson Doctrine was closer to doing noting than something -Stimson Doctrine: United States would NOT recognize Japan's acquirement of Manchuria because they obtained it violently -Not going to war, Not doing anything Significance: Shows America does NOT want war

The Fourteen Points: (January 1918)

-In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson proclaimed his Fourteen Points ..War still had a year to go, and many people thought it would last longer than a year -When Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, the war seemed to have no end and affected Germany's thinking -He issued the Fourteen Points //Fourteen Points: His proposal for a peace treaty //"When the war ends, this is what the treaty should look like -Realism school said Woodrow Wilson was unrealistic -Higher realism school said he WAS realistic

Cuba: (economic + strategic + anti-colonialism + yellow journalism)

-In the 1820s, there were revolutions in Latin America against colonizers from European mother countries -These Latin American countries went independent -Europe wants to recolonize these countries -The United States responds with the Monroe Doctrine -Cuba was a Spanish colony that did NOT get freed during the time of the revolutions in the 1820s -In the 1890s, the Cuban people rose up against Spain for independence through raising guerrilla warfare //Guerrilla warfare: Super brutal, lots of citizens killed -America was interested in the Cuban revolt //Sparked interest in world affairs more than other things Why was the United States interest in world affairs peaking with Cuba? 1. Economic -Sugar could be grown in Cuba //Lots of businesses could be made 2. Strategic -Cuba was close to Florida 3. Anti-colonialism 4. Yellow journalism -2 great newspaper magnets were Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer -Named after a cartoon with one character in yellow //Means to exaggerate the news to make it more alluring, borderline lies -One sent a reporter down to Cuba to report, and the reporter exaggerated the war //It was NOT actually a war //"If you supply the picture, I'll supply the war" -American people wanted to United States government to do something //The United States government refused -President at the time: William McKinley //Did NOT want to go to war -However, the United States got into war which was embellished

Espionage & Sedition Acts: Schenk vs US + Eugene V. Debs

-Just like Woodrow Wilson as NOT entering in war, once he joined, he was ALL IN -United States was NOT ready for World War I because we were told we were NOT joining -United States built tons of army camps across the east coast to try to get ready -The United States passed the Espionage & Sedition Acts -Espionage: NO spying (espionage meant spying) //There were German spies who sabotaged the United States -Sedition: Doing something to undermine government policy //In this case, undermining the government deciding to go to war Schenk vs US -Schenk: American who told American men NOT to get drafted into the war -He was convicted of sedition -He appealed and made it to the Supreme Court -Supreme Court said he violated the Espionage and Sedition Acts -Majority opinion was written by Oliver Wendell Holmes -When courts make a ruling, it tries to make a standard to judge similar cases -Oliver Wendell Holmes made standard out of clear and present dangers //Clear and present dangers: If what you say puts America in clear and present danger, you are violating the law" -Also, "you do NOT always have freedom of speech" //"Can't go into a dark theater and say there's a fire" Eugene V. Debs -Eugene: Ran for president, a socialist -He went around protesting the war -He was charged of violating the Espionage and Sedition Acts

World War I: Wilson's policy of studied neutrality (in words & in actions)

-Like the Neutrality Proclamation by Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson said the United States would remain neutral in World War I (he TOLD people this_ -He enjoined Americans to remain neutral in their deeds and in their minds -Being neutral in actions is difficult //"I will NOT help one side" -Being neutral in your mind was also difficult //"I will NOT take sides" -Wilson was idealistic and moralistic in his foreign policy: Wilsonianism -Realism school says that Wilson was too idealistic and moralistic and he sacrificed American national security interest on the altar of his idealism and moralism -Higher realism school says Wilson was realistic on a higher plane/;eve;, and Wilson recognized what many did NOT: The United States can NOT do another war like this, we have to do something else -Wilson was just like Jefferson in the army 1800s when he wouldn't take sides and wouldn't go out on high seas

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: Lusitania (1915)

