Prins. of Development Final Exam

Exam 1: At four months old, Max showed little reaction to novel stimuli (a swinging mobile). As a toddler we would expect him to be: ________________________________

outgoing social uninhibited not shy

Exam 1: Typical 3 month old infants don't have an ability to understand others' intentions (in teddy bear habituation/dishabituation experiment) but 3 month olds with experience in _______________ do

reaching sticky mittens

Exam 1: When determining a child's attachment status using the Strange Situation, researchers pay the most attention to the child's behavior during _______________.

reunion mother's return

Exam 2: A child's definition or description of their roles, traits and interests is their:____________________________.

self-concept

Exam 2:A form of limited social participation in which the child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them is _____________________________.

Parallel Play

Exam 2: Exposing babies to video recordings of speakers of other languages:

has no impact on language learning

What were the three routine language phrases Jean Berko Gleason suggests every parent should teach their child?

hi, bye, thanks

Exam 1:What are developmental cascades and describe an example in detail.

1. Developmental cascades are the cumulative consequences for the development of all of the many interactions that occur in the developing systems that result in growth across many levels. An example of a developmental cascade would be mobility, in particular, walking. When an infant is crawling they can observe from that view and they can bring an object to their parent who will respond with "thank you." However, as a child begins to walk not only do they gain a new perspective to discover more things, but their parents begin to ask more of them and they then learn more. For example, instead of saying "thank you" a parent may ask them to open the object that the child has brought them. Walking is a cascade to further development.

Exam 1: Your child's other parent is a carrier of a recessive trait for a disability. If you are also a carrier what is the chance that your offspring will have the disability?

25%

Exam 2:Before the age of two girls' and boys' frequency of aggressive acts are:

About the same

Exam 1:How would an infant with an insecure/resistant attachment status behave during the strange situation?

An infant with insecure resistant attachment status would be very clingy towards their mother before she left the room and they would be afraid of the stranger when he/she entered the room. They would not be comforted by their mother when she re-entered the room.

Exam 2:Put the family type according to the original 4 Parenting Styles discussed in class into each appropriate cell of the table: High Monitoring High Warmth High Monitoring Low Warmth Little Monitoring Low Warmth Little Monitoring High Warmth

Authoritative Permissive Authoritarian Neglectful

Exam 2:A toddler who does not point to get people to share their focus of attention may be showing early signs of _______________________.

Autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD

Exam 2: A study design where the appearance of a baby's gender is unclear or misleading is known as _____________________________________.

Baby X

Exam 2: The logical principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same when other characteristics are changed is known as:

Identity

Exam 2:Describe the process by which children's attachment status affects their cognitive and social/relational development?

Children's attachment status affects their cognitive and social/relational development because children who are securely attached do better in school, they get better grades, have more friends, and are more successful as adults in their occupations, friendships, and romantic relationships. This is because of the secure base that comes with secure attachment. When kids have a secure base they can explore more because they know that if something goes wrong they have a secure base to fall back on. This also includes the development of the internal working model which include coping skills which kids depend and build on for the rest of their lives.

Exam 2:Describe the cross-cultural findings about parents' instrumental lying to children.

Cross culturally almost all parents tell instrumental lies. What was found was that American parents told more untruthful comparisons whereas Chinese parents told more lies to influence behavior and obedience. It was also found that the more lies a parent told the less they thought lying was bad. However regardless of how many lies the parents told, it did not mean that they were more likely to approve lying from their kid.

Exam 1: If infants feel an object that they cannot see, when they are able to see the object they seem to recognize the object. This is an example of:

Cross-modal perception

Exam 1:Describe a difficult baby's characteristics on at least four of the dimensions of temperament.

Difficult babies have low adaptability because they do not like new things and they have low regularity because their moods and schedules are unpredictable. They also have a high activity level and they have high persistence making them very difficult to care for.

Exam 2:____________________________________ is the ability to direct or modify one's feelings of fear frustration and anger.

Emotional Regulation

Exam 1: Humans are evolutionarily primed to be attracted and respond to babies according to the:

Ethological Perspective

Exam 1: The diverse cognitive operations and strategies that enable us to achieve goals in cognitively challenging situations is:

Executive function

Exam 2:The test in which the researcher puts crayons in a band-box is a measure of toddlers' understanding of:

False Belief

Exam 1: ________ are the sex cells they contain ________ chromosomes.

Gametes; 23

Exam 2:When children understand that their gender is rooted in biology and will not change because of their behavior; they have developed _________________________.

Gender Constancy/gender permanence

Exam 1:Describe an adaptive technology that helps infants with delayed motor development and how it is associated with developmental cascades.

Go-Baby-Go is an adaptive technology that helps infants with delayed motor development because this technology modifies kid's cars for immobile children which allows them to play and socialize with their peers and to be treated more normally. This is associated with developmental cascades because the ability of mobility helps a child to develop relationships with the people around them and to interact with their environment. Go-Baby-Go gives disabled children an opportunity to interact and develop as normal children would so that their development is not so delayed.

