Progressive Era 1890 - 1920
What are some examples of Wilson's "Banking" section of his Triple Wall of Privilege?
CAUSE: The banking and currency had been outgrown by the economy and banks were only centralized in large cities. EFFECT: Federal Reserve Act.
What are some examples of Wilson's "Trusts" section of his Triple Wall of Privilege?
CAUSE: Wilson was not pro-large business, trusts hurt the consumers. EFFECT: Clayton - Antitrust Act, Federal Trade Commission.
Lochner vs. New York
1905
Pure Food and Drug Act passed
1906
Taft's Term
1909 - 1913
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
1911
Teddy Roosevelt Runs as Progressive Candidate "Bull Moose" Party
1912
Wilson elected first term
1912
16th Amendment adopted
1913
17th Amendment adopted
1913
Wilson's Term
1913 - 1921
Federal Trade Commission established
1914
Wilson reelected
1916
Workingmen's Compensation Act
1916
What is the "Drunkard's Progress"?
A cartoon meant to advocate the temperance reform by the Progressives. It depicts the different stages of an alcoholic.
Roosevelt Tames the Trust Cartoon
A cartoon which shows Roosevelt killing and crushing bad trusts, while keeping the good trusts on a leash, but not killing them yet.
Muller vs. Oregon
A court case where a supervisor in Curt Muller's Grand Laundry asked a female employee to stay after hours to do another load of laundry. When she later complained to the authorities saying it made her work day more than ten hours (which was illegal), the supervisor was fined $10. However, he refused to pay and the case was taken all the way to the supreme court, where he was forced to pay his fine.
Het Hetchy Valley Photo
A photo of the San Francisco dam flooding the Het Hetchy Valley, even after John Muir and other preservationists fought for 7 years to prevent the dam.
Jacob Riis
A photojournalist and reporter for the New York Sun who published pictures and articles about the New York slums in his famous book "How the Other Half Lives".
Alice Paul
American suffragist and feminist who was one of the main leaders of the campaign for the 19th Amendment for women's suffrage.
Carrie Catt
American suffragist and feminist who was one of the main leaders of the campaign for the 19th Amendment for women's suffrage.
How were Progressives divided in helping African Americans?
Booker T. Washington, a black rights activist, argued that black's need for education and economic progress were the most important, and that they should focus on learning industrial skills for better wages. W.E.B. Du Bois, a black rights activist, argued that political and social rights were more important than economic independence.
What was the Cause and Effect of the Commissions and City Managers Reform?
CAUSE: City bosses were in charge of city departments (such as fire, police, sanitation, etc.). EFFECT: A reform where an expert manager was hired by an elected city council to direct the work of various departments of city government.
What was the Cause and Effect of the Social Welfare Program reforms?
CAUSE: Industrialization -> Immigrants + slums + working class, problems with conditions in factories and tenements, criminals + prisoners. EFFECT: reform movement started by settlement house workers, which lobbied for better schools, better conditions for criminals, divorce laws, safety regulations for factories and tenements and state legislatures in support of meeting the needs of immigrants and the working class.
What was the Cause and Effect of the Industrial Accident Insurance reforms?
CAUSE: Industrialization -> many factories with bad safety regulations. CAUSE: a reform to give insurance to factory workers.
What was the Cause and Effect of the Child and Women Labor reforms?
CAUSE: Industrialization -> women + children working in factories. EFFECT: a reform for compulsory school attendance, protecting women from long working hours and passing laws for safety and working conditions in factories.
What was the Cause and Effect of the Public Utilities Reform?
CAUSE: Industrializsation of city systems + private companies and city bosses owned city's public utility systems. EFFECT: The Public Utilities Reform, which resulted in many cities owning their own water systems, gas lines, power plants and transportation systems.
What was the Cause and Effect of the Constructing Playgrounds reforms?
CAUSE: Industrializtion -> children working in factories -> not playing outside. EFFECT: a reform for playgrounds to be made because children did not need to be in the sweat shops, but instead playing.
What are some examples of Wilson's "Tarrifs" section of his Triple Wall of Privilege?
CAUSE: Taft raised the tariff (Payne - Alrich Tariff), Wilson didn't like large businesses and tariffs help businesses. EFFECT: Underwood Tariff.
Australian Ballot
When: 1880's Who: Progressives What: a requirement of all voters to mark their choices secretly within a private booth. Why: (cause): Political parties and bosses could intimidate voters by printing tickets of the candidates they wanted and then bribing voters to drop them into the ballot box on election day, (effect): now bosses couldn't ever know who was voting for who, and couldn't watch to see if anyone actually put their tickets in.