-Lusitania: A British passenger liner //Sister ship to Titanic -Set sail in May 1915 from New York City -Biggest sinking during WWI -German embassy in the United Kingdom warned America NOT to go on the ship because the British had stored arms in the bottom and the Germans did NOT know if it was true -If there were munitions, Britain would've violated war laws -The Lusitania set sail and made it to Ireland, but Germany used a torpedo and killed 150-200 Americans on the ship -The United States was outraged -Secretary of State: William Jennings Bryan -He took a stand similar to Jefferson after the Chesapeake Affair //The United States should NOT trade on the high seas: Jefferson //The United States should NOT trade on the North Atlantic because it would bring us into the war: William Jennings Bryan -Germany apologized

Women: factory jobs + suffrage (19th Amendment)

-Many women moved into factories and took mens jobs in factories during the war -Women were given suffrage through the 19th Amendment //Congress added it to the Constitution because it was thought women earned suffrage through factory work during the war

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: Sussex (1916)

-More important -Sussex: Passenger ferry that was on the English Channel to and from Britain and France -A German submarine went into the English Channel and attacked and sunk the ferry killing a few Americans -Americans got mad -Germany did NOT want the United States in war, as the war was balanced at the time between Britain and France vs. Germany, but if the United States came, Germany would lose

World War I: Why Americans sided with Allies: language & heritage + commerce + propaganda + atrocities & aggression + Revolutionary War + democracy + submarine warfare

-Most Americans (Not Germans and Irish originally) wanted to side with the Allies 1. Language & heritage -Citizens thought we had a common language with the British -Also, many felt we had a common heritage, as the British colonized the United States 2. Commerce -All of our trade was with Britain and France and America was lending money to Britishness and France //If Britain and France are defeated, the United States will lose money 3. Propaganda -British propaganda was more effective than German 4. Atrocities & aggression -Germans committed atrocities, especially in Belgium -Most people believed Germany had caused World War I, making them aggressive //"Germany is the bad guy who caused the war" 5. Revolutionary War -Many Americans felt the United States owed amenity to France because France helped the United States in the Revolutionary War 6. Democracy -Britain and France were democratic, Germany was NOT //Russia was NOT, but the United States was NOT fighting for Russia, rather democracy 7. Submarine warfare -What directly brought the United States into the war was submarine warfare //Submarine warfare: Guerrilla warfare at the sea -Both Britain and Germany had very effective blockades on each other -Germany could NOT go against the British navy, so Germany practiced submarine warfare -Submarines needed to be stealthy, as regular ships were just shot at -Submarine warfare is most effective when they attacked underground with surprise -British used surface ships, Germany used submarines -Germans would cause many lives and ships os be lost -With the British blockades, no lives were lost -With the German blockades, many lives were lost

Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy": Lodge Corollary

-Named after a Republican senator from Massachusetts -Led to rejection of the Treaty of Versailles -Lodge Corollary: Foreign companies were NOT allowed to buy any vital economy assets in Latin America -The United States decided this -Nicaragua exposed this law -There was civil war and unrest in Nicaragua -United States could NOT wait for economic development in Nicaragua, so Taft sent in marines to Nicaragua to fix things //Had marines there for next 20 years

The Kellogg-Brian's Pact

-Pact: Treaty/agreement -Frank Kellogg: America Security of State -Aristide Briand: French foreign minister Got a bunch of countries to sign this pac Significance: All countries agreed to only fight to defend themselves -This means NO wars would start -Showed how desperate the United States and world was for peace //This was NOT going to work

Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy": The Panama Canal

-Panama: In Central America -Panama is an isthmus, which is a narrow neck of land that connects 2 big bodies of land -There had been talk of building a canal in Central America for 50 years -The United States never gave up the hope to make the canal, but others did What sparked the United States to build the Panama Canal? 1. In the Spanish-American War, the United States needed a battleship in Atlantic that was in the Pacific and it took until after the war to make it -The United States considered Nicaragua and Panama, but chose Panama -The United States talked with Colombian government, as Panama was a part of Columbia, and the United States thought it would need to pay Columbia to built it -So, the United States encouraged the Panama people to revolt against Columbia -This caused Panama to become independent -United States made a treaty with Panama lasting almost 100 years -The United States built the canal and owned and operated it -People in Latin America thought this was the United States trying to help but actually bullying and fearing other countries //"They didn't get there way with Columbians, so they had the Panama people revolt"

