Private Pilot Oral Prep
What are the eligibility requirements for a private pilot (airplane) certificate? (14 CFR 61.103)
-Be at least 17 years of age -Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language -Hold at least a current Third Class medical certificate -Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements -Passed the required knowledge and practical tests
At what rate does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in altitude?
1" Hg per 1,000 ft
What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?
15 degrees C and 29.92" Hg
If a pilot changes his/her permanent mailing address and fails to notify the FAA Airmen Certification branch of the new address, how long may the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of his/her pilot certificate? (14 CFR 61.60)
30 days after the date of the move.
What is the definition of a complex airplane, and what must you do to act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane? (14 CFR 61.1, 14 CFR 61.31)
A "complex airplane" is defined as an airplane that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller; including airplanes equipped with a full-authority digital engine control (FADEC). TO act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane, you must have: a. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane. b. Received a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a complex airplane. Note: The training and endorsement required by this regulation is not required if the person has logged flight time as PIC of a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane prior to August 4, 1997.
What are "Special Flight Permits," and when are they necessary? (14 CFR 91.213, 14 CFR 21.197)
A Special Flight Permit may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight. These permits are typically issued for the following purposes: a. Flying an aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations or maintenance are to be performed, or to a point of storage. b. Delivering or exporting an aircraft. c. Production flight testing new-production aircraft. d. Evacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger. e. Conducting customer demonstration flights in new-production aircraft that have satisfactorily completed production flight tests.
What is the definition of a high-performance airplane, and what must you do to act as pilot-in-command of such an airplane? (14 CFR 61.31)
A high-performance is an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower. To act as PIC of a high-performance you must have: a. Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane, and have been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane b. Received and logged a one-time endorsement in your logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies you are proficient to operate a high-performance airplane. Note: The training and endorsement required by this regulation is not required if the person has logged flight time as PIC of a high-performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane prior to August 4, 1997.
If your route of flight takes you towards a low-pressure system, in general, what kind of weather can you expect? What if you were flying towards a high-pressure system?
A low-pressure system is characterized by rising air, which is conducive to cloudiness, precipitation and bad weather. A high-pressure system is an area of descending air which tends to favor dissipation of cloudiness and good weather.
What flight time can a pilot log as second-in-command time? (14 CFR 61.51)
A person may log second-in-command time only for that flight time during which that person: a. Is qualified in accordance with the SIC requirements of 14 CFR 61.55, and occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate; or b. Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if an instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted.
If the annual inspection date has passed, can an aircraft be operated to a location where the inspection can be performed?
An aircraft overdue for an annual inspection may be operated under a Special Flight permit issued by the FAA for the purpose of flying the aircraft to a location where the annual inspection can be performed. However, all applicable ADs that are due must be complied with before the flight.
What is an airworthiness certificate?
An airworthiness certificate is issued by the FAA to an aircraft that has been proven to meet the minimum design and manufacturing requirements and is condition for safe operation Under any circumstances, the aircraft must meet the requirements of the original type certificate or it is no longer airworthy. These certificates come in two different classifications: standard airworthiness and special airworthiness.
What are "airworthiness directives?"
An airworthiness directive (AD) is the medium by which the FAA notifies aircraft owners and other potentially interested persons of unsafe conditions that may exists because of design defects, maintenance, or other causes, and specifies the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated. ADs are regulatory in nature, and compliance is mandatory. It is the aircraft owner's or operator's responsibility to ensure compliance with all pertinent ADs.
What is an "annual" inspection and which aircraft are required to have annual inspections?
An annual inspection is a complete inspection of an aircraft and engine, required by the regulations and is required to be accomplished every 12 calendar months on all certificated aircraft. Only an A&P technician holding an Inspection Authorization can conduct an annual inspection.
When are emergency ADs issued?
An emergency AD is issued when an unsafe condition exists that requires immediate action by an owner/operator. The intent of an emergency AD is to rapidly correct an urgent safety-of-flight situation. All known owners and operators of affected US registered aircraft or those aircraft that have an affected product installed will be sent a copy of an emergency AD.
What is a "temperature inversion?"
An inversion is an increase in temperature with height - a reversal of the normal decrease with height. An inversion aloft permits warm rain to fall through cold air below. Temperature in the cold air can be critical to icing. A ground-based inversion favors poor visibility by trapping fog, smoke, and other restrictions into low levels of the atmosphere. The air is stable, with little or no turbulence.
