Principles of Management
Which of the following is true of conflict among groups?
A moderate level of conflict among group members can spark creativity and initiative
The process of establishing a role structure begins with the ______ role
expected
Elena is getting to know the other members of her project team. A group structure is beginning to emerge as the members establish some basic ground and figure out acceptable behaviors and roles. This group is in the _______ stage of development
forming
A ________ group is a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with a unspecified time horizon
functional
The nursing staff in the operating room at the local hospital are an example of a ________
functional group
In Fielder's model, the most favorable situations are those that have _________
good leader-member relations, highly structured tasks, and strong leader position power
Darcy joined a group supporting literacy in elementary schools because the teachers in the group all shared his outlook on primary education. He joined for _______
interpersonal attraction
Woojin believes his union will protect him from getting fired, and he believes that the only way to get a promotion is if the person above him retires or dies. Woojin has _______
low effort-to-performance expectancy, and low performance-to-outcome expectancy
In the two-factor theory, the factors that influence the satisfaction continuum, which are related specifically to work content, are called _____ factors
motivation
During the ________ stage of group development, group members begin to recognize and accept their roles, and understand the roles of other members
norming
Managers can stimulate conflict by _______
placing employee groups in competitive situations
According to Fielder, a task is structured when it is _____
routine, easy to understand, and unambiguous
The leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership ________
stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and each of their subordinates
In the Ohio State studies, employees of supervisors who ranked high on initiating structure _______
were high performers
According to expectancy theory, in order for motivated behavior to occur, which condition must be met?
A person must believe that if effort is expended, high performance will result
As a property, leadership can be best defined as ________
A set of characteristics found in people who can influence the behavior of others
Marco thrives on setting goals for himself, and he has a strong need for specific and immediate feedback. Which need does this fulfill for Marco?
Achievement
Mihee, the chief nurse in a hospital, sets challenging goals for her subordinates because she has confidence in her fellow nurses. Based on the path-goal theory, what kind of leader behavior is Mihee exhibiting?
Achievement-oriented
Which type of leader behavior, identified by the path-goal theory, primarily involves setting challenging goals, expecting subordinates to perform at high levels, encouraging subordinates to perform at high levels, encouraging subordinates, and showing confidence in subordinates' abilities?
Achievement-oriented
Brianne, a senior engineer, prefers to work in a job that provides her the opportunity to interact with people and make new friends on the job. Brianne has a need for _________
Affiliation
Paramita is a manager who is extremely intent on getting the job done. She does not show much consideration for her staff, and she expects them to work late as needed to meet deadlines and achieve goals. According to the Leadership Grid, Paramita's style reflects what type of management?
Authority-compliance
Employees at GreenTech Inc. complete their schedules on time as every hour they take in excess may lead to a corresponding loss of pay. Their behaviors are strengthened through _______
Avoidance
In which way does avoidance act as a reinforcement?
By allowing escape from undesirable consequences
One reason organizations create teams is to ______
Capitalize on the knowledge and motivation of workers
Punishment involves the use of ______ power
Coercive
Verbal reprimands, written reprimands, disciplinary layoffs, fines, demotion, and termination are examples of _____ power possessed by managers
Coercive
Nour's group gets along well and never experiences any conflict. All group members agree when someone has a new suggestion or idea. If no conflict is ever experienced, what might be the outcome for the group?
Complacency
Armen is required to follow a forty-hour work schedule, but he can work up to 10 hours per day and leave by lunchtime of Friday. This reflects a _______
Compressed work schedule
Interpersonal problem solving refers to the resolution of conflict using ________
Confrontation
In the context of the Vroom's decision tree approach, when managers present a problem to their group at a meeting, get their suggestions, and then make the decision, they follow the ______ decision-making style
Consult group
Workers at Windlock Works Inc. were instructed by their supervisor to bring quality defects down to 1 per 1 million pieces, a 350% improvement, in the next three months. The workers are most likely to be challenged by goal ____
Difficulty
According to the path-goal theory, if people perceive that they are lacking in abilities, they are most likely to prefer ________ to help them understand path-goal relationships better
Directive leadership
According to the expectancy theory, which of the following conditions must be met for motivational behavior to occur?
Effort-to-performance expectancy must be greater than zero
Abbott, a shoe manufacturing company, strives to keep its workers satisfied. The company allows flexible time shifts and offers family-centered benefits. According to the Michigan studies, management is demonstrating ________ behavior
Employee-centered leader
Based on the Michigan studies, Rensis Liberty argued that the ______ behavior generally tends to be more effective
Employee-centered leader
A disadvantage of using compressed work schedules is that _______
Employees put too much effort in a single day, and they tend to perform at lower levels
Rabeya gives her employees a lot of freedom as to how they get their work done and the goals they set for themselves. She also allows them to make decisions that will allow them to resolve issues that arise. What does Rabeya use to motivate her employees?