World War I: 1919

-Peace conference held in Paris -Woodrow Wilson attended it -They went to the Palace of Versailles to sign the treaty

Spanish-American War (1898): (Manila Bay, Philippines)

-President: William McKinley (Republican) //He did NOT want to go to war -However, the American people and the Republican Party wanted war -What sparked the United States declaration of war on Spain? -The United States sent the USS Maine (a battleship) to the main port of Cuba -Why did the United States send the battleship? -1. Show of force to Spain //"Be careful of what you're doing" -2. If the need arose to evacuate American citizens from Cuba, they could escape -One night, the USS Maine blew up and sank, which made Americans believe the Spanish did this //Actually, the boiler was faulty, so NOT Spain's fault -Spain did NOT want war with the United States, so it made no sense for them to blow it up -The United States went to war and negotiated with Spain in 1898 -The war was glorious for the United States, as they kicked butt //United States lost more from disease than combat

Venezuelan Squall

-Squall: A tempest story -Problem: Venezuela and Latin America was borrowing money from foreign countries (United States and Europe) for economic development, and they had trouble paying back loans //The economy had not developed/grown, however //Compounded (made worse) by the dictator who stole some of the money -In the 1890s, Germany and Britain threatens to intervene and take back the money -The United States objects, as this violates the Monroe Doctrine //Again, the Monroe Doctrine was NOT law Significance of Venezuelan Squall -Showed this was a persistent problem in that part of the world //More than Venezuela -Enhanced the prestige of the Monroe Doctrine -Improve relations with Britain //Weary of Germany (Germany was growing poorer rapidly)

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: German submarine campaign (winter 1917)

-The Germans sank 1 ship a day -Winter 1917

Why US returned to isolationism: disillusionment with internationalism, the war, the treaty + The Red Scare + natural tendency + make money + war debts

-The United States returned to isolationism -It was relatively isolationist in the 1920s and 1930s //United States was spectators when stuff happened in Europe and the East Why the United States returned to isolationism 1. Disillusionment with internationalism, the war, the treaty -Much had to do with the war -When Woodrow Wilson announced to fight war to end all wars, there would be another war //Even if Wilson thought this -The disillusionment with internationalism was that the United States had a 25 year fling with internationalism //"All that it gave us was Latin America hates us and Europe hates us because we want our money back" -The New Left school said Wilson started being hated at the end of his Europe trip 2. The Red Scare -Russia fell to communism in 1917 -There was communist activity in the United States, especially in unions -There were some bombings -The Summer of 1919 was known as the Red Summer and Red Scare -United States: "The world is a mess, so screw the world" 3. Natural tendency -The natural tendency of Americans was isolationism back then -America was isolationist for a long time, so it made sense to go back 4. Make money -After the Civil War, World War II, World War I, and Progressivism, the United States said screw sharing -After bad times, America became individualistic and made money 5. War debts -Britain and France owed the United States billions of dollars, and they were NOT paying it back, so the United States was NOT happy and wanted their money -The United States appeared Miserly, and Britain and France said this is what's wrong with the United States

Isolationism between the World Wars: Objectives: avoid another war + reduce military spending + ensure stability

-The United States was isolationist between the World Wars Objectives for United States foreign policy between World Wars 1. Avoid another war -Also avoid United States getting caught up in another war 2. Reduce military spending -In 1920s, the federal government was controlled by Republicans, and they like cutting spending 3. Ensure stability -In the world -It was hard to do this on the sidelines

Paris Peace Conference

-The armistice (ceasefire) of World War I was signed on November 11, 1918 -The tide turned against Germany on the Western front in late summer/early fall of 1918 -Revolutions in Austria and Germany caused the doctors to resign //Republics replaced them -By late summer/early fall, the Allies pushed Germany out of France and were ready to invade //This was important for Nazis and Hitler, as they signed a ceasefire -At ceasefire, it was agreed the combatants would meet in Paris the next year (1919) -When Germany and other Central Powers showed up, they were told to go home and they said this wasn't right //This led to World War II -Woodrow Wilson proclaimed his Fourteen Points -The ceasefire was on November 11, 1918 -The Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles were in 1919

Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy": (1901-1909)

-Theodore Roosevelt was president from 1901-1909 -He was a Progressivist -He was tough, forceful, and assertive