Exam 2: Recent research indicates that in children with secure attachments to their parents ____________________ daycare ____________________ of

High quality, increases security

Exam 2: A girl with an internal locus of control would say something like: "I failed this test because _________________________".

I am dumb

Exam 2:What would you say to a parent who is considering paying more money to put their daughter in a single sex school?

I would tell them that there is more group variance cross culturally than between genders. I would say that sending your daughter to a single sex school increases gender labeling, as well as pushes the concept of gender essentialism. I would also argue that putting their daughter in a single sex school is not preparing her for the real world where she is going to have to interact and compete with males. I would emphasize to the parents that the academic level of the students, the more challenging coursework, and good teachers are more beneficial to their daughters education rather than just separating her from males in her education.

Exam 1: The relationship between parents and teachers is part of the system that according to Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model is called the ___________________.

Mesosystem

Exam 1: After watching adults beat up Bandura's Bobo doll, children beat it up too. Bandura called this __________________________.

Modeling

Exam 2:Children who can delay gratification (not eat the marshmallow) are:

More popular

Exam 1: ___________________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA.

Mutation

Exam 2:Describe Mutually Responsive Orientation. What does it lead to?

Mutually Responsive Orientation is a positive, close mutually binding, and cooperative relationship where the kid and parent enjoy being together. It is categorized by responsiveness, a shared positive affect, as well as cooperation. This leads to having a moral conscience in preschool and this combined with attachment has an impact on further social and cognitive development.

Exam 1: The growth of the fatty substance that covers the axon which helps increase reaction time and coordination is called:

Myelination

Exam 2:Name 3 long-term effects of the Abecedarian Preschool program.

One long-term effect of the Abecedarian Preschool program was that the mothers of the preschoolers where more likely to further their education or get a better job and were also more involved with their kid. Another long-term effect of the Abecedarian Preschool program was that the children of the program were more likely to have full time employment. A third long-term effect of the Abecedarian Preschool program was that the children were less likely to get involved with drugs and smoking when they grew older.

Exam 2:Name 3 ways that parents treat sons and daughters differently in infancy.

One way that parents treat sons and daughters differently in infancy is in how they describe their child. Sons are described with words such as strong, large, and coordinated meanwhile daughters are describes with words such as weak, small, and awkward. Another way that parents treat sons and daughters differently in infancy is that a crying girl and an angry boy are more likely to get what they want. Parents stereotype certain behaviors that are acceptable for the child's gender. A third way that parents treat sons and daughters differently in infancy is that parents will shake and toss their son more but talk more to their daughter.

Exam 2:_______________ is an irrational fear that can interfere with ones daily life that increases in preschool.

Phobia

Exam 1: The organ that connects the circulatory systems of mother and fetus is known as the:

Placenta

Exam 2:How does pretend play enhance cognitive development (give two examples)?

Pretend play enhances cognitive develop because children act out different roles and make their own creation. Pretend play draws on symbolic thought which is a cognitive cascade into social development. In pretend play children act out social roles which are norms of their culture. Another enhancement is language development. When children pretend to be adults in their pretend play, they take on more mature roles and more advanced vocabulary, which creates a zone of proximal development. Through this sociodramatic play, children also enhance their theory of mind by interacting with other kids and by playing pretend with them they develop and understanding of perspectives other than their own.

Exam 1: Development occurs from the trunk outwards. This is known as:_________________________________.

Proximo-distal

Exam 2: Girls show more of this type of aggressive behavior in preschool:

Relational aggression

Exam 1: When a baby repeatedly drops her spoon on the floor she is performing a:

Secondary Circular Reaction

Exam 1:Describe the social reach, what it is and the research that discovered it.

Social reach is the cognitive and social development and is an infants way of communicating. It includes social referencing where infants use cues based off of an adult to determine their behavior. The research that discovered it found that a child was less likely to reach for a toy if they were alone, but if an adult was in the room, the child would try to reach for it to indicate that it needed help from the adult.

Exam 2:What are some critiques of girl power/ girl superhero media?

Some critiques of girl power/girl superhero media include that the power was held in the superhero's sexuality. The superhero would use her sexuality to hold power over men or to defeat the villain. Another critique was that the body images of the girl superheroes were unrealistic. They had very disproportionate bodies, such as the eyes being bigger than the wrists, and the waist to shoulder ratio. This created a unrealistic image as normal and influences young children to want to look a certain, unrealistic way. The girl power/ girl superhero media also created fat body shaming by showing that if you eat one cookie you'll never stop eating cookies and then you will get so fat that you will explode.

Exam 2:Which kind of parental talk helps children persist in a frustrating task?

Statement of values

Exam 2: Explain in detail the process that leads girls to more frequent feelings of math anxiety than boys' experience.

