Progress 1 Grammar

Both and neither

Use both or neither to compare two people or things. The meaning of both is positive and the meaning of neither is negative. Both of us had read hair. (оба) Neither of us be there. (ни одна из) both + plural verb ( Both of these girls are pretty) neither + singular verb (Neither of this books is interesting) When we name the two subjects, both is used with and. Neither is used with nor. BOTH Ceri AND Phil speak Spanish. NEITHER Ceri NOR Phil speak English.

Stative and dynamic verbs

Use dynamic verbs: - in either the simple or the continuous form - to describe an action Use stative verbs: - ONLY in the simple form, not usually in the continuous form - to describe emotions, opinions, the senses, and states that do not change Verbs: agree, appear, be, believe, belong, depend, cost, dislike, forget, hate, hear, have, know, love, like, matter, mean, need, own, prefer, realize, remember, need, prefer, realize, recognize, suppose, seem, think, understand, want, spend, wander Can be both stative and dynamic be feel see smell think

Verb patterns (verbs + doing) and (verbs +to do)

Verbs + doing 1) enjoy 2) finish 3) avoid (избегать) 4) imagine (представлять) 5) don't mind 6) spend time 7) to be fond of 8) to be keen on 9) to be crazy about 10) to be interested in Examples: He enjoys reading books. We spend much time walking. They avoided meeting with him. Verbs + to do 1) choose 2) hope 3) expect (ожидать) 4) would like (хотел бы) 5) decide 6) seem (казаться) 7) want 8) need 9) help 10) promise (обещать) Examples: We expected to visit that place. She wants to understand him. ! He seems to forget about it. - Он, кажется, забыл об этом. Both variants (оба варианта) love, like, hate, loathe I love walking/to walk... She hates doing the washing up/to do the washing up. ! stop (если цель - to do, если процесс - doing) For example, she stopped smoking - Она перестала курить, в значении - бросила. She stopped to smoke - Она остановилась, чтобы закурить.

Time linkers

- Use WHILE (continuous) , AS and WHEN to show that two actions happen at the same time. A black cat crossed my path while/as/when I was walking down the street. - Use THE MOMENT, AS SOON AS and WHEN to show that one action happens immidiately after another action. I crossed the road the moment/as soon as/when I saw the black cat. - Use BY THE TIME (past perfect) to show that one action happened before another. I'd had three different accidents by the time I got home.

Have (устойчивые)

- a look at something - a talk/chat with someone - a meeting - fun/have a good time/have a blast - a party - a baby - a problem - difficulty/trouble - a good/bad day - breakfast/lunch/dinner/coffee/a drink/a sandwich - surgery/an operation - an effect/influence/impact

Present Perfect (have/has + Ved/V3)

- to talk about past actions when the time is not stated. The ivent happened in the past, but the time is not important. We often use Pr Perf to talk about general experience. - with certain time expressions, e.g. ever, never, already, yet, since, just, recently, so far, for - to talk about actions in the past that happened in a period of time which is unfinished (ex: during the last few months, in the last two years, over the last few month etc.) - для описания действия, которое началось какое-то время назад и продолжается до настоящего момента. Есть связь с настоящим - I have lived here since 2005. - если есть результат в настоящем - She has cut her finger (она порезала палец. У неё сейчас течёт кровь. Ей больно и т.д.) Разница между Present Perfect and Past Simple в том, что для описания первого нет определённого конкретного момента в прошлом, но есть связь с настоящим, в Past Simple - есть конкретный момент в прошлом, но нет связи с настоящим!

Past Simple (I/you/we/they/he/she/it + Ved/V2) c to be + I was at the cinema last weekend. - I was not at the cinema last weekend. ? Was I at the cinema last weekend? were with plural did в отрицаниях и вопросах с правильными и неправильными глаголами

- with question that ask about the time of an event , we ask when the event happened (when did you last catch a taxi?) - to talk about past actions when you know when the event happened - with certain time expressions, e.g. yesterday, last week,month,year,Tuesday one night, the last time, when, ago, in 1990 (we say when the event happened) - to talk about actions in the past that happened at a finished time - Действие произошло в прошлом. Важен факт совершения действия.