Social Gospel
When: 1880's - 1890's Who: Protestant clergy, leader: Walter Rauschenbusch What: the idea of applying Christian principles to social problems. Why: (cause): settlement workers wanted to see changes in the urban poor areas, many older Protestants felt their central role in society had been replaced by industrialists & political machines, (effect): this linked Christianity to the Progressive reform movement and encouraged many middle class Protestants to attack urban problems.
Initiative
When: 1890's Who: Progressives What: a system where voters could directly propose legislation themselves Why: (cause): political bosses were buying state legislatures, Progressives wanted to undercut the party bosses, and Progressives wanted direct vote, (effect): now legislation was open to everyone, and the bosses didn't have legislation power anymore.
Newlands Act
When: 1902 Who: Roosevelt, Congress, What: Washington became authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and then use those funds for the development of irrigation projects. Why: (cause): Americans were wasting the natural resources, especially timber and minerals, the previous conservationists acts didn't make that much of a change (the Desert Act, the Forest Reserve Act, the Carey Act), Roosevelt wanted to preserve the areas, but at the same time gain some benefit, the national concern about the disappearing western frontier (it was a symbol of democracy + individualism) (effect): there became a revolving fund to finance more farm enterprises, Roosevelt gained the support of conservationists Progressives.
Northern Securities Case (trust busting)
When: 1902 Who: Roosevelt, J.P. Morgan, James J. Hill What: the trust-busting of a railroad company in the North. Why: (cause): Morgan and Hill wanted to make their company a railroad monopoly in the Northwest, (effect): So they went to the Supreme Court, where the judges held up Roosevelt's antitrust suit, and ordered the company dissolved, which angered big businesses and strengthened Roosevelt's reputation as a trust - smasher.
Recall
When: early 20th century Who: Progressives What: enabled the voters to remove faithless elected officials Why: (cause): Elected officials were being bribed by bosses and lobbyists, (effect): now, all elected officials had to do what the people wanted, not the bosses.
What was Woodrow Wilson's "Triple Wall of Privilege"?
tariffs, banking, trusts.
The Finishing Touch Cartoon
this cartoon depicts Wilson, wearing academic garb, and Roosevelt as the bull (bull moose party). Roosevelt (the bull) has already been injured with investigation of corrupt and controversies such as improper campaigning contributions from a previous election, while Wilson's campaign manager holds the cape.
16th Amendment
when: 1913 who: Taft, Congress what: authorized the U.S. government to collect an income tax.
17th Amendment
when: 1913 who: Taft, Congress, U.S. Senators what: requirement that all U.S. senators be elected by popular vote of the people.
18th Amendment
when: 1919 who: Wilson, Congress, what: prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
19th amendment
when: 1920 who: Wilson, Congress, feminists what: guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state and national level.
Who were muckrakers?
when: progressive era who: newspaper and magazine publishers + reporters what: writers which specialized in stories which featured in-depth, investigative stories, mainly about political and economic corruption scandals. why: (cause): many big businesses were practicing corrupt and controversial deals, (effect): companies became more aware of their public image, corporations developed public relations, and educated the public about corruption in high places and prepared the way for corrective action.
Roosevelt speech to Congress Quote
"We are prone to speak of the resources of this country as inexhaustible; this is not so. The mineral wealth of the country, the coal, iron, oil, gas, and the like, does not reproduce itself, and therefore is certain to be exhausted ultimately; and wastefulness in dealing with it to-day means that out descendants will feel the exhaustion a generation or two before they otherwise would." - A quote from Roosevelt in his annual message to Congress in 1907.
4 Sides of Roosevelt's Square Deal
1. Consumerism 2. Environment 3. Business 4. Labor
Sierra Club founded
1892
American Socialists Party Founded
1901
Roosevelt's Term
1901 - 1909
McKinley Assassinated, then Roosevelt takes over
1902
Muckraking begins with Tarbell and Steffens publications
1902
Teddy Roosevelt elected to Presidency
1904
What was the Cause and Effect of the Temperance reform?
CAUSE: city and political bosses meet at saloons, immigrants (like Catholics) drink a lot of alcohol and industrialization and urbanization brings more alcohol to the public, and men would go get drunk and then get a prostitute. EFFECT: a reform to get state legislatures to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages.
