Programming Intro terms
Client
A program or other method that uses the method
primitive data types
Are simple numbers and characters that are not class types
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
Programming model that focuses on an application's components and data and the methods you need to manipulate them
Parameter to a Method
a data item defined in a method header that accepts data passed into the method from the outside
Cohesion
a measure of how the internal statements of a method serve to accomplish the method's purpose
Functional cohesion
a measure of how the internal statements of a method serve to accomplish the method's purpose
Coupling
a measure of the strength of the connection between two program methods
Stack
a memory area that holds addresses to which methods should return
Recursive Method
a method that calls itself
While loop
a process continues while some condition continues to be true.
method
a program module that contains a series of statements that carry out a task
class client (class user)
a program or class that instantiates objects of another prewritten class
Abstract Data Type (ADT)
a programmer-defined type, such as a class
Implementation Hiding
a programming principle that describes the encapsulation of method details
class definition
a set of program statements that define the fields and methods for a class
class method
a static method; it is not an instance method, and it does not receive a this reference
user-defined type (programmer-defined type)
a type that is not built into a language but is created by an application's programmer
Argument to a Method
a value passed to a method in the call to the method
Passed By Value
a variable passed into a method;that is, a copy of its value is sent to the method and stored in a new memory location accessible to the method
A sequence structure can contain _______. a. any number of tasks b. exactly three tasks c. no more than three tasks d. only one task
a. any number of tasks
Attaching structures end to end is called ________. a. stacking b. untangling c. building d. nesting
a. stacking
Parameter List
all the data types and parameter names that appear in a method header
this reference
an automatically created variable that holds the address of an object and passes it to an instance method whenever the method is called
set method (mutator method)
an instance method that sets or changes the value of a data defined in a class
instantiation of a class
an instance or an object
Repetition and Iteration
are alternate names for a loop structure.
nonstatic methods
are methods that exist to be used with an object; they are instance methods and receive a this reference
Structured programs
are programs that do follow the the rules of structured logic.
Unstructured programs
are programs that do not follow the rules of structured logic.
Which of the following attributes do all three basic structures share _________. a. Their flowcharts all contain exactly three processing symbols. b. They all have one entry and one end point. c. They all contain a decision. d. They all begin with a process.
b. They all have one entry and one end point.
The statement while temperature remains below 60, leave the furnace on is an example of a ________. a. sequence b. loop c. dual-alternative selection d. single-alternative selection
b. loop
Snarled prgram logic is called _________ code. a. snake b. spaghetti c. string d. gnarly
b. spaghetti
The statement if age<13 then movieTicket= 4.00 else movieTicket= 8.50 is an exampleof a _________. a. sequence b. loop c. dual-alternative selection d. single-alternative selection
c. dual-alternative selection
When you input data in a loop within a program, the input statement that precedes the loop _________. a. is the only part of the program allowed to be undstructured b. cannot result in eof c. is called a priming input d. executes hundreds or even thousands of times in most business
c. is called a priming input
The three structures of structured programming are __________. a. sequence, order, and process b. selection, loop, and iteration c. sequence, selection, and loop d. if, else, and then
c. sequence, selection, and loop
class diagram
consists of a rectangle divided into three sections that show the name, data, and methods of a class
Method Body
contains all the statements in the method
Which is true of stacking structures. a. Two incidences of the same structure cannot be stacked adjacently. b. When you stack structures, you cannot nest them in the same program. c. Each structure has only one point where it can be stacked on top of another. d. When you stack structures, the top structure must be a sequence.
d. When you stack structures, the top structure must be a sequence.