Present Continuous to be (am/is/are + Ving)

1) Для описания действия, происходящего в настоящий момент - в момент речи + для описания временного действия не на момент речи, а на определённый период времени (I'm studying French at university- Я изучаю французский в университете - определённый период времени, время настоящее, но не описывающее данный момент. Это временное действие, не постоянное. Это действие закончится примерно через 5 лет. Можно заменить на Present Simple - I study French at university) 2) для описания запланированных событий!!! (I'm flying to my parents this week/next week - Я лечу к родителям на этой/следующей неделе - действие запланировано, уже билеты куплены, всё оговорено и т.д.) Индикаторы: now (сейчас) at present (в настоящее время) at the moment (в/на данный момент) Look! (Смотри!) Listen! (Слушай!) сurrently (в настоящее время, теперь) tonight (сегодня вечером) this week (на этой неделе) this year (в этом году)

Reported speech

1. Statements and tense shift (D --> InD) Simple Present --> Simple Past Present Continuous --> Past Continuous Simple past --> Past Perfect Present Perfect --> Past Perfect Future Tense --> Future in the past Present Perfect Continuous --> Past Perfect Continuous Conditional (Future possible) --> Conditional (Present unreal) Conditional (Present unreal) --> Present unreal 2. The shift of time indicators (D --> InD) this - - that these - - those now - - then today - - that day tomorrow - - the next day the day after tomorrow - - two days later yesterday - - the day before the day before yesterday - - two days before ago - - before next year - - the next year, the following year here - - there 3. Reported Requests/Commands When we put direct commands or requests into indirect speech we usually follow the below structure: a. We use introductory verbs: order, ask, tell, want and request, etc. b. We use indirect objects after those introductory verbs. c. The command or request in direct speech takes the infinitive form. Direct: He said "Exercise regularly." Indirect: He asked me/ wanted me/ told me/ requested to exercise regularly. 4. Indirect Speech Exclamations Exclamations become statements in indirect speech. Direct: Shannon said, "What a pity!" Indirect: Shannon said that it was a pity. Direct: Hanna said, "Oh! It is impossible!" Indirect: Hanna said that it was impossible. 5. Reported Questions Grammar: a. We use introductory verbs like ask, wonder, want to know, inquire... b. We change the interrogative word-order to statement word-order. c. All the other changes in reported speech still apply. Feng: How old is your cousin? Feng asked me how old my cousin was. Her Mother: Do you smoke? Her mother asked me if I smoked. 6. Questions With Question Words If the direct question begins with a question word like how much, where, when, how, which, why, whose, what etc., we repeat the same question word in the indirect speech. Direct : She said, "How is your brother?" Indirect: She asked me how my brother was. Direct : Lea said, "why did you cry?" Indirect: Lea asked why I had cried. 7. General questions General questions are converted into indirect speech using "if" or "whether". Direct : The doctor told me, "Does your father drink wine?" Indirect: The doctor asked me if my father drank wine. Direct: He wanted to know, "Did you tell the truth to the police?" Indirect: He wanted to know if I had told the truth to the police.

Used to

1. используется для описания прошлых привычек или ситуаций, которые сейчас не актуальны #We used to live in London. (but now we live in Warsaw) 2. Возможно употребить past simple + a lot вместо used to They used to go out a lot = They went out a lot 3. Невозможно использование used to для описания прошедших однократных действий и действий в настоящем. We moved in 2002. 4. never used to - разговорный вариант английского языка (отрицательные предложения) + I/we/you/they/he/she/it used to smoke. - I/we/you/they/he/she/it didn't use to/never used to smoke. ? Did I/we/you/they/he/she/it use to smoke?