Teachers' and parents stereotypes have a great influence on math anxiety. Teachers and parents believe biologically that boys are better at math and therefore they give different feedback to boys and girls. When boys fail at a task in math teachers and parents respond with "work harder," "pay closer attention in class," and "do your homework." These responses are blaming external factors and the teachers and parents are giving external explanations for why the boy did poorly in math. This reinforces the idea that the reason the boy failed was not due to what he knows about math but was due to external factors. However, when girls fail at a task in math, teachers and parents respond with "you did your best." This response is an internal explanation for the girl's failure. This reinforces the idea that girls are not good or smart at math and that working harder won't help them. This is basically telling girls that even though they work hard and put in the effort they will still fail because they just aren't good at math. This leads to math anxiety for girls that there is fear that there is a problem they they will come across that is too difficult for them to solve no matter how hard they try. This problem is also enhanced due to informal learning which is how teachers still teach boys even in non-academic setting but don't do the same for girls. Boys also get more formal instruction because teachers are not afraid to correct boys but they do not want to correct girls in fear of hurting their feelings.

Exam 1:What was the multi-generational effect of maternal malnutrition for infants carried during the Dutch Hunger Winter?

The Dutch Hunger Winter was studied to discover more information about the impact of malnourished mothers on their infants. The multi-generational effect of maternal malnutrition for infants carried during the Dutch Hunger Winter was that the females who were fetuses in the 1st trimester or 2nd trimester also gave birth to infants that were underweight.

Exam 1:Why does the stepping reflex seem to disappear? What other movements are similar?

The stepping reflex seems to disappear as they gained weight. Studies found that as the babies gained weight, they decreased the amount of steps. The Moro reflex and Babinski reflex are other movements that are reflexes at infancy yet eventually disappear. *kicking

Exam 1: According to this classic study there is a component of experience in the development of fear of heights:

The visual cliff studies

Exam 2: An understanding that others' perspectives, motives, desires and beliefs are different than your own is known as ______________________________________.

Theory of Mind

Exam 2:Is there a word gap? What may be more important than the gap?

There was a 30 million word gap theory that children from low income families heard less words than higher income families, creating this word gap. This was found to not be true, and even if it did exist, it would not effect language development. What is more important than the word gap is the conversational turns which are the back and forth conversation between a child and an adult. The conversational turns are important for language development.

Exam 1:What are the three components considered when determining socioeconomic status (SES)?

Three components that are considered when determining socioeconomic status (SES) are education levels, income, and job status. These three components determine one's class and can define whether or not someone is living in poverty.

Exam 1: The central nervous system is sensitive to teratogenic effects:

Throughout pregnancy

Exam 2: A daycare classroom has lots of cultural activities, mixed-age students, and many toys that challenge children's abilities. Which theorist would approve of this design?

Vygotsky

Exam 1: How do we know that infants prefer people who behave fairly and what situation can lead infants to prefer an unfair person?

We know that infant prefer people who behave fairly due to research studies where the child picks between two people to give them something and they pick the person with the tendencies to distribute fairly. Infants may prefer an unfair person to give them something if it gave an advantage to people that looked like them.

Exam 2:A skill level above a child's current skill level that they can perform with assistance is known as ____________________________.

Zone of Proximal Development

Exam 1: A skill level above a child's current skill level that they can perform with assistance is known as _____________________________________.

Zone of proximal development

Exam 2:Parents of sons attribute their achievement in school to ________________ while parents of daughters attribute achievement to _______________.

ability, effort

Exam 2: When a cat wears a dog mask, preoperational children say that it is now a dog. This is an example:

centration

Exam 1: From the above correlation we know that:

children who are more aggressive watch more violent TV

Exam 1: Baby Max begins to cry as soon as he sees his mother pick up her car keys. Max does this because he must have learned to associate the keys with his mother leaving. This example demonstrates:

classical conditioning

Exam 1: When kids can recognize themselves in a mirror they begin to display emotions like __ ___________ and __________ ___________.

embarrassment/pride/shame/empathy/sympathy

Exam 1: Renee Bailargeon's test where an infant watched a moving screen either pass through or stop on an object suggested that:

infants have a sense of object permanence earlier than Piaget suggested

Exam 1: Children of depressed parents may suffer because their parents cannot do "the dance" of interaction of reading each other's emotional cues known as _________________.

interactional synchrony synchrony

Exam 2:Making children "Clean their plate" in order to have dessert may:

make them more picky, initiate the loss of understanding of hunger cues, make them like dessert

Exam 1: When using Habituation Trials, researchers assume that babies look longer at stimuli that are:

new

Exam 1: The tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity is called _____________________________.

niche-picking

Exam 2:Parents who successfully use physical punishment with high warmth have a ________________________ style of parenting.

no nonsense

Exam 1: ________________________ error affects the variability around the mean but does not affect the mean itself.

random

Exam 2: By 18 months, infants expect that when they ______________ others will give them a label and other information about an object.

point

Exam 1: Studies show that the more violent TV a child watches the more aggressive behaviors they show in interactions with other kids. This is an example of:

positive correlation

Exam 1: Infants check their parents' emotional reactions before acting this is known as:

social referencing

Exam 1: The strength of longitudinal studies is:

the ability to measure developmental change over time