What are "isobars?"
An isobar is a line on a weather chart which connects areas of equal or constant barometric pressure.
What are the required tests and inspections to be performed on an aircraft? Include inspections for IFR. (14 CFR 91.409, 91.171, 91.411, 91.413, 91.207)
Annual Inspection within the preceding 12 calendar months Airworthiness directives and life-limited parts complied with, as required VOR equipment checked every 30 days (IFR) 100 Hour inspection, if used for hire or flight instruction in aircraft CFI provides Altimeter, altitude reporting equipment, and static pressure systems tested and inspected (for IFR ops) every 24 calendar months Transponder tests and inspections, every 24 calendar months Emergency locator transmitter, operation and battery condition inspected every 12 calendar months.
What is an aircraft registration certificate?
Before an aircraft can be flown legally, it must be registered with the FAA Aircraft Registry. The Certificate of Aircraft Registration, which is issued to the owner as evidence of the registration, must be carried in the aircraft at all times.
Explain the difference between being "current" and being "proficient."
Being "current" means the pilot has accomplished the minimum FAA regulatory requirements within a specific time period so he or she can exercise the privileges of their certificate. It means that you're "legal" to make a flight, but does not necessarily mean that you're proficient or competent to make that flight. Being "proficient" means that a pilot is capable of conducting a flight with a high degree of competence; it requires that the pilot must have a wide range of knowledge and skills. Being proficient is not about just being "legal" in terms of regulations, but is about being "smart" and "safe" in terms of pilot experience and proficiency.
Describe the different types of fronts.
COLD FRONT- occurs when a mass of cold, dense, and stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air OCCLUDED FRONT- Fast moving cold front catches up with a slow-moving warm front. Two types: cold front occlusion and warm front occlusion WARM FRONT- Boundary area formed when a warm air mass contacts and flows over a colder air mass STATIONERY FRONT- When the forces of two air masses are relatively equal, the boundary or front that separates them remains stationery and influences the local weather for days
With respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, define the terms: "Category," "Class," and "Type." (14 CFR Part 1)
Category--a broad classification of aircraft; i.e., airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. Class--a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics; i.e., single-engine land, multi-engine land; etc. Type--a specific make and basic model of aircraft including modifications that do not change its handling or flight characteristics; i.e., DC-9, B-737, C-150, etc.
Name the three types of structural icing that may occur in flight.
Clear Ice -- forms after initial impact when the remaining liquid portion of the drop flows out over the aircraft surface, gradually freezing as a smooth sheet of solid ice. Rime ice -- forms when drops are small, such as those in stratified clouds or light drizzle. The liquid portion remaining after initial impact freezes rapidly before the drop has time to spread out over aircraft surface. Mixed ice -- forms when drops vary in size or when liquid drops are intermingles with snow or ice particles. The ice particles become imbedded in clear ice, building a very rough accumulation.
List the effects of stable and unstable air on clouds, turbulence, precipitation and visibility.
Clouds: -Stable: Stratiform -Unstable: Cumuliform Turbulence: -Stable: Smooth -Unstable: Rough Precipitation: -Stable: Steady -Unstable: Showery Visibility: -Stable: Fair to Poor -Unstable: Good
What are the general characteristics of the weather a pilot would encounter when operating near a cold front? A warm front?
Cold Front -- As the front passes, expected weather can include towering cumulus or cumulonimbus, heavy rain accompanied by lightning, thunder and/or hail; tornadoes possible; during passage, poor visibility, winds variable and gusting; temperature/dew point and barometric pressure drop rapidly. Warm Front -- As the front passes, expected weather can include stratiform clouds, drizzle, low ceilings and poor visibility; variable winds; rise in temperature Note: The weather associated with a front depends on the amount of moisture available, the degree of stability of the air that is forced upward, the slope of the front, the speed of frontal movement, and the upper wind flow.
What are the three stages of a thunderstorm?
Cumulus stage -- Updrafts cause raindrops to increase in size. Mature stage -- Rain at earth's surface; it falls through or immediately beside the updrafts; lightning; perhaps roll clouds. Dissipating stage -- Downdrafts and rain begin to dissipate.
What does "dew point" mean?
Dew point is the temperature to which a sample of air must be cooled to attain the state of saturation.