Articles

A/an Only singular countable nouns! -In general (can be replaced with one/any) - I need a new dress. -With the verbs to be and have got - Jane has got a cat. It's a Simese. - Before Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms as an UNKNOWN person - A Mr Bell is waiting for you. - Price in relation to weight/distance to time/frequency - One pound a kilo/30 km an hour/ 3 days a week - We use SOME instead of a/an with uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns. - We bought some chocolate and some walnuts. The Both singular and plural nouns! - To talk about something specific (can be replaced with this/these/that/those) - I have a motorcycle. The motorcycle is brand new. - To talk about a group of people /animals/things/ through its representative - The tiger has a reputation of being a man-eater. - With the names of musical instruments and dances. - The guitar/ the foxtrot - With the words morning/afternoon/evening (but at night, at noon, at midnight, by day/night) - With the words beach/station/cinema/theatre/coast/country(side)/ground/jungle/seaside/weather/world/shop/librery/city/sea - Unique objects (the sun) - Historical periods and events (the ice age, the vietnam war) but World War II - With the names of families - With titles without proper names (The prince but Prince Charles) - Nationalities in a plural form (the egyptians) - When we use word language (the English language) - Expression (What is THE Spanish for Hallo?) - Buildings (cinemas/theatres/restaurants/pubs/shops/hotels/museums/galleries/newspapers/magazines/libraries/organizations/ships) - Water (rivers, seas, oceans, canals, channels, straits, lakes) BUT zero with bays and when the noun lake before name (Lake Ladoga) - Groups of mountains and islands - Deserts/plains/valleys (but Death Valley an Silicon Valley) - with the names of regions and compass points - with the names of countries when they include words such as State, Kingdom, REpublic etc. - With names of nouns with "of" - The Houses of Parliament Zero - With uncountable and plural nouns when talking about something in general (can be replace with any) - Cats love fish. - With abstract uncountable nouns - The place smelled of dust. - With the words bed/church/college/court/hospital/prison/school/university when we refer to the purpose for which they exist - He studies at school (but We stood near the school (building) and looking at her windows) - With the word work (=place of work) - I have to be at work early tomorrow morning. - With the words home/father/mother whe we talk about our own ones - With by + means of transport - With seasons (the is also possible) - With the names of meals and drinks - With the names of sports/games/activities - illnesses - with names, surnames, nicknames - When we notuse word language (English is beautiful ) - Open spaces (streets/squares/parks/bridges/railway stations) BUT The high Street, The Strand, The Golden Gate Bridge/ The Bridge of Sighs - With names of pubs/restaurants/shops/banks/hotels named after the people who started them, and ending in -s or -'s (Harrods/Luigi's Restaurant) - With two-words names when the first word is the name of a person or a place (Heathrow airport, Windsor Castle) - Individual mountains and islands - With the names of countries (Belarus, France BUT the Lebanon/ the Netherlands/ the Cameroon/ the Senegal/ the Congo) - With the names of cities and towns (london, Madrid BUT the Hague) - with continents

Adverbs of frequency ( наречия частоты/частотности)

Beginning: - often - sometimes - usually - rarely (но чаще в середине) - once in a while - every day/week - last year/month - occasionally Middle: - never - often - sometimes - usually - rarely - always - hardly ever - occasionally End: - Often - (используется в крайнем случае, если говорящий забыл упомянуть его ранее) - sometimes - (используется в крайнем случае, если говорящий забыл упомянуть его ранее) - once in a while - every day/week - last year/month - occasionally

Modal verbs

Can - possible/allowed (возможно/разрешено) can't/mustn't - not possible/not allowed (невозможно/не разрешено) have to/must - necessary (необходимо, вынужден, неизбежно) don't have to (=don't need to) - not necessary (нет необходимости, можно, но необязательно) may/might - probably (вероятно, возможно) will/won't (will not) - a strong prediction about the future (уверенный прогноз на будущее) should - a piece of advice, recommendation (совет, рекомендация)