The Washington & London Naval Conferences

-There was a naval conference in Washington, and one in London 10 years later -Most great powers, including Japan, was there Significance: The countries agreed to reduce the sizes of their navies (Britain, France, Japan, and America) Why did countries agree to this? 1. This would cut spendings -Navies are very expensive 2. Thinking was all the militarization between World War I caused it -Before World War I, countries built up their armies -Big armies=Big wars Problems with this 1. Led America to have a falafel sense of security -America let down their guard to optimism for no war -The United States was late to build up its navy 2. Britain and United States had bigger navies than Japan -Britain and the United States were tied, Japan was third -Japan's navy wars half the size of the United States -Problem: Japan was a regional power (western Pacific) //The United States had their navy all over various oceans -Thus, when World War II began, United States was outnumbered in each naval battle

World War I: Allied Powers (Britain & France) vs Central Powers (Germany)

-There were lots of countries on each side Allied Powers -Britain and France //United States later joined them //Russia was also one, but left the war in 1917 Central Powers -Germany

Impact of the Spanish-American War & Treaty of Paris

-They set off the 1st Great debate over United States imperialism //It brought up the question: should the United States obtain the Philippines? -Anti imperialists said no, the only territory the United States can obtain is from countries with people who look like Americans and can be assimilated into the United States (the Philippines were not like this) -Also, anti imperialists said that claiming the Philippines would go against traditions, as the United States was against imperialism Why did the United States take the Philippines 1. Virtuous -Felt the Filipinos were NOT ready to be independent, as they were ruled for 400 years //The Racism-Gender school says it makes sense why America is racist, as we feel we are superior to others and the United States did this with the Mexican War, Indian Wars, Cold War, and Korean War //Also points out that everything with Theodore Roosevelt was a fight, talked in macho (tougher) terms 2. The United States had been shut out of China -Had very few markets in China -The United States felt that they could replace the China market that they lacked with the Philippines 3. Japan had eyes on the Philippines, and the United States thought if they did NOT take Philippines, Japan WOULD

The Fourteen Points: provisions: disarmament + free seas + tariffs + colonies + treaties + self-determination + League of Nations

-They were mostly aimed at GERMANY -If you want to know what people in 1918 thought were the causes of World War I, look at the Fourteen Points Provisions of the Fourteen Points 1. Disarmament -Called this for both the victors and defeated, keep the countries disarmed for some time 2. Free seas -Felt that America as a neutral country deserved this 3. Tariffs -All countries must lower/eliminate tariffs 4. Colonies -Colonies were arguing about borders in Africa and Asia -"Let's make an impartial commission to set up borders" -German lost its colonies 5. Treaties -Any treaties/agreements/covenants between countries should be open -Countries on both sides had secret deals with other countries that complicated things 6. Self-determination -Half of the Fourteen Points deal with self-determination, mainly in Eastern Europe //Self-determination: Let every nationality decide for itself if it wants to be apart of a bigger country 7. League of Nations -Capstone of Fourteen Points -League of Nations: International body that would arbitrate disputes between countries //"Let's figure out issues WITHOUT war"

1919

-Treaty of Versailles

1917

-US entrance into WWI

1941

-US entrance into WWII

Non-recognition of USSR (Soviet Union/Russia) (1917-1933)

-USSR: Russia -In 1917, there was a communist revolution that overthrew the tsar, and Bolsheviks (communists) took over -Lenin was the 1st president, and Stalin took over instead of Trotsky because Trotsky got headaches in Crimea -Stalin died in 1953 -From 1917 to 1933, the United States did NOT diplomatically recognize the Soviet Union //Did NOT exchange embassies, NO trade, NO diplomatic/commercial relations Why? 1. They were communists 2. Came to power in a violent revolution -NOT legal 3. It was hard to tell if communism would last -United States wanted to see how it played out 4. Soviet Union talked about spreading communism to rest of the world 5. When communists took over in the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union took over United States businesses -Confiscated them without compensation 6. Debts owed by the tsar were NOT payed back to the United States 7. There was a civil war in Russia after communism -The United States got caught up and sent in troops to fight for the anticommunist side -Contributed to the ill will between the two sides -In 1933, the United States recognized the USSR diplomatically //Exchanged embassy doors and allowed trade //USSR did NOT pay back the United States, however Why? 1. Economic -Thought having relations/trade with Russia would help the United States get out of the Great Depression 2. Political -Europe was becoming dangerous (Hitler, Mussolini) //"Maybe if we have relations with Europe, we can use Russia against Germany and Italy"