While you are performing a preflight inspection on your aircraft, an inspector from the FAA introduces herself and says she wants to conduct a ramp inspection. What documents are you required to show the inspector? (14 CFR 61.3)
Each person who holds an airman certificate, medical certificate, authorization, or license required by CFR part 61 must present it and their photo identification for inspection upon a request from the administrator, and authorized NTSB representative, any federal, state, or local law enforcement officer, or an authorized representative of the TSA.
Who can perform maintenance on an aircraft?
FAA-certified A&P mechanic, an A&P mechanic with Inspector Authorization, an appropriately-rated FAA-certificated repair station, or the aircraft manufacturer.
What instruments and equipment are required for VFR night flight? (14 CFR 91.205)
For VFR flight at night, all the instruments and equipment for VFR day flight are required, plus the following: Fuses--one spare set or three fuses of each kind required accessible to the pilot in flight Landing light--if the aircraft is operated for hire Anticollision light system--approved aviation red or white Position lights--(navigation lights) Source of electrical energy--adequate for all installed electrical and radio equipment.
What instruments and equipment are required for VFR day flight (14 CFR 91.205)
For VFR flight during the day, the following instruments and equipment are required: Anticollision light system--aviation red or white for small airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996. Tachometer for each engine Oil Pressure gauge for each engine Manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine, i.e., turbocharged) Altimeter Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine Fuel gauge indicating the quantity in each tank Flotation gear--if operated for hire over water beyond power-off gliding distance from shore Landing gear position indicator, if the airplane has retractable gear Airspeed indicator Magnetic direction idicator Emergency locator transmitter (if required by 14 CFR 91.207) Safety belts (and shoulder harnesses for each front seat in aircraft manufactured after 1978).
Other than high-performance and complex aircraft, what other types of aircraft (ASEL) require specific training and logbook endorsements from an appropriately rated flight instructor? (14 CFR 61.31)
High-altitude airplane--No person may act as pilot-in-command of a pressurized airplane that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude (whichever is lower), above 25,000 ft MSL unless that person has completed the ground and flight training specified and has received a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying satisfactory completion of the training. Tailwheel Airplane--No person may act as pilot-in-command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The training and endorsement is not required if the person logged pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel airplane before April 15, 1991.
What are Minimum Equipment Lists?
MEL is precise listing of instruments, equipment and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment. The MEL is the specific inoperative equipment document for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers.
What regulations apply concerning the operation of an aircraft that has had alterations or repairs which may have substantially affected its operation in flight (14 CFR 91.407)
No person may operate or carry passengers in any aircraft that has undergone maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics or substantially affected its operation in flight until an appropriately-rated pilot with at least a private pilot certificate a. Flies the aircraft b. Makes an operational check of the maintenance performed or alteration made; and c. Logs the flight in the aircraft records.
The airplane you normally rent has been grounded due to an intermittent electrical problem. You ask to be scheduled in another airplane. During preflight of the new airplane, you discover that it has avionics you're unfamiliar with. Should you go ahead and depart on your VFR flight?
Pilot familiarity with all equipment is critical in optimizing both safety and efficiency. If a pilot is unfamiliar with any aircraft system, this will add to workload and can contribute to a loss of situational awareness. This level of proficiency is critical and should be looked upon as a requirement, not unlike carrying an adequate supply of fuel. As a result, pilots should not look upon unfamiliarity with the aircraft and its systems as a risk control measure, but instead as a hazard with high risk potential. Discipline is the key to success.
What are several examples of placards and markings required in the airplane (14 CFR 23.1545 through 23.1567)
Placards--Day-Night-VFR-IFR placard, "Fight Maneuvers Permitted" placard, "Caution Control Lock Remove before Starting," "Maneuvering Speed," "Compass Calibration Card," etc. Markings--Airspeed indicator markings, cockpit control markings, fuel, oil, and coolant filler openings, etc.
Define "preventive maintenance."
Preventive maintenance means simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations. Certificated pilots, excluding student pilots, sport pilot, and recreational pilots, may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft that is owned or operated by them provided that aircraft is not used in air carrier service. 14 CFR Part 43 Appendix A identifies typical preventive maintenance operations which include such basic items as oil changes, wheel bearing lubrication, hydraulic fluid (brakes, landing gear system) refills.