Empowerment
Ana is a police detective and is just as good a detective as her male counterparts. Because she is female, many of her counterparts assume that she will type their reports as well as her own. She is increasingly feeling underrewarded for her efforts. In terms of ________, she will decrease her inputs by refusing to do additional work and try to reduce the gap between work and rewards
Equity theory
According to Maslow's hierarchy, ______ needs include the need that people have for recognition, positive self-image, and self-respect
Esteem
Junhua is in charge of maintaining all the computers in the organization. Additionally, whenever an employee has a problem with their computer, they call Junhua. What type of power does Junhua have in this organization?
Expert
Leo told an inappropriate joke at the staff meeting, and his coworker ignored it by not laughing or acknowledging it. What was she using to change this behavior?
Extinction
Leo told an inappropriate joke at the staff meeting, and his coworker ignored it by not laughing or acknowledging it. What was the using to change this behavior?
Extinction
Windmere allows its administrative employees to arrive any time between 7am and 9am and to leave anytime between 4pm and 6pm, as long as they work an eight-hour day. This arrangement is known as ________
Flextime
Chandra owns a delivery business. When Chandra's delivery drivers are experiencing a great deal of interpersonal conflict, Chandra reminds them that cooperation with one another is necessary for the continued profitability of the firm, and for their job security. Chandra is controlling conflict by ________
Focusing workers' attention on superordinate goals
The sales department at Midwest Textiles has been together for years, and when they meet their identified objectives, they move on to new ones. Which type of group is the sales department considered to be?
Functional group
Ugar wants to reward positive behaviors, but he wants to do so in a way that is most effective. What should Ugar do to reward his employees for those behaviors he wants to encourage?
He should provide reinforcements using a variable-ratio number of observed behaviors
Jewel works as part of a team that is engaging, and she enjoys being a part of it. Even though the team members enjoy working with each other, they are all committed to performing at a high level. When cohesiveness and performance norms are high, what is the likely outcome?
High performance
Woojin wears a shirt and tie to work every day, even though it isn't required. He also asked to be placed on high-profile projects so that he can be linked to successful work. Which of the following is Woojin using?
Impression management
During the interview process, Olesia told a highly qualified candidate that if they accepted the position, the company would cover the cost of relocation and provide an additional bonus. What did Olesia use to encourage the candidate to accept the position?
Inducement
The CEO at Green Inc. has established that employees should adhere to a vertical communication process and fixed work flow system, and she strictly monitors these processes. The steps taken by the CEO at Green Inc. reflect the ________ behavior of leaders suggested by the Ohio State studies
Initiating structure
Although she cou8ld have refused the project, Marah agreed to work on it because she knows that if she does well, her manager will consider her for a promotion. Which type of power is Marah's manager using?
Instrumental compliance
Competition for scarce resources, especially funding, can often lead to which type of conflict within an organization?
Inter group
Emily thinks Alex is a narcissist who only wants to talk about himself, and therefore tries to avoid him. They have ________
Interpersonal conflict
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, which of the following is a hygiene factor on the job?
Interpersonal relations
Which type of conflict occurs when there is a conflict between the roles one plays in different teams and one's permanent role in a functional group?
Interrole
Which type of conflict occurs when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages?
Intrasender
Cheri and Aaron both wanted to work part time, and they found a lawyer who was willing to split one full-time paralegal job between the two of them so that Cheri works mornings and Aaron works afternoons. This arrangement is known as _______
Job sharing
Which type of power is power granted through the organizational hierarchy?
Legitimate
According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt's leadership continuum, what is a manager who uses the strongest level of boss-centered leadership likely to do?
Make a decision and announce it
Mary knows that Akua and Dominik do not work well together. Mary assigns the two men separate work areas. She is controlling conflict by _________
Matching personalities and work habits of employees
Lisette has just moved to a new city. In order to meet new people, she joined a local book club. She did this for ______
Needs satisfaction
At Mawly Enterprises, the staff working in R&D, who are expected to be creative and innovative, often come to work wearing shorts and T-shirts or other extremely casual attire. The production staff tends to wear business casual clothing, while the marketing staff and sales reps almost always wear suits. This illustrates a lack of _____ between groups
Norm generalization
Eva reviews daily reports to identify errors. Then she meets what representatives from the purchasing and inventory departments to discuss ways to eliminate or prevent recurring problems. Which type of motivational strategy is Eva's organization using by allowing her to make decisions about her work?
Participation
When a person has an internal locus of control, which leadership style will likely be best for them?
Participative
Geert believes that if he and his team complete their project under budget and time constraints, they will all receive a bonus. Geert also believes this might result in a promotion for him. Which of the following does this scenario illustrate?