World War I: 1917

-United States entered World War I //War had gone on for 2 1/2 years before the United States joined

Hawaii: (economic + strategic) (first full-fledged debate on imperialism)

-Until the 1890s, Hawaii was ruled by a monarchy -American fruit countries owned most of the land in the Hawaii islands -In the early 1890s, there was a revolt in Hawaii that overthrew the monarchy -American planters were most likely involved, as they wanted a government that would support them, and the United States government was likely NOT involved -Hawaii asked the United States to annex Hawaii //Annex: Add it as a territory -The president said NO, because if we annex, people will think that the United States government was behind the revolution 5 years later, Hawaii was annexed, why? 1. Economic -American businesses had lots of money in Hawaii 2. Strategic -Japan was a rising power in East Asia -Japan had eyes on Hawaii, and the United States did NOT want Japan to have Hawaii, so they annexed it Significance of the United States annexing Hawaii -It was the first full-fledged debate on imperialism //Act of imperialism //"Should the United States be imperialistic?" (Most said YES)

1931

-WWII in Asia //If you lived in East Asia (China), you're World War II begins in 1931 //China was NOT as powerful back then

1939

-WWII in Europe //World War II Began in Europe in this year

World War I: 1918

-War ended

Wilson's "Golden Rule Diplomacy": (1913-1921)

-Wilson disagreed with Dollar Diplomacy and Big Stick Diplomacy

Why Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles: political campaigning + no Republicans + staked his reputation by going to Paris + messiah complex + unwillingness to compromise + personal feud with Lodge + fundamental flaws + entanglement

-Wilson signed the treaty in Versailles and takes it to the United States -Per the Constitution, he needs to sent the treaty to the Senate, as Senate needed a 2/3 majority (super majority) for ratification //Super hard to get treaties through -The Senate debated and rejected it //Did NOT even get 50% //This had huge consequences Why Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles 1. Political campaigning -There had been campaigning for Congress in the fall -Wilson's campaign for democratic candidates was that if Republicans get control of Congress, it would be bad for the United States ..This is NOT how you make people happy 2. No Republicans -Wilson took no Republican senators to Paris -Republicans controlled the Senate, so it was their choice if the Treaty of Versailles was ratified -The fact Wilson did not allow Republicans to go to Paris made Republicans mad 3. Staked his reputation by going to Paris -This has been a debate over foreign policy experts: should head of states engage in direct negotiation with other head of states? //Yes: It comes from head of other country //No: If negotiations fail to make a treaty, he and the country look bad, but if it is a subordinate (Secretary of State), it is NOT as bad 4. Messiah complex -Even when he was president of Princeton, he thought his plans were the best and could save the college -When he arrived in Europe (where there was destruction, debt...), there were huge crowds that thought he would save Europe //Most people do NOT like saviors 5. Unwillingness to compromise -The Senate said we think there needs to be changes //Wilson has been like this since Princeton: he would NOT budge -If Senate made changes to the treaty, Wilson would need to go back to Europe and renegotiate 6. Personal feud with Lodge -Personally, many Senators did NOT like Wilson -Henry Cabot Lodge (head of Republicans in the Senate and head of senate foreign relations committee) hated Wilson -Wilson and Lodge did NOT like each other 7. Fundamental flaws -Wilson did NOT like each part of the treaty, but believed the League of Nations will save everything -Many senators said the treaty was fundamentally flawed and they would NOT sign it 8. Entanglement -Senate felt that if the United States ratifies and joins the League of Nations, the United States will become entangled in all of the European nations problems, as the League of Nations was made to resolve conflicts -There would be conflicts because the treaty was bad -Wilson went on a train across the United States and said that Republicans were wrong about the Treaty of Versailles //This was exhausting -On his way back, he had a stroke and was a mess for the rest of his life -He was NOT seen in the public that much -The war and treaty killed him -The United States NEVER ratified the Treaty of Versailles and NEVER joined the League of Nations -There were people at the time that said the United States was partly to blame for World War II //By rejecting the treaty, the United States sidelined itself -"If the United States brought its influence earlier, we could've avoided World War II"