What are some examples of Teddy's "Conservation of Natural Resources"?
CAUSES: Industrialization, destruction of natural environment (especially in the west - western ranchers and timbermen were especially destructive). EFFECTS: Het Hetchy, Desert Land Act, Forest Reserve Act, Carie Act, Newlands Reclamation Act, National Conservation Commission.
What are some examples of Teddy's "Control of the Corporations"?
CAUSES: Laissez - Faire system, Capitalism, Railroads, Industrialization, Trusts, + Muckrakers. EFFECTS: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Department of Commerce and Labor.
What are some examples of Teddy's "Consumer Protection"?
CAUSES: Unadulterated foods + drugs, unsafe +unsanitary working conditions, "The Jungle" + muckrakers. EFFECT: Meat Inspection Act, FDA, consumers want competition.
What were Teddy Roosevelt's 3 C's?
Control of the corporations, Consumer protection, Conservation of natural resources.
What were the CITY reform movements?
Controlling public utilities, commissions and city managers, constructing playgrounds, reform redlight districts, expand highschools and replace corrupt political machines with more efficient systems of government.
Roosevelt & Taft Cartoon "My Policies"
During the election of 1908, Roosevelt said he was looking for someone to take his place who would carry out "my policies". The cartoon depicts Roosevelt leaving "my policies" in the hands of his successor, President Taft.
Who is Karl Marx?
He believed that if a socialists revolution would overthrow the proletariat, it would result in a classless society.
Gifford Pinchot
He was the chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry during Taft's term. Pinchot had been Roosevelt's right hand man, and advocated the philosophy of "rational use" of America's natural resources. When Taft dismissed Pinchot because criticized Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger for opening up public lands for corporation development, the Progressive wing of the Republicans turned against Taft.
Teddy Roosevelt vs. John Muir
In the early 1900's the federal government allowed San Francisco to build a dam for its water supply in the Het Hetchy Valley. This laid a division between conservationists and preservationists. John Muir, a naturalists & preservationists in the Sierra Club, believed the valley should be untouched by humanity. Teddy Roosevelt, a conservationists, believed that is was smart to use the nation's natural elements to their advantage, not to let them go to waste.
Roosevelt & Taft Yarn Ball Cartoon
In this cartoon, Roosevelt is watching Taft struggle with the demands of the government, such as tariff reforms.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Morgue
In this photo, family members are at the morgue to identify the bodies of victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in 1911.
What is the Pyramid of Capitalist System?
It was a poster aimed to attract subscribers to the "Industrial Worker" newspaper, a newspaper meant for the industrial workers of the world. It was a small union which wanted to unify American workers into "one big union".
Compare Roosevelt and Wilson on how Progressive they were in Trusts:
Roosevelt: got rid of bad trusts, but also thought some trusts were good. Wilson: hated all trusts (Clayton - Antitrust Act, Federal Trade Commission).
What was the Women's Peace Party?
Pacifist like Jane Addams founded the party, whose platform represented the "mother half of humanity".
Pinchot Photo
Photo of Gifford Pinchot with his family
What is the DIFFERENCE between a Preservationist and a Conservationist?
Preservationist: a supporter of the preservation of something without touching it. Conservationist: a supporter of the protection of something, but you can touch it.
How were Progressives divided in Southern Segregation?
President Wilson, while a Progressive, had strong southern heritage and sometimes a racists attitude. Few progressives did anything about the lynchings and segregation of blacks, and many considered reforms such as lowering tariffs more important because they benefited everyone, not just one group.
What is Progressivism?
Progressivism is an umbrella label for a wide range of economic, political, social, and moral reforms.
Compare Roosevelt and Wilson on how Progressive they were in Tariffs:
Roosevelt: moderate on the tariff (didn't want it too low, because he thought some trusts were good). Wilson: hated tariffs, and lowered it substantially (Underwood Tariff).
Compare Roosevelt and Wilson on how Progressive they were in Banking:
Roosevelt: moderate, and thought private banks should control the currency. Wilson: liked the National bank (Federal Reserve Act).
What were the STATE reform movements?
Social welfare programs, child and women labor, industrial accident insurance, minimum wage laws for women, improved factory regulation and temperance.
Roosevelt's national legislation that demonstrated Progressivism
Square Deal, Trust Busting, Railroad Regulation, Consumer Protection, Conservation
Wilson's national legislation that demonstrated Progressivism
Tariff reduction, banking reform, business regulation,
What split the Republican party in the 1912 election?