Prepositions "On," "At," and "In"

On Used to express a surface of something: • I put an egg on the kitchen table. • The paper is on my desk. Used to specify days and dates: • The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays. • I was born on the 14th day of June in 1988. Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: • He is on the phone right now. • She has been on the computer since this morning. • My favorite movie will be on TV tonight. Used to indicate a part of the body: • The stick hit me on my shoulder. • He kissed me on my cheek. • I wear a ring on my finger. Used to indicate the state of something: • Everything in this store is on sale. • The building is on fire. At Used to point out specific time: • I will meet you at 12 p.m. • The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m. Used to indicate a place: • There is a party at the club house. • There were hundreds of people at the park. • We saw a baseball game at the stadium. Used to indicate an email address: • Please email me at [email protected]. Used to indicate an activity: • He laughed at my acting. • I am good at drawing a portrait. In Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year: • She always reads newspapers in the morning. • In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks. • The new semester will start in March. Used to indicate a location or place: • She looked me directly in the eyes. • I am currently staying in a hotel. • My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California. Used to indicate a shape, color, or size: • This painting is mostly in blue. • The students stood in a circle. • This jacket comes in four different sizes. Used to express while doing something: • In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times. • A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product. Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling: • I believe in the next life. • We are not interested in gambling.

Future tenses (plans, predictions, present tenses in future)

PLANS Present Continuous - наши планы конкретны, все четко спланировано, все приготовления сделаны (ближайшее будущее) We're getting the two o'clock flight from Minsk. going to + infinitive - мы выражаем намерения, но есть сомнения в осуществлении, так как ничего конкретно еще не спланировано (далекие планы) We're going to get some brochures tomorrow. Future Simple - незапланированное будущее, может случиться. может не случиться, практически равносильно want (probably, possibly, perhaps) We haven't made any plans yet, we'll probably decide what to do when the others arrive tomorrow. We can't use going to with come and go. In this situation we use only Present Cont. PREDICTIONS going to + infinitive - если у нас уже есть опыт и мы прогнозируем исходя из него It's going to rain later this morning. (There are black clouds in the sky) will + infinitive - мы предполагаем, но не имеем соответствующего опыта We can often use both of varians becaus eof our experience You'll really enjoy the trip. You're really going to enjoy the trip. We never use Pr.Cont for predictions. PRESENT TENSES IN FUTURE TIME CLAUSES We use a present tense to talk about future time after conjunctions like if, when, after, before, as soon as and once. We often use will in the main clause of the sentense. AS SOON AS everybody gets here, the catch WILL leave. We will have lunch after we get to Dalkey. Sentenses which include if, a present tense to talk about future and will in the main clause are often described as first conditional sentenses. We use Present Perfect if we want to emphasize completion of a future action. ONCE we HAVE SEEN the castle, we'll visit some of the pubs.

Past continuous I/he/she/it + was + Ving we/you/they + were +Ving

Past Continuous показывает действие, которое длилось в определенное время или на протяжении какого-то времени в прошлом. Оно указывает на процесс и продолжительность действия. Действие длительное, не быстрое и не короткое. Индикаторы: at ... o'clock yesterday/last Monday from ... till ... yesterday (с ... по ... вчера) between ... and ... (между ... и ...) the whole evening/day/week while (в то время как, пока)

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs have two parts: a verb and a particle, e.g. get by, set out SEPARABLE phrasal verbs: - with some phrasal verbs, the object can come either before or after the particle He sorted out the problem. He sorted the problem out. - If the object is a pronoun, e.g. him, her, it, the object always comes before the particle. He sorted it out. NOT He sorted out it. INSEPARABLE phrasal verbs - with some phrasal verbs, the verb and the particle always come together, so the object always comes after the particle They looked after the bear cub. They looked after it.