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: Wilson's declaration of war (April 1917) ("war to end all wars" & "make world safe for democracy")

-Woodrow Wilson in April of 1917 went in front of Congress and recommended Congress to declare war on Germany, and Congress did -What Wilson said was important for the next 20 years (how the United Stats approached Japan and Germany in World War II) 1. "War to end all wars" -Everyone thought the United States should enter the war because of the submarines but Wilson said "We are fighting this war to end all wars" //"It's frightening to see the United States in wars" //"There will be no more" 2. "Make world safe for democracy" -The United States will fight this war to "make the world safe for democracy" -Germany, Hungary, etc. were monarchies -Problem: The United States wins the war, but it is obvious to everyone that there would be more wars //Wilson believed there would be one worse in this generation -It was obvious the world was NOT made safe by democracy //There were dictators Significance -This made America disillusioned with war and internationalism //After World War I, the United States said it should have been isolationistic in the past because Latin America hates us, there's going to be more wars, and Britain and France owe us money //Thus, in the 1930s and 1940s, the United State was isolationist -When Hitler and Mussolini are bad, the United States stays out //"War hurt us last time" -The United States passes the Neutrality Act to stay out of war -Longer consequence: A main reason why the United States would never be isolationists after World War II -America got forces to Britain and France and helped sooner than people thought -MacArthur was a general in World War I

The Paris Peace Conference: Conflicting philosophies: Wilson: avoid embittering Germans + avoid ruining German economy + Fourteen Points + avoid another war vs Clemenceau: vindictive + punitive + security

-Woodrow Wilson went to the Paris Peace Conference -Germany and the Central Powers were told to go home and were forced to sign the treaty when it was done //This made them mad -Big 3 at Paris Peace Conference: United States, France, and Britain //United States and France really only mattered -French Prime Minister: George Clemenceau //Tiger of France //Became Prime Minister in middle of the war -Wilson and Clemenceau were against each other and did NOT agree //Clemenceau was patriotic, Wilson was Progressive -Virtually everything Clemenceau wanted was completely different than Wilson Wilson 1. Avoid embittering Germans -"If we have a harsh treaty on Germany, they will want revenge" 2. Avoid ruining German economy -"Having Germany pay too much would ruin Germany and Europe, as Germany is the locomotive that pulls Europe" 3. Fourteen Points -George Clemenceau mouthed it (just like the Open-Door Policy) //Agreed, but didn't abide -He did NOT really get this 4. Avoid another war Clemenceau 1. Vindictive -Vindictive peace treaty //Vindictive: Treaty Germany as a defeated power 2. Punitive -Wanted to punish Germany for war -"Let's ride a train and see the damage that was done to France by Germany," Wilson said no I get it 3. Security -Provide security for France -Wanted Britain and France to support France with Germany if another war happened, and Woodrow Wilson had no interest in helping -The Treaty was a mismatch, but leaned towards what Clemenceau wanted -If it leaned towards Wilson, it would've presented problems -They negotiated and signed treaty, humiliating for Germany -Problem with Treaty of Versailles: It was neither lenient enough to Germany nor harsh enough to Germany //If you wanted it easy, make it easy so Germany wants revenge //If you want it harsh, make it so Germany CANNOT get revenge -Lesson: DO NOT make treaties half and half -Wilson signed treaty, as he did get a few things such as his League of Nations //It preceded the United Nations

The lead-up to American entrance in WWI: Election of 1916

-Woodrow Wilson won

1914

-World War I //It begins

World War I: 1914

-World War I began

Isolationism between the World Wars

-World War II began in 1939, if Japanese/Chinese/far Pacific, 1931 -United States was closer to Europe than Far East