The Republicans became split because Taft did the following: - broke up U.S. steel ( a trust Roosevelt had liked) - Dismissed Pinchot out of office - Opened up federal lands in Alaska - Joe Cannon's failure to censure Half of the Republicans sided with Taft, the other side, Bull - Mooser's, wanted a more progressive President Roosevelt.
Eugene V. Debs
The Socialist Party candidate for elections, including the 1912 election. He believed that wealth should be controlled by the community as a whole.
Was the Progressive Era actually "Progressive"?
The Temperance reform DID get 2/3rds of state legislatures by 1915 to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages, but that didn't last. The Child and Women Labor reform to keep women from working physically demanding jobs resulted in them getting paid less.
Louis Brandeis
The first Jewish man, who was also a reformer, to be nominated (by Wilson) for the Supreme Court.
What was the source of Progressive strength?
The majority were the urban, college - educated middle class, where the majority of Progressives were women. The more professional, upper class worked on the scientific and statistical methods and the findings of the social sciences. They worked to address corrupt business and government practices in social and economic issues.
Who was Ida Tarbell?
The most famous female muckraker in the 1900's. She wrote "The Mother of Trusts", and "The History of the Standard Oil Company". CAUSE: Her father had been ruined by the oil interests. EFFECT: it set a standard for the deluge of muckraking that followed.
Death Warrant Cartoon
This cartoon appeared in a New York newspaper after Wilson called for a reform of the banking system in both houses of Congress. With the "money trust" of bankers and business men defeated, Wilson was able to win enough support for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
Temperance Flyer
This is a Woman's Christian Temperance Union flyer, talking about the cumulative cost of alcohol consumption and how it could be used to buy things a man's family needs.
John Muir & Roosevelt Photo
This is a photo of Roosevelt and John Muir standing in Yosemite Valley, CA.
Meat Packaging Photo
This is a photo of a meat - packing house in Chicago. There are government inspectors looking at the meats, after the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
What was Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal?
When: 1902 Who: Roosevelt, factory owners, factory workers What: Roosevelt's policy that neither business nor labor should be sided with in quarrels. Why: (cause): (1) all presidents before Roosevelt had always sided with the owners over the workers, (2) The Anthracite coal strike of 1902, where the laborers demanded for better conditions and 20% increase in pay and a reduction of hours, (3) the mine owners refused to negotiate, (4) coal supplies dwindled and schools, factories and hospitals were even forced to shut down, (5) Roosevelt called the representatives of the miners and the miner owners to the White House for a meeting. (effect): Roosevelt threatened to seize and control the mines with federal troops, so a compromise was made: the miners got a 10% increase in pay and a working day of 9 hours, but the owners didn't have to acknowledge their union as a bargaining agent.
Elkins Act
When: 1903 Who: Roosevelt, Congress, Railroads What: an act which allowed heavy fines to be places on railroads which gave rebates, and on the shippers which accepted those rebates. Why: (cause): the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) wasn't working, railroads were giving away rebates, creating unfair competition (effect): now railroads were under more control of the government, and not under bosses and trusts.
Pure Food and Drug Act
When: 1906 Who: Roosevelt, Congress What: prevented the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. Why: (cause): The Jungle, muckrakers, reformers wanted better conditions, (effect): Roosevelt earned a lot of support from progressives.
Hepburn Act
When: 1906 Who: Roosevelt, Congress, Railroads What: a severe restriction on free passes (free passes = bribery). Why: (cause): Roosevelt wanted to get rid of trusts and corruptness which hurt the people, trains were giving away free passes for bribery, (effect): now, the government had more control over the railroad systems, not just bosses.
Meat Inspection Act
When: 1906 Who: Roosevelt, Congress, meat businesses What: an act which stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can. Why: (cause): Europeans claimed that their American meat had been tainted, reformers wanted better and more sanitary working conditions and The Jungle, a book about the unsanitary conditions of the Chicago slaughterhouses, (effect): large meat packing businesses accepted the act because they thought it would drive out their smaller competition and now they would have federal approval on their food.
Het Hetchy
When: 1913 Who: Roosevelt, John Muir, Congress, Wilson What: the flooding of the Het Hetchy Valley Why: (cause): San Francisco needed a water supply (dam) for the city, John Muir (preservationist) fights against Roosevelt (conservationist) for 7 years, (effect):Wilson allows the valley to be flooded, the flooding put a deep division between conservationist, as well as preservationist vs. conservationist.