Performance-to-outcome expectancy
A large technology firm is opening a new office in a different country. When the work has been stalled, a project manager, with high personal values, is asked to bribe a local official, in order to fix the delay. The project manager is likely to experience _________ conflict
Person-role
Carolyn, a manager, discusses and reason with the Board of Directors of her company until they agree to let her try her new strategic plan a trial period. Carolyn is using ________ in the given situation
Persuasion
Stitches, Inc. is a specialty clothing manufacturer. Clothing is produced in bulk quantities and then customized with monograms and other unique embellishments before final shipment. Employees on the custom stitching line are compensated for each individual item completed. What type of reward system is used in the custom stitching department?
Piece-rate incentive plan
Juslio put in extra hours to complete an important project on time after unanticipated complications threw it off schedule. In recognition of his efforts, he received a bonus. This motivates him to put in more hard work and better performances. The organization has used ______ to strengthen his behavior
Positive reinforcement
Which type of reinforcement would a speeding ticket be?
Punishment
Tariq Lennox demonstrates high moral standards with every decision he makes and inspires others to follow suit. From the given information, we can say that he has ______ power.
Referent
When a leader has a high degree of charisma and loyalty, they also have a high degree of _______ power
Referent
Which of the following can make an informal leader a desirable asset in a group?
Referent or expert power
If subordinates perceive themselves to have a lot of abilities, they are most likely to ________
Resent directive leadership
The more a manager uses coercive power, the more likely he is to encourage ________
Resentment
What is a counterproductive side effect of using punishment as a reinforcement method?
Resentment
A manager should set clear and reasonable expectations and send clear and straightforward cues in order to avoid _______
Role ambiguity
According to the motivation framework, after a worker notices an unfilled need, the next step is _______
Searching for ways to satisfy the need
In group role structure, the _______ role comprises the messages and cues that group members use to communicate their expectations to another member
Sent
Juwan's team is working on a complex project with a very tight schedule and a strict budget. When team members feel stressed out by the demands, they often go to Juwan to vent or let off stem. Juwan is filling a _______ on his team
Socioemotional role
The OB Mod program starts by ________
Specifying behaviors that are to be increased or decreased
Sales have been somewhat flat this month, so the sales manager has established a contest among the sales people. If the overall sales reach a certain level, then the salesperson with the highest net sales will get a reward. In this situation, the sales manager is ________ conflict
Stimulating
The top management of a beverage manufacturing company has put together a team to handle the marketing of its new health drink. However, the team members are unable to agree on the best way to equitably divide the group tasks. In addition, two group members are trying to take over the leadership role, and this has led to more conflict. This group is at the ______ stage of group development
Storming
A technology firm creates a group whose only purpose is to develop a pre-launch marketing strategy for a new product. The group will disband one month after the product is launched. This is an example of a ________ group
Task
Trini always keeps the interim deadlines in mind as well as her team's final project due date. She makes sure that the team meets those interim dates, whether it is by encouraging more work hours, finding additional resources, or some other solution. Trini is filling a ______ role
Task specialist
Petra knows what is expected of her at work, and she has procedures and precedents to rely on when she is uncertain. Which of the following does Petra experience a high degree of?
Task structure
Dane has been appointed leader of a project task force. He has legitimate power in this position. The task is unstructured. Also, Dane has weak leader-member relations. According to Fiedler's LPC theory, what type of leadership style is appropriate in this situation?
Task-oriented
Dane has been appointed leader of a project task force. He has legitimate power in this position. The task is unstructured. Also, Dane has weak leader-member relations. According to Fielder's LPC theory, what type of leadership style is appropriate in this situation?
Task-oriented
How can confrontation be used within an organization when seeking a solution to a problem?
To resolve the conflict
Which of the following approaches to identifying a leader is a person using if he votes for a politician based on his communication skills, intelligence, appearance, and assertiveness?
Trait approach
Alberto complimented Daniel on his project updates two weeks in a row. Then he waited a month to compliment him again. Not knowing when Alberto will drop by for inspection, Daniel keeps his projects updated regularly. What reinforcement schedule is he using?
Variable-interval
If employees at LevelTech are "caught in the act" of doing good work, they receive a $100 prepaid debit card. The managers all have a number of these cards, and they can hand them out whenever they want to. Employees never know when one of the managers may drop by and "catch" them. Which type of reinforcement schedule is being used in this company?
Variable-interval
Each week control inspectors at McHeinz Inc. randomly select items from an assembly line for inspection and compliment the workers for every product that meets their expectations on quality. However, they vary the number of items they inspect each time. This motivates the employees to put in more effort to ensure that all the items are of the required quality. Which reinforcement schedule are the quality control inspectors using?
Variable-ratio
According to the Porter-Lawler extension, when would a person most likely be satisfied with rewards?
When they are perceived as equitable
According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor that influences an employee's satisfaction or dissatisfaction?
Working conditions
Interpersonal problem solving refers to the resolution of conflict using _______
confrontation
According to Vroom's decision tree approach to leadership, for a given problem statement, if the decision significance, importance of commitment, and leader expertise are all high, but the likelihood of commitment and group support are both low, the recommended decision-making process is ________
consult (group)