Periods of American foreign policy

-You have either isolationism or internationalism //There are degrees to each -Few countries had absolute isolationism //Japan before the Magi restoration 1790s-1890s: isolationism -United States was isolationist in the 1800s because the United States wanted to stay out of European Wars -The United States' isolationism was not thorough-going //It was measured -Washington warned the United States about entangling alliance in Europe //He said NOT to go into war, but trade with Europe and have diplomatic relationships with them -Washington also announced the Neutrality Proclamation //"United States will remain neutral in European wars" -Why did America practice isolationism at this time? -1. America thought it was too small at that time, so it decided to let America's birth rate fight its own battles //This is known as the Cardinal Principle -2. America saw Europe as old and corrupt //"All it does is fight wars and have monarchies, so why would we want to be with them?" -3. United States was expanding westward //NOT isolationism within the United States, but with Europe //United States fought Mexico 1890s-1919: internationalism -The United States rose to become a world power and the size of the United States geographically expanded -This lasted until the end of World War I -The United States was both internationalist and imperialistic //Imperialistic: Aggressive and forcing yourself into another country economically, socially, or through war 1919-1941: isolationism Since 1941: internationalism -Since World War II

The Fourteen Points: objectives: avert another such war + win over the Germans + keep Russia in the War

-in the Fourteen Points, Wilson said there should be NO victor and NO defeated -He felt that the treaty should be lenient Objectives of the Fourteen Points 1. Avert another such war -He wanted the peace treaty to apply to each country equally //"If there's a defeated, they would want revenge and cause another war" 2. Win over the Germans -"By offering a blueprint, maybe the Germans will stop fighting" 3. Keep Russia in the Wr -The new communist government in Russia said that Russia was going to pull out of the war //They lost a ton of lives and money -"Maybe, the Fourteen Points will keep Russia in the war"

Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy": Objectives: failure of military intervention + business + stability + dominance

1. Failure of military intervention -Taft said, "All the Big Stick Diplomacy did was send in marines, which costed money and was only a short-term fix, thus a failure" 2. Business -Dollar Diplomacy was good for businesses 3. Stability -Taft felt that the only way to help Latin America and make it stabilize was to put in money for economic development //Sending in marines made Latin America mad 4. Dominance

Wilson's "Golden Rule Diplomacy": Policy: idealistic, moralistic + failure of previous foreign policies + interventionist

1. Idealistic, moralistic -Wilson was an idealist and moralist -Wilson believed the world was a mess, and he really believed the United States was the last great hope for the world (idealistic) -Wilson believed sending in marines was wrong (moralistic) 2. Failure of previous foreign policies -Wilson believed the Big Stick Diplomacy and Dollar Diplomacy did NOT work, as it made Latin America hate us, and the United States sent in Troops, which war wrong morally -Wilson was determined to use the United States as an example to show Latin America how to be responsible -Wilson believed the world was a mess, and he really believed the United States was the last great hope for the world (idealistic) 3. Interventionist -He led presidents in interventions due to his Wilsonianism

Causes of internationalism in the 1890s

1. Spirit of imperialism (Mahan) (Social Darwinism) -The thinking back then was big countries eat up little countries, so don't be a little country //"The greatest sin against God is being a weak country" -This is known as Social Darwinism //Darwinism: A biological theory that stated humans evolved over time -People later adopted it to d countries //"If a nation is eliminated, it's its own fault for being weak" -Strong nations are Social Darwinism -Weak nations and lower classes are NOT Social Darwinism -Mahan //American naval officier -He wrote books on sea power and history //"Great nations have great navies and project their greatness through their navies" -This was a big reason why Germany built up a big navy before World War I 2. Economic interdependence -By 1890, the United States had a huge economy that produced very much -Now the United States needs overseas markets to sell all the stuff being produced -Although the United States had many natural resources, it lacked a market 3. European balance of power -Balance of power: Not one country so powerful that it can take over other countries -Since Waterloo, there was a balance of powers (no one country dominated) -However, Germany united in 1870, which upset the balance of power //Immediately, Germany became one of the wealthiest and stronger //Germany caught up to Britain //Also, Germany was aggressive, as it was united through aggression -There was thus no longer a balance of power in Europe -Eventually, the United States needs to come into the imbalance of powers by entering into World War I 4. Closing of the frontier & Manifest Destiny -Closing of the frontier was a geographical and mental thing //Frontier: Furthest west settlement -America always thought if something was wrong in the East, they could move out West //Most people did NOT move -However, in 1890, the United States government announced that the frontier was closed, as no more arable land existed -This freaked out Americans, as they had the Manifest Destiny since the 1820s //Manifest Destiny: The thought that the United States could control North America -Now, the Manifest Destiny is directed overseas //United States expanded into the Pacific and South to the Caribbean 5. Progressivism -Minor -Progressives were social engineers that thought they could make things better in America -They started thinking that they could help people across the world