The structure in which you ask a question, and, depending on the answer, take some action and then ask the question again, can be called all of the following __________. a. iteration b. loop c. repetition d. if-then-else
d. if-then-else
Placing a structure within another structure is called _________the structures. a. stacking b. untangling c. building d. nesting
d. nesting
The statement if age >= 65 then seniorDiscount= "yes" is an example of a _________. a. sequence b. loop c. dual-alternative selection d. single-alternative selection
d. single-alternative selection
Recursive Cases
describe the input values that cause a recursive method to execute again
class
describes a group or collection of objects with common attributes
Global
describes data items that are know to all methods in a program
Local
describes data items that are only known to the method in which they are declared
Passed By Reference
describes how values are accepted into a method when the method receives the actual memory address item. Arrays are passed by reference
Implementation
describes the body of a method or the statements that carry out the tasks of a method
Base Case/Terminating Case
describes the value that ends the repetition in a recursive method
End-structure statements
designate the ends of pseudocode structures.
IPO Chart
identifies and categorizes each item needed within the method as pertaining to input, processing, or output
Signature
includes a method's name and parameter list
Interface to a Method
includes the method's return type, name, and arguments; it is the part that a client sees and uses
Return Type
indicates the data type of the value that the method will send back to the location where the method call was made
Overloading
involves supplying diverse meanings for a single identifier
Structure
is a basic unit of programming logic; each structure is a sequence, selection, or loop.
Block
is a group of statements that executes as a single unit.
Goto-less programming
is a name to describe structured programming, because structured programmers do not use a "go to" statement.
get method (accessor method)
is an instance method that returns a value from a field defined in a class
if-then-else
is another name for a selection structure.
Spaghetti code
is snarled, unstructured program logic.
Stacking structures
is the act of attaching structures end to end.
Nesting structures
is the act of placing a structure within another structure.
Null case
is the branch of a decision in which no action is taken.
Priming input
is the statement that reads the first input data record prior to starting a structured loop.
Method Return Statement
marks the end of a method and identifies the point at which control returns to the calling method
fields
object attributes or data
Recursion
occurs when a method is defined in terms of itself
Loose Coupling
occurs when methods do not depend on others
Tight Coupling
occurs when methods excessively depend on each other; it makes programs more prone to errors
object
one tangible example of a class; it is an instance of a class
instance
one tangible example of a class; it is an object
instance method
operates correctly yet differently for each class object. An instance method is nonstatic and receives a this reference
Selection structure
or decision structure, you ask a question, and depending on the answer, you take one or two courses of action. Then, no matter which path you follow, you continue with the next task.
Dual-alternative ifs
or single-alternative selections, define one action to be taken when the tested condition is true and another action to be taken when it is false.
Single-alternatives ifs
or single-alternative selections, take action on just one branch of the decision.
work method (help method or facilitator)
performs tasks within a class
Method Header
precedes a method; includes the method identifier and possibly other necessary identifying information, such as a return type and parameter list
property
provides methods that allow you to get and set a class field value using a simple syntax
Overhead
refers to all the resources and time required by an operation
is-a relationship
relationship between an object and its class
Void Method
returns no value
private access
specifies that data or methods cannot be used by any method that is not part of the same class
public access
specifies that other programs and methods may use the specified data or methods within a class
Polymorphism
the ability of a method to act appropriately according to the context
access specifier
the adjective that defines the type of access outside classes will have to the attribute or methods within a class
Black Box
the analogy programmers use to refer to hidden method implementation details
Actual Parameters
the arguments in a method call
attributes
the characteristics that define an object
Information hiding (data hiding)
the concept that other classes should not alter an object's attributes -- only the methods of an object's own class should have that privilege
class's instance variable
the data components that belong to every instantiated object
Inheritance
the process of acquiring the traits of one's predecessors
Encapsulation
the process of combining all of an object's attributes and methods into a single package
state of an object
the set of all the values or contents of its instance variables
Formal Parameters
the variables in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual parameters
static methods
those for which no object needs to exist; they are not instance methods and they do not receive a this reference
Ambiguous Methods
those methods that the compiler cannot distinguish between because they have the same name and parameter types
instantiate an object
to create it
Overload a Method
to create multiple versions with the same name but different parameter lists.
Loop structure
you continue to repeat actions based on the answer to a question.
Sequence structure
you perform an action or task, and then you perform the next action, in order. A sequence can contain any number of tasks, but there is no option to branch off and skip any of the tasks.