Explain the statement "may not pay less than pro-rata share of the operating expenses of a flight." (14 CFR 61.113)
Pro-rate means "proportional." The pilot may not pay less than his or her proportional share of the flight's operating expenses with the passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures or rental fees.
How will establishing a personal minimums checklist reduce risk?
Professional pilots live by the numbers, and so should you. Preestablished numbers can make it a lot easier to ocme to a smart go/no-go or diversion decision, than would the vague sense that you can "probably" deal with the conditions you face at any given time. A written set of personal minimums also make it easier to explain tough cancelation or diversion decisions to passengers who are, after all, trusting their lives to you aeronautical skill and judgement.
When significant precipitation is occurring at the surface, how thick can you expect the clouds to be?
Significant precipitation usually requires clouds to be at least 4,000 feet thick. The heavier the precipitation, the thicker the clouds are likely to be.
What is the difference between standard and special airworthiness certificates?
Standard airworthiness certificates (white paper) are issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft. Special airworthiness certificates (pink paper) are issued for primary, restricted, or limited category aircraft, and light sport aircraft.
Name the main types of icing an aircraft may encounter in-flight
Structural, induction system, and instrument icing
Why do surface winds generally flow across the isobars at an angle?
Surface friction
If an aircraft has been on a schedule of inspection every 100 hours, under what condition may it continue to operate beyond the 100 hours without a new inspection. (14 CFR 91.409)
The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to a place where the inspection can be done. The excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service.
What causes the winds aloft to flow parallel to the isobars?
The Coriolis force
What is a Type Certificate Data Sheet?
The FAA issues a type certificate when a new aircraft, engine, propeller, etc., is found to meet safety standards set forth by the FAA. The type certificate data sheet (TCDS) lists the specifications, conditions and limitations under which airworthiness requirements were met for the specified product, such as engine make and model, fuel type, engine limits, maximum weight, minimum crew, etc.
Where must the airworthiness certificate be located? (14 CFR 91.203)
The certificate must be displayed at the cabin or cockpit entrance so that it is legible to passengers or crew
What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions.
The first course of action should be to leave the area of visible moisture. This might mean descending to an altitude below the cloud bases, climbing to an altitude above the cloud tops, or turning to a different course.
What is the primary means of obtaining a weather briefing?
The flight service station (FSS) is the primary source for obtaining preflight briefings and inflight weather information. The FAA provides the Flight Service program through FSS's (both government and contract, 1-800-WX-BRIEF), and via the Internet, through Direct User Acess Terminal System (DUATS), and Lockheed Martin Flight Services (DUATS II).
What is the definition of the term freezing level and how can you determine where that level is?
The freezing level is the lowest altitude in the atmosphere over a given location at which the air temperature reaches 0 degrees C. It is possible to have multiple freezing layers when a temperature inversion occurs above the defined freezing level. A pilot can use current icing products (CIP) and forecast icing products (FIP), as well as the freezing level graphics chart to determine the approximate freezing level. Other potential sources of icing information are: area forecasts, PIREPs, AIRMETs, SIGMETs, surface analysis charts, low-level significant weather charts, and winds and temperatures aloft (for air temperature at altitude).
What causes radiation fog to form?
The ground cools the adjacent air to the dew point on calm, clear nights.
What is the difference between an annual inspection and a 100-hour inspection? (14 CFR Part 43)
The main difference is who is allowed to perform these inspections. Only an A&P mechanic with Inspection Authorization can perform an annual inspection. 100-hour inspections may be performed by any A&P mechanic (no IA required). 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix D ("Scope and Detail of Items to be Included in Annual and 100-Hour Inspections") contains a list of items to be checked during inspections.
What records or documents should be checked to determine that the owner or operator of an aircraft has complied with all required inspections and airworthiness directives? (14 CFR 91.405)
The maintenance records (aircraft and engine logbooks). Each owner or operator of an aircraft shall ensure that maintenance personnel make appropriate entries in the aircraft maintenance records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service.
Who is responsible for ensuring that an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition? (14 CFR 91.403)
The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition.
After aircraft inspections have been made and defects have been repaired, who is responsible for determining that the aircraft is in an airworthy condition? (14 CFR 91.7)
The pilot-in-command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in a condition for safe flight. The pilot-in-command shall discontinue the flight when un-airworthy, mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur.
Where can you find information on the placards and marking information required to be in the airplane?