"War Socialism": economic intervention + precedent for ND & WWII

How did the United States organize the economy and industry for war? -United States practice war socialism (war economy) in Word War I //War socialism: Federal government takes over operations of all vital war industries //Ammunition, railroads, etc. -The federal government did NOT own these factories, but managed them //"Make this number of railroads, guns, etc." War Socialism 1. Economic intervention -The federal government intervenes into the economy -Even Britain and other European countries did this -War Socialism was significant because Progressives liked it //Progressives did NOT like economy being run for profit //"Businesses should be run for the benefit of society" //War socialism was what they were dreaming of //After war, all factories were returned to private businesses 2. Precedent for ND & WWII -It set a precedent for Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and now the federal government can manage the economy, meaning Franklin Roosevelt can take over the United States economy during World War II

Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy": Japan: Open Door Policy + San Francisco + Immigration + Great White Fleet

Japan -The United States had many issues with japan that led toe war 1. Open Door Policy -Japan felt that the Open Door Policy was MAINLY directed at Japan, which made them mad 2. San Francisco -The board of education of public schools in San Francisco said they would NOT educate Japanese students because it costed too much money (actually was likely they were just racist, nothing to do with money) -Japanese government protested, and Theodore Roosevelt said that public education is a local matter //"I have NO control over this" -It got real bad, and the two sides worked out a gentleman's agreement //Said Japan would NOT send any more immigrants to the United States and the school boards //Said the school boards would educate Japanese students in San Francisco -This soured the relationship between the United States and San Francisco 3. Immigration -In the late 1800s after the Civil War, many Chinese and Japanese people immigrated to the United States -Chinese worked on railroads in the West (created the Transcontinental Railroad) -In the late 1800s, the United States passed the Oriental Exclusion Act -This upset Japan, as they felt this was racist -This came to a head in San Francisco 4. Great White Fleet -America built up its naval fleet with naval ships that sailed around the world and to Japan to show the world that the United States is somebody and that the United States should be watched out for //Shows his toughness //Gender-Racism school says this is an example -United States painted the ships grey, but they looked white in the sun -Japan saw it as a threat

The Neutrality Acts (eg, arms embargo on belligerents + no Americans on belligerents' ships + no loans) (moral paradox)

The Neutrality Acts (eg, arms embargo on belligerents + no Americans on belligerents' ships + no loans) (moral paradox)

China: The Open Door Policy (John Hay) (economic + strategic)

The Open Door Policy -China was NOT how it is today (was weak) -It was NOT colonies in the 1890s, but its ports were taken over by European countries and Japan through forced treaty ports //Treaty ports: Only citizens of that foreign country could trade into the port -China had tons of people //If you can get the Chinese market, you can make lots of money -The United States was late getting into China and the treaty ports -John Hay, the Secretary of State, sent letters/notes to all of the European countries and Japan -The Open Door Policy asked foreign countries to do 2 things -1. Respect the integrity and territory of China, as it was NOT colonized -2. Asked all the countries to open ports to other countries Why did the United States send the Open Door Policy? 1. Economic -The ports were closed, but the United States wanted to use them to make money 2. Strategic -Free trade is a human right -All the countries replied YES, but did NOT act on them Significance of the Open Door Policy -China became the cornerstone of the American policy in the world -Led to Pearl Harbor //When Japan invades the coastal cities in China, the United States protests (Doesn't like it) //United States versus Japan war was inevitable, and Japan struck first

Treaty of Paris of 1898: Cuba + Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

Treaty of Paris of 1898 provisions 1. Cuba -Cuba became independent from Spain 2. Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines -The United States got... //Puerto Rico //Guam (part of the Mariana Islands, and Japan took it over in World War II but the United States eventually got it back) //Philippines (Was a Spanish colony for 400 years)