Purpose, cause and result

Purpose (Цель) 1) to (the infinitive) I went to the shop to buy some milk. (Я пошёл в магазин, чтобы купить молока.) 2) in order to (infinitive)/in order not to (infinitive) She came back in order to start a new life.(Она вернулась, чтобы начать новую жизнь) We arrived earlier in order not to miss the train. (Мы приехали пораньше, чтобы не опоздать на поезд.) 3) so that + subject (подлежащее)+ verb I'll cook so that you'll relax. (Я приготовлю, чтобы ты могла отдохнуть). Cause (причина) because + subject + verb I left work because I hated the job. (Я ушёл с работы, потому что ненавидел эту работу.) Because we don't eat meat, we buy a lot of fish. (Так как мы не едим мясо, мы покупаем много рыбы). Result (следствие) So + subject + verb It rained so we went inside. (Шёл дождь, поэтому мы зашли внутрь). I forgot my wallet so I didn't have any money. (Я забыла кошелёк, поэтому у меня не было денег).

passive voice

Short rule: 1. Use the PV to put the focus on the person or thing affected by the action. 2. Use the passive when one or more of these is true: The person or thing that did the action: - isn't obvious - is unknown - isn't important - isn't the main focus 3. Use the PV to bring the object of the verb to the beginning of the sentence. 4. Use the passive to make certain written texts impersonal or formal. We use the terms active voice and passive voice to talk about ways of organising the content of a clause: Cambridge University Press published this book. (active) This book was published by Cambridge University Press. (passive) The active voice is the typical word order. We put the subject (the topic or the theme) first. The subject is the 'doer' or agent of the verb: Edward Barnes designed these houses in the 1880s. (active) In the passive, the person or thing that the action was done to becomes the topic or theme. We can leave out the 'doer' or agent, or we can place the 'doer' in a prepositional phrase (by + 'doer'): These houses were designed in the 1880s. (passive without agent) These houses were designed in the 1880s by Edward Barnes. (passive + by + agent) We use the passive when we want to change the focus of a clause, or if the doer of the verb is not important or not known or if we do not want to say who the doer is. Passive: forms Be + -ed The most common passive structure is be + -ed form: Five million people watch the show every week. (active present simple of watch) The show is watched by five million people every week. (passive present simple of be + -ed form of watch) Tenses and the passive We use passive forms of tenses in the same way as we use their active equivalents. For example, we use the present simple in the passive to talk about general or permanent states, or general facts we think are true at the present time: Mr Lloyd and Mrs James teach Geography. (present simple active) Geography is taught by Mr Lloyd and Mrs James. (present simple passive) We don't often use perfect continuous forms (have/has been being + -ed form) in a passive structure. We usually find a way to reword sentences like this. Compare The house has been being renovated for almost a year. (not common, we usually avoid this form) They have been renovating the house for almost a year. (preferred form) See also: Verbs and the passive We can form passive structures with verbs that are followed by an object (transitive verbs) and some clauses where the verb is followed by a preposition: My favourite mug was broken. (Someone broke my favourite mug.) Their car was broken into and the radio was taken. (Someone broke into their car and took their radio.) The holiday hasn't been paid for yet. (No one has paid for the holiday yet.) We can't make passive forms from verbs which do not have objects (intransitive verbs): The parcel arrived in the post this morning. Not: The parcel was arrived ... We don't usually use the passive with some verbs that describe a state or situation (state verbs): They were having lunch. Not: Lunch was being had. Some verbs are more common in the passive than the active voice. These include be born, be populated, be stranded, be taken aback: Where were you born? Thousands of passengers have been stranded at airports all over Europe after heavy snowfalls. Verbs with two objects When verbs have two objects, either object can be the theme or subject of the passive structure, depending on what we want to focus on: Her mother gave each child a present. (active) A present was given to each child (by her mother). (passive) Each child was given a present (by her mother). (passive) Linking verbs We don't form passive structures with verbs like be, become, seem where the complement of the verb refers back to the subject (linking verbs): After six years of training she has finally become a doctor. Passives with an agent We use the preposition by to introduce the doer or the agent of the action. We use this structure when the agent is important: Mr Ward has been arrested by the FBI. The community was destroyed by a flood in 1862. When the subject of the passive clause is not the real agent of the verb, we use other prepositions in passive structures: I'd been decorating the bedroom and I was covered in paint. (Paint isn't the real agent; I am the agent; I was painting.) When the doer or agent of the action is an instrument, we use with: The door was smashed open with a hammer. Passives without an agent Passive structures without an agent are very common. We use these structures when an agent is not important, or is unknown or obvious: All applications must be received before 31 July. The data was analysed and the results have just been published. I walked to work. The car's being repaired. It and there We often use an impersonal expression with it or there when the agent is not important: It was decided to charge £10 per ticket. It has been estimated that in Tanzania one elephant in three is an orphan. There were no comments given about the proposal and no decisions made. (No comments were given ... no decisions were made.) Passive: uses Using the passive allows the speaker or writer to make choices about what is important. We use the passive for different reasons. We sometimes use it to give focus to something. We can also use it because we don't know the identity of the 'doer' or because it's not important to know who or what did the action. In addition, we use it to be impersonal and create distance. We often use passives without agents in academic and technical contexts when the process or actions are more significant than who or what did them: A sample was taken and injected into a tube. In this study, children's eye movements were recorded while they listened to a series of messages. We often use passive forms of reporting verbs (believe, think, say, consider, find) to create distance from personal statements and focus more on impersonal processes: Police are looking for a man in his 30s. He is believed to be dangerous. In some cultures blowing your nose in public is considered impolite. When we want to give emphasis to something new, we can begin with something which is already known and put the newsworthy or important item at the end, where it can be stressed and given focus: A: That's a lovely chair. B: Yes, it's very old. It was given to me by my grandmother. I was made to feel very welcome by everyone. Passive: other forms Other structures that have passive characteristics are the get-passive and get/have something done: The windows got broken. (Someone broke the windows.) He's getting his hair coloured. (Someone is colouring his hair.) We had our wooden floors painted. (Someone painted our wooden floors.) We use these structures more commonly in speaking. They are similar to the passive because the agent of the action is not the subject. Passive: typical errors We don't form passive structures with intransitive verbs: She died. Not: She was died. We don't form passive structures with verbs that describe states: Those shoes don't suit the dress. Not: The dress isn't suited by those shoes. We use the past form of be + born to talk about someone's birth: She was born at home. Not: She is born at home.