The principle source of information for identifying the required Airplane Flight Manuals, approved manual materials, markings, and placards is the FAA type certificate data sheet or aircraft specification issued for each airplane eligible for an airworthiness certificate. The required placards are also reproduced in the "Limitations" section of the AFM or as directed by an AD.
Spring has finally arrives and the weather looks great so you decide to rent an airplane and go fly. The problem is, your allergies are giving you a problem and you have just taken your medication. Can you still go fly? Explain.
The safest rule is not to fly while taking any medication, unless approved to do so by the FAA. Some of the most commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, antihistamines and decongestants, have the potential to cause noticeable adverse side effects, including drowsiness and cognitive deficits. 14 CFR prohibits pilots from performing crewmember duties while using any medication that affects the body in any way contrary to safety. If there is any doubt regarding the effects of any medication, consult an Aviation Medical Examiner before flying.
If the isobars are relatively close together on a surface weather chart or a constant pressure chart, what information will this provide?
The spacing of isobars on these charts defines how steep or shallow a pressure gradient is. When isobars are spaced very close together, a steep pressure gradient exists which indicates higher wind speeds. A shallow pressure gradient (isobars not close together) usually means wind speeds will be less.
Explain the difference between a stable atmosphere and an unstable atmosphere. Why is the stability of the atmosphere important?
The stability of the atmosphere depends on its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear. In an unstable atmosphere, small vertical air movements tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow and convective activity. Instability can lead to significant turbulence, extensive vertical clouds, and severe weather.
What factor primarily determines the type and vertical extent of clouds?
The stability of the atmosphere.
Where can you find a list of the medical conditions that may disqualify you from obtaining a medical certificate?
The standards for medical certification are contained in 14 CFR Part 67 and the requirements for obtaining medical certificates can be found in 14 CFR Part 61.
Explain the limitations that apply to aircraft operations being conducted using an MEL.
The use of an MEL for a small, non-turbine powered airplane operated under Part 91 allows for the deferral of inoperative items or equipment. The FAA considers an approved MEL to be a supplemental type certificate (STC) issued to an aircraft by serial number and registration number. Once an operator requests an MEL, and a Letter of Authorization (LOA) is issued by the FAA, then the MEL becomes mandatory for that aircraft. All maintenance deferrals must be done in accordance with the terms and conditions of the MEL and the operator-generated procedures document.
What is upslope fog?
Upslope fog forms as a result of moist, stable air being cooled adiabatically as it moves up sloping terrain. Once the upslope wind ceases, the fog dissipates. Upslope fog is often quite dense and extends to high altitudes.
What conditions are necessary for structural icing to occur?
Visible moisture and below freezing temperatures at the point moisture strikes the aircraft.
When temperature and dew point are close together (within 5 degrees), what type of weather is likely?
Visible moisture in the form of clouds, dew, or fog. Also, these are ideal conditions for carburetor icing.
What limitations apply to aircraft operations conducted using the deferral provision of 14 CFR 91.213(d)?
When inoperative equipment is found during preflight or prior to departure, the decision should be to cancel the flight, obtain maintenance prior to the flight, or to defer the item or equipment. Maintenance deferrals are not used for inflight discrepancies. The manufacturer's AFM/POH procedures are to be used in those situations.
Why is wind shear an operation concern to pilots?
Wind shear is an operational concern because unexpected changes in wind speed and direction can be potentially very hazardous to aircraft operations at low altitudes on approach to and departing from airports.
Define the term "wind shear," and state the areas in which it is likely to occur.
Wind shear is defined as the rate of change of wind velocity (direction and/or speed) per unit distance; conventionally expressed as vertical or horizontal wind shear. It may occur at any level in the atmosphere but three areas are of special concern: a. Wind shear with a low-level temperature inversion b. Wind shear in a frontal zone or thunderstorm c. Clear air turbulence (CAT) at high levels associated with a jet stream or strong circulation
For an aircraft with an approved MEL, explain the decision sequence a pilot would use after discovering the position lights are inoperative.
With an approved MEL, if the position lights were discovered inoperative prior to a daytime flight, the pilot would make an entry in the maintenance record or discrepancy record provided for that purpose. The item is then either repaired or deferred in accordance with the MEL. Upon confirming that daytime flight with inoperative is acceptable in accordance with the provisions of the MEL, the pilot would leave the position lights switch OFF, open the circuit breaker (or whatever action is called for in the procedures document), and placard the position light switch as INOPERATIVE.
