Programming: Advanced Topics

Analytical engine (1830-1840)

Driven by wooden punch cards. Only designed on paper. Difference engine. Had a store function to hold numbers, was fed instructions by wooden punched cards similar to loom cards, and capable of modern functions of branching, looping, iterations, and more, such as separation of storage, milling calculations, and sequential order of operations.

Transformative

taking the original copyrighted work and changes its appearance or nature so that the use no longer qualifies as a copyright infringement.

paraphrase

using your own words to tell what you have read, heard, or seen. paraphrasing does not require quotations but must be cited.

Charles Babbage

1791-1871, designed first computer but did not build it. he was a mathematical engineer. He designed three computers from plans.

How did the definition of computer change over time. 1869

A device or machine for performing or facilitating calculations. Machinery used by and made by a human

Procedure

A method that stores an algorithm, a task to be accomplished

How the definition of computer changed over time. 1613

A person who makes calculations or computations. A person who did math

Variable

A programming word made up of letters, numbers, and/or allowable symbols which holds data for the program

Bones

Calculating too reducing which turned multiplication into addition and division into subtraction using rods; Napier

string

Characters

How did the definition of computer change over time. 1945

Electronic device used to store, manipulate, and communicate information perform complex calculations, or control or regulate other devices or machines, and is capable of receiving information (data) and of processing it in accordance with variable procedural instructions (programs or software)... Machinery that does the calculations and is made by humans.

Stepped Reckoner

First calculator to add, substract, multiply, and divide; Liebniz

How did babbages' analytical engine parallel the modern day computer.

Input and output methods were also available. This parallels different output the modern day computer with memory, computer processor, and output modes.

integer

Numbers that are whole numbers or numbers without a fractional part. All the numbers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...

decimal

Numbers with a fractional part to the right of the decimal point. Example 24.56 or -32.0671

Difference engine (1821)

One of the three computers babbage designed from his plans. It was 8 feet high, 4 tons, 25000 parts. It was never finished. Only mad a small part of it so he would know if it would work. He used the decimal system

What are the three types of methods?

Procedures, Functions, and Properties

Slide Rule

Quicker method for computing answers to logarithmic calculations; Napier

RAM

Random Access Memory; memory in a computer is volatile.

ROM

Read Only Memory; programmed from the factory with information to boot your computer when you turn on the "on" button, including the BIOS. this memory is not erased when the computer is turned off; nonvolatile.

control in a while loop

The one thing you put in place of true. next to while

Difference engine definition

They are called this because they solved polynomials using difference in mathematics rather than using multiplication and division properties

Charles Babbage

Who is the father of computers?

because they are made by humans. Computer mistakes are a result of human error.

Why are computers not perfect?

While loop

Will continue to run until its condition turns to false

infographic

a collection of imagery, charts, and minimal text that gives an easy-to-understand overview of a topic.

Function

a combination of variables and operators

word processor

a computer program that checks for correct spelling and formatting of words and sentences with special features of images, tables, charts, headings, sections and more

Each array has what

a data type designation of either decimal, integer, boolean, string, or object. fixed length based on the amount of information that was entered when the array was designed

decision statement

a decision, a choice, a branch must be taken based on the truth of the statement.

Trademark

a design used by an organization on its letterhead, advertising material, and signs as an emblem by which the organization can easily be recognized.

copyright

a form of protection provided by the laws of the united states or other countries for "original works of authorship.

digital

a format readable by a computer

artifact

a human creation providing documentation of a topic

Computer artifact

a human creation providing documentation of a topic in digital form.

high level language source code

a language that uses words of your language and math concept. ALICE

method

a list of instructions that can be called an used over and over again throughout the program.

array

a list of like values. a way of grouping the items together and organizing them.

Infinite loop

a loop condition that has no end within. Does not end until the program is forcibly stopped running or memory in the computer runs out whichever is first.

image

a picture

text editor

a program providing a basic document with cut, paste, undo, and redo functions

Method

a set of instructions telling a computer the operations to perform for a problem solution

Algorithm

a set of steps or processes to solve a problem

Count loop

a special loop that counts to the number that you tell it and does all the instructions the number of times you indicate

Conditional

a statement of truth. A choice, based on a truth decision. In programming, a condition is a choice of whether the expression is true or false.

royalty

a sum of money paid to the author or composer for each copy sold.

logo

a symbol used by manufacturers or merchants to identify their products and distinguish them from others.

if statement

a type of algorithm providing a solution to a small problem

Why variable types

a variable must be defined as a type so that the computer understands how to store the information that you would like.

Function and programmer

allows the programmer to provide realistic movement of the objects within a scene by fine tuning how the object moves.

peer-to-peer file sharing

allows users to access shared files. examples are music, games, movies, books, and documents.