similarities and differences

Similarities We can make short statements that begin with so and neither to show a similarity or agreement between what we think and a statement made by another person. We use SO after affirmative statement and we use NEITHER after a negative statement. I'm feeling tired - So am I She's got a cold - So have I They won't be happy - Neither will you He hasn't finished - Neither has she The auxiliary verb in the first statement is repeated in the statement that begins with so or neither. If the first statement is in the present simple, the second statement will include do/don't/does/doesn't. If the first statement is in the past simple, the second statement will include did/didn't. I like this place - So do I I didn't understand - Neither did I It is also possible to use too or neither after pronoun. He's Canadian - Me too. She's not well - Me neither. Differences When we want to say the opposite of another statement we use a pronoun followed by an auxiliary verb. We stress both the pronoun and the auxiliary verb. I can't swim - I can I'm not hungry - i am If the first statement is in the present simple, the second statement will include do/don't/does/doesn't. If the first statement is in the past simple, the second statement will include did/didn't. I don't like humburgers. - I do! He wants a divorce. - She doesn't! They arrived earlier. - You didn't!

Subject and object questions

This is the usual order in questions: Question word Auxiliary Subject Infinitive What does this country do for me? Subject questions (к подлежащему) When the question word (who, what, which or how many) is the subject of the question, you do not need an auxilliary verb (do, does or did) with the present simple and past simple. Subject Verb Who cares about these things? Object question If these question word is the object of a question, you use normal question word order with do, does or did Object Auxilliary Subject Infinitive Who does he work for?