Is frost considered to be hazardous to flight? Why?
Yes, because while frost does not change the basic aerodynamic shape of the wing, the roughness of its surface spoils the smooth flow of air, thus causing a slowing of airflow. This slowing of the air causes early airflow separation, resulting in a loss of lift. Even a small amount of frost on airfoils may prevent an aircraft from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed. It is also possible that, once airborne, an aircraft could have insufficient margin of airspeed above stall so that moderate gusts or turning flight could produce incipient or complete stalling.
If an aircraft is operated for hire, is it required to have a 100-hour inspection as well as an annual inspection? (14 CFR 91.409)
Yes, if an aircraft is operated for hire it must have a 100-hour inspection as well as an annual inspection when due. If not operated for hire, only an annual inspection is required.
Can a pilot legally conduct flight operations with known inoperative equipment onboard? (14 CFR 91.213)
Yes, under specific conditions, 14 CFR Part 91 describes acceptable methods for the operation of an aircraft with certain inoperative instruments and equipment that are not essential for safe flight--they are: a. Operation of an aircraft with a Minimum Equipment List (MEL), as authorized by 14 CFR 91.213(a) or - b. Operation of an aircraft without a MEL under 14 CFR 91.213(d)
You're flying in a single-engine, high performance, complex airplane. You hold a Private Pilot certificate with an airplane aingle-engine land rating, but don't have a high-performance or complex airplane endorsement. Your friend, who has those endorsements, is acting as PIC for the flight. Can you log PIC time for the time you act as sole manipulator of the controls? Explain. (14 CFR 61.31, 61.51)
Yes. 14 CFR 61.51 governs the logging of pilot-in-command time and states that a sport, recreational, private, commercial, or airline transport pilot may log PIC time for the time during which that pilot is "sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated or has privileges." Note: This means you can log PIC time, but you cannot act as PIC. For a pilot to act as PIC, he or she must be properly rated in the aircraft and authorized to conduct the flight which would include having the required endorsements for complex and high performance airplanes as required by 14 CFR 61.31.
Does an aircraft's registration certificate have an expiration date? (14 CFR 47.31, 47.40)
Yes. A Certificate of Aircraft Registration issued in accordance with 14 CFR 47.31 expires three years after the last day of the month in which it was issued. A temporary certification of registration is valid for no more than 90 days after the date the applicant signs the application.
To exercise the privileges of a private pilot certificate, what medical certificate is required, and how long is it valid? (14 CFR 61.23, 14 CFR Part 68)
You must hold at least a third-class medical certificate. The medical certificate expires at the end of the last day of: a. The 60th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the certificate, if on the date of your most recent medical examination you were under the age of 40. b. The 24th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the certificate, if on the date of your most recent medical examination you were over the age of 40. Note: Third class medical reform went into effect in 2017, eliminating the need for a third class medical certificate for many.
To act as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft, what must a pilot have in his/her possession or readily accessible in the aircraft? (14 CFR 61.3)
a. A pilot certificate (or special purpose pilot authorization) b. A photo identification c. A medical certificate (with certain exceptions as provided in 14 CFR 61.3)
What aircraft are required to have 100-hour inspections?
a. All aircraft under 12,500 lbs (except turbojet/turboprop multi-engine airplanes and turbine powered rotorcraft), used to carry passengers for hire b. Aircraft used for flight instruction for hire, when provided by the person giving the flight instruction.
State two basic ways that fog may form.
a. Cooling air to the dew point. b. Adding moisture to the air near the ground.
Explain how a pilot determines if an aircraft conforms to its approved type design and is in a condition for safe operation.
a. For type design, a pilot must determine that the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations have been performed in accordance with 14 CFR Parts 21, 43, and 91 and that the aircraft is registered in the US. The pilot does this by ensuring that all required inspections, maintenance, preventive maintenance, repairs and alterations have been appropriately documented in the aircraft's maintenance records. b. For safe operation, the pilot conducts a thorough preflight inspection of the aircraft for wear and deterioration, structural damage, fluid leaks, tire wear, inoperative instruments and equipment, etc. If an unsafe condition exists or inoperative instruments or equipment are found, the pilot uses the guidance in 14 CFR 91.213 for handling the inoperative equipment.