Function

an algorithmic method that provides an answer to a question. In alice a functional method is allowed access to internal parts of the object to allow for more fluid movement rather than sliding across the stage. The joint of a person object from the biped class has knee, elbow, finger and toe joints as well as head movement available and more.

abacus

an ancient counting device from Babylon

Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998

an anti-piracy statute effectively making it illegal to circumvent copy protections designed to prevent duplication of digital copyrighted works either for sale or free distribution.

spreadsheet

an organization of data which may be sorted and manipulated to provide interpretive analysis

"and" requirment

and requires the condition on both sides of the and to be true

what are Compile time errors found by

are found by the compiler or the IDE

BIOS

basic input output system; preprogrammed on your computer to operate the screen and keyboard.

plagiarism

copying a creative work as one's own without crediting the original author or obtaining authorization or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization or crediting the original creator.

intellectual property

creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images

variable types

decimal, integer, boolean, string

Asynchronous

events or objects not existing or happening at the same time. example is email.

synchronous

existing or occurring at the same time; like texting or phone conversation.

open access

free, unrestricted online availability to research outputs such as journal articles and books.

Attribution

giving credit to who originally developed the idea, image, etc. that you are using.

Runtime errors

happen during program execution. The program may or may not run the way we wish. The program may go off track from what we thought and totally "get lost". This error is not the computer's but again the programmer's. We find this out in Alice by telling Alice to "run" our program.

What are logic based statements symbolized by in math

if p then q: p is the hypothesis and the q is the conclusion or result

IDE

integrated development environment. Alice. a user-friendly programming environment called an application program

public domain

intellectual works that are not copyrighted and may be used without permission but should still be cited.

patent

legal document granted by the government, giving the inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention for a specified number of years.

Creative commons (CC)

licensing giving all creators or users a standardized way to grant the public access to their creative work under the copyright law.

Fair use

limited use of copyrighted works, without the permission of the owner, allowed for criticism and commentary, parody, news reporting, research and classroom instruction.

Abstraction

means that we as programmers do not need to know everything. We can accept that the procedure or function statement in Alice (also called methods) will work as designed by the programmers of these.

Logic Machines

mechanical machine implying computers may be able to do more than calculate; lull and later

nonvolatile memory

memory that is not erased when the computer is turned off, long term storage

Volatile memory

memory that which is used for quick processing and is gone when the computer is turned off.

Procedure

methods in Alice that provide the action or behavior an object can do. Access abstracted code written for sizing, moving, and orienting the object. Procedures are for positioning as well as working with the object

proprietary software

non-free computer software with the publisher or another person or entity retaining intellectual property rights.

low level language

often in binary form. Machine code. It is an abstraction

short circuit

on a compound condition the first condition will determine whether the second condition needs to be read and evaluated.

Tangible

perceptible by touch

Compile time errors

prevent the program from running. These bugs require the programmer to understand the hints of the programming environment as your write the code or read the error message that the compuler provides and then take action. This action is to correct the problem because the program will not be able to execute with any of the upfront errors found. Thus the name compile time errors.

Digital Rights Management (DRM)

prevents unauthorized redistribution of digital media and restricts the ways consumers can copy content they've purchased.

trade secrets

proprietary procedures, systems, devices, formulas, strategies or other information that is confidential and exclusive to the company using them.

iterations

repeating the process again and again, until something causes the process to stop

"or" requirement

requires only one condition on the two sides of the "or" to be true

SAM

sequential access memory; storage accessed sequentially; a cassette tape, a CD.

Web 2.0 tools

software applications of the internet that allows the user to go beyond just receiving information through the web; the user can interact and create content.

open source

software which is free to modify, change, and share due to public access.

Citation

the appropriate attribution to a reference

Count and iteration

the number of times that the loop occurs is the number of iterations of the procedure. We as the programmer write the inside of the loop, what is to happen each time the loop operates.

digitization

the process of converting print or other non-digital information into a digital format.

Iteration

to do again, a repetition of an existing process

To compile

to use a compiler for your program code, source code, and translate that code into machine language. Your program code is the source code. Machine language is also called object code or bytecode. An interpreter may further interpret the bytecode a line at a time for execution.

URL

uniform resource locator, the link in the browser bar giving the complete address to find the material needed on the internet

indentations

ways of grouping code together to create a body of statements that apply to a loop, the if side or else side of an if-else, or other control and decision statements, including count

Nested condition

when there is an if condition followed by another if condition

boolean ones and zeros

1 is true 0 is false

What are included with most IDE's?

1. An editor for the creation of source code. 2. a graphical user interface (GUI) 3. a compiler 4. a method to test and debug your program

Binary Code

A base two numbering system which is the native tongue of computers; Liebniz