Make, let and allow

We can use let+object+infinitive (without to) and allow+object+to+infinitive to talk about PERMISSION (разрешение) She lets her children do anything they want. The teacher allowed the students to ask questions. We can use make/made+object+infinitive (without to) to talk about OBLIGATION (обязательство) The company makes the staff work very hard. She made me do it again. We can use doesn't/didn't let+object+infinitive (without to) and doesn't/didn't allow+object+to+infinitive to talk about PROHIBITION (запрет, произносится без Н) They don't let me leave until five o'clock. They don't allow animals to come into the house.

Comparatives

We use comparatives to compare two things or people. We can make negative comparisons with LESS + adjective + than Orange juice is less popular than fizzy drinks. We can use negative superlatives with THE LEAST + adjective. Which shop is the least friendly? With big differences we use much, a lot, far and with small differences we use a little, slightly, a bit. Digital cameras are much more powerful these days. The shop now has a slightly wider range of goods. With short adjectives we usually add -er/-est fresh - fresher - the freshest When adjectives ends in -e, we add -r/-est wide - wider - the widest When an adjectives ends in -y after a consonant, we change the -y to -ier/-iest easy - easier - the easiest When an adjective with one syllable ends with a consonant after a vowel, we doubled the consonant big - bigger - the biggest With longer adjectives we add more/the most important - more important - the most important Exceptions: good - better - the best bad - worse - the worst far - further - the furthest The same thing: 1 the same as 2 as +adj + as 3 similar to Differences: 1 different from 2 not as + adj + as

Indirect questions

We use inderect question when we want to make polite enquiries. Indirect questions begin with introduction: Do you know...? Can you tell me...? Could you tell me...? Do you think you could tell me...? I wonder... I'd like to know... Examples: I'd like to know if I can buy a return ticket. Could you tell me if this is the right train for Dublin? Do you know what time the next train leaves? For yes/no questions we use if (or whether) after the introduction. In the second part of indirect questions we use normal sentense word order. Can you tell ma what time it arrives? NOT Can you tell me what time does it arrive?

Comparing nouns

We use more + noun + than to compare two things or people In the US, there are MORE CLASSROOM ADVERtiSEMENTS THAN in Europe. We use less/fewer + noun to make negative comparisons. Less - uncountable, fewer - plural (countable) nouns. HE does LESS WORK than his boss. We use the most/the least/the fewest + noun to compare more than two things or people. Who has THE MOST EXPERIENCE?

Past Perfect Simple (had + V3)

We use past perfect: - to talk about completed actions in the past that happened BEFORE other actions in the past He won the lottery with the first ticket he had bought for forty years ( = he boughe the ticket and than he won the lottery)

Describing people

What is she like? (= we are asking for a general description of the person) What does she look like? (=we are asking for a description of the person's appearance) What does she like? (=we are asking about the person's preferences or interests) She looks + adjective (intelligent) She looks like + noun (like a doctor) She looks as if/as though + phrase (as if shee needs a holiday)

Present Simple I/we/you/they + V he/she/it + Vs c to be + I am a student - I am not a student ? Are you a student? c have + She has many friends. - She doesn't have many friends. ? Does she have many friends? с остальными глаголами + She cooks well. -She doesn't cook well. ? Does she cook well?

Обозначает действие в настоящем в широком смысле слова. Оно употребляется для обозначения обычных, регулярно повторяющихся или постоянных действий, например, когда мы говорим о чьих-либо привычках, режиме дня, расписании и т. д., т. е. обозначает действия, которые происходят в настоящее время, но не привязаны именно к моменту речи. - to talk about facts and permanent situations Индикаторы: every day, every week , every year, every month, sometimes, always, often, usually, seldom, never, on Mondays/on Fridays... once a week, twice a year, at the weekend