During your preflight planning, what type of meteorological information should you be aware of with respect to icing?
a. Location of fronts -- A front's location, type, speed, and direction of movement b. Cloud layers -- The location of cloud bases and tops, which is valuable when determining if you will be able to climb above icing layers or descend beneath those layers into warmer air; reference PIREPs and area forecasts c. Freezing level(s) -- Important when determining how to avoid icing and how to exit icing conditions if accidentally encountered d. Air temperature and pressure -- Icing tends to be found in low-pressure areas and at temperatures at or around freezing
Name several types of fog.
a. Radiation fog b. Advection fog c. Upslope fog d. Frontal fog or precipitation-induced fog e. Steam fog
What factors must be present for a thunderstorm to form?
a. Sufficient water vapor b. An unstable lapse rate c. An initial upward boost (lifting) to start the storm process in motion
What types of weather information will you examine to determine if wind shear conditions might affect your flight?
a. Terminal forecasts -- any mention of low level wind shear (LLWS) or the possibility of severe thunderstorms, heavy rain showers, hail, and wind gusts suggest the potential for LLWS and microbursts. b. METARs -- inspect for any indication of thunderstorms, rain showers, or blowing dust. Additional signs such as warming trends, gusty winds, cumulonimbus clouds, etc., should be noted. c. Severe weather watch reports, SIGMETs, and convective SIGMETs -- severe convective weather is a prime source for wind shear and microbursts d. LLWAS (low level windshear alert system) reports -- installed at 110 airports in the US; designed to detect wind shifts between outlying stations and a reference centerfield station. e. PIREPs -- reports of sudden airspeed changes on departure or approach and landing corridors provide a real-time indication of the presence of wind shear
For an aircraft to be considered airworthy, what two conditions must be met?
a. The aircraft must conform to its type design (type certificate). This is attained when the required and proper components are installed consistent with the drawings, specifications, and other data that are part of the type certificate. Conformity includes applicable supplemental type certificate(s) (STC) and field-approval alterations. b. The aircraft must be in a condition for safe operation, referring to the condition of the aircraft in relation to wear and deterioration.
What are the requirements to remain current as a private pilot? (14 CFR 61.56, 61.57)
a. Within the preceding 24 months, accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review. b. To carry passengers, a pilot must have made, within the preceding 90 dats-- -three takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of flight controls of an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a type rating is required, of the same type -if the aircraft is a tailwheel airplane, the landings must have been made to a full stop in an airplane with a tailwheel -if operations are to be conducted during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise, with passengers on board, the PIC must have, within the preceding 90 days, made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during that period in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type is required), of aircraft to be used. Note: Takeoffs and landing required by this regulation may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device that is approved by the Administrator and used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a certificated training center.
What logbook entry information is required of the person performing preventive maintenance? (14 CFR 43.3)
All pilots who maintain or perform preventive maintenance must make an entry in the maintenance record of the aircraft. The entry must include a description of the work, the date of completion of the work performed, and an entry of the pilot's name, signature, certificate number, and type of certificate held.
What documents are required on board an aircraft prior to flight? (14 CFR 91.203, 91.9)
Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Radio Station License (if operating outside of US) Operating Limitations--AFM/POH and supplements, placards, markings Weight and balance data (current) Compass Deviation Card External Data Plate/Serial Number Exam Tip: During the practical test your evaluator may with to examine the various required aircraft documents (ARROW) during the preflight inspection, as well as the currency of any aeronautical charts, EFB data, etc. on board the aircraft. Prior to the test, verify that all of the necessary aircraft documentation, on-board databases and charts are current and available.
What is a "ridge?"
A ridge (also called a ridge line) is an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure. Air moving out of a high or ridge depletes the quantity of air; therefore, these are areas of descending air. Descending air favors dissipation of cloudiness; hence the association of high pressure and good weather.
What is an experimental airworthiness certificate?
A special airworthiness certificate in the experimental category is issued to operate an aircraft that does not have a type certificate or does not conform to its type certificate yet is in a condition for safe operation. Additionally, this certificate is issued to operate a primary category kit-built aircraft that was assembled without the supervision and quality control of the production certificate holder.
What is a supplemental type certificate?
A supplemental type certificate (STC) is the FAA's approval of a major change in the type design of a previously approved type certificated product. The certificate authorizes an alteration to an airframe, engine, or component that has been granted an approved type certificate. Sometimes alterations that are made that are not specified or authorized in the TCDS. When that condition exists, an STC will be issued. STCs are considered a part of the permanent records of an aircraft, and should be maintained as part of that aircraft's logs.
What is a "trough?"
A trough (also called a trough line) is an elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure. At the surface when air converges into a low, it cannot go outward against the pressure gradient, nor can it go downward into the ground: it must go upward. Therefore, a low or trough is an area of rising air. Rising air is conductive to cloudiness and precipitation; hence the general association of low pressure and bad weather.
What are the two types of ADs?
ADs are divided into two categories: Those of an emergency nature requiring immediate compliance prior to further flight, and those of a less urgent nature requiring compliance within a specified period of time.
What is advection fog, and where is it most likely to form?
Advection fog results from the transport of warm humid air over a cold surface. A pilot can expect advection fog to form primarily along coastal areas during the winter. Unlike radiation fog, it may occur with winds, cloudy skies, over a wide geographic area, and at any time of the day or night.
Describe some of the responsibilities an aircraft owner has pertaining to aircraft documents, maintenance, and inspections of the aircraft?
Aircraft owners must: a. Have a current airworthiness certificate and aircraft registration in the aircraft. b. Maintain the aircraft in an airworthy condition including compliance with all applicable Airworthiness Directives. c. Ensure maintenance is properly recorded. d. Keep abreast of current regulations concerning the operation of the aircraft. e. Notify the FAA Civil Aviation Registry immediately of any change of permanent mailing address, or of the sale or export of the aircraft, or of the loss of citizenship. f. Have a current FCC radio station license if equipped with radios, including emergency locator transmitter (ELT), if operated outside of the United States
During the preflight inspection in an aircraft that doesn't have a MEL, you notice that an instrument or equipment item is inoperative. Describe how you will determine if the aircraft is still airworthy for flight. (14 CFR 91.213(d))
I will ask myself the following questions to determine if I can legally fly the airplane with the inoperative equipment item: a. Are the inoperative instruments or equipment part of the VFR-day type certification? b. Are the inoperative instruments or equipment listed as "Required" on the aircraft's equipment list or "Kinds of Operations Equipment List (KOEL)" for the type of flight operation being conducted. c. Are the inoperative instruments or equipment required by 14 CFR 91.205, 91.207 or any other rule of 14 CFR Part 91 for the specific kind of flight operation being conducted? (For example, VFR, IFR, day, night) d. Are the inoperative instruments or equipment required to be operational by an AD. If the answer is "Yes" to any of these questions, the aircraft is not airworthy and maintenance is required before I can fly. If the answer is "No" to any of these questions, then the inoperative instruments or equipment must be removed (by an A&P) from the aircraft, or deactived and placarded "Inoperative"
How are special flight permits obtained
If a special flight permit is needed, assistance and the necessary forms may be obtained from the local FSDO or Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR).
State the general characteristics in regard to the flow of air around high and low pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere.
Low pressure -- inward, upward, and counterclockwise High pressure -- outward, downward, and clockwise
What privileges and limitations apply to a private pilot? (14 CFR 61.113)
No person who hold a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft. A private pilot-- a. May act as PIC of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if it is only incidental to that business or employment and does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire. b. May not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees c. May act as PIC of a charitable, nonprofit, or community even flight described in 14 CFR 91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of that regulation d. May be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of local, state, or Federal agencies or organizations that conduct search and location operations. e. May demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer if the private pilot is an aircraft salesman and has at least 200 hours of logged flight time. f. May act as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, provided they meet the requirements of 14 CFR 21.190
The annual inspection for your aircraft is now due and you ask several friends that fly with you regularly to contribute money to help you pay for the inspection. Do the regulations allow for these contributions? (14 CFR 61.113)
No. A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata (proportional) share of operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures or rental fees. Note: The regulation applies to "the operating expenses of a flight," and does not allow for the sharing of fixed or long term operating costs of the airplane with passengers.
Does an airworthiness certificate have an expiration date?
No. A standard airworthiness certificate remains valid for as long as the aircraft meets its approved type design, is in a condition for safe operation, and the maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with 14 CFR Part 21, 43, and 91.
You have not kept up with logging each of your recent flights. Are you in violation of any regulation? (14 CFR 61.51)
No. You're only required to document and record the training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review, and the aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight experience requirements.