Underwood Tariff
When: 1913 Who: Wilson, Congress What: a substantial lowering of the tariff Why: (cause): Taft raised the tariff (Payne - Aldrich Tariff), Wilson was not pro-business or pro-trust, (effect): lobbyist were angry, it reduced import fees, became a landmark for tax legislation, and the income tax brought in more revenue than the tariff.
Federal Reserve Act
When: 1913 Who: Wilson, Congress, bankers What: established a nationwide system of 12 districts, each with its own central bank. The final authority of the banks belonged to the Federal Reserve Board. Why: (cause): inelasticity of currency, banking reserves were centralized in large cities and couldn't be made mobile in times of financial stress to areas that were in trouble, democrats wanted a government owned decentralized bank, (effect): the amount of money in circulation could be increased as needed and this system is still used today.
Triple Wall of Privelege
When: 1913 (beginning of Wilson's term) Who: Woodrow Wilson What: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts Why: (cause): he didn't like any trusts, he wasn't pro-business so he didn't like the tariff and he didn't like how the banks were centralized just in big cities, (effect): he lowed the tariff (Underwood Tariff), changed the system of banking (Federal Reserve Act), and enacted antitrust laws (Clayton Anti - Trust Act).
Clayton Anti - Trust Act
When: 1914 Who: Wilson, Congress What: lengthened the list of business practices that were deemed corrupt and it exempted unions and agricultural organizations from antitrust persecution. It also legalized peaceful picketing and strikes. Why: (cause): the Sherman-Antitrust Act needed to be lengthened, the 3 walls of privilege, Wilson was not pro-trust, (effect): unions now couldn't be persecuted and more trusts were being crushed.
Federal Trade Commission
When: 1914 Who: Wilson, Congress What: empowered a presidentially appointed commission to investigate industries engaged in interstate commerce. (They were expected to crush monopolies).
Keating - Owen Child Labor
When: 1916 Who: Congress, Wilson, children What: prohibited the shipment or delivery of interstate or foreign sale of any goods that were produced by children under the age of 14 in a factory, shop, or cannery or under the age of 16 if in a mine. Also, child laborers under the age of 16 could only work from 6 am - 7 pm and only 8 hours a day and only 6 days a week. Why: (cause): Progressives wanted better conditions for children, industrialization, (effect): it was proved unconstitutional in the Hammer vs. Dagenhart case.
Federal Farm Loan Act
When: 1916 Who: Wilson, Congress, farmers What: made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest.
Working Men's Compensation Act
When: 1916 Who: Wilson, Congress, federal civil - service employees What: grants assistance to federal civil - service employees during periods of disability.
Adamson Act
When: 1916 Who: Wilson, Congress, train employees What: established an 8 hour day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. Why: (cause): work unions + progressives wanted better conditions, (effect): Wilson won the support of the working class.
Hammer vs. Dagenhart
When: 1918 Who: Supreme Court, Rolan Dagenhart, Rueben Dagenhart What: a Supreme Court case about child labor. Why: (cause): Child Labor Act (prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old), Rolan Dagenhard sued on behalf of his freedom to allow his son to work in a textile mill, (effect): the Supreme Court declared the Child Labor Act to be unconstitutional.
Referendum
When: early 20th century Who: Progressives What: a method where laws would be placed on the ballot for final approval by the people. Why: (cause): big businesses were making Congress pass laws, Progressives wanted the same amount of power as the bosses, (effect): now the people could deny laws that were once forced to be passed in Congress by big businesses.
How were Progressives divided in immigration restriction?
While some progressives believed the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Literacy Test Act were good, others thought it too strict.
Henry Demarest Lloyd
a muckraker who attacked the Standard Oil Company and the railroads using his book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". CAUSE: the oil company and the railroads had been doing controversial business. EFFECT: the book exposed the corruption and greed of the oil company, but failed to explain how to fix it.
Lincoln Steffens
a muckraker who wrote a series of articles called "Tweed Days in St. Louis" for the McClure and "The Shame of the Cities". CAUSE: Political corruption. EFFECT: it set a standard for muckraking, and exposed corrupt political deals.
Theodore Dreiser
a muckraker who wrote the novels "The Financier" and "The Titan" about the greediness and ruthlessness of an industrialists. CAUSE: he wanted to turn people against industrialization and big companies. EFFECT: it incited many public demands of the people for government regulations.
How did women in the cities work to effect social changes among the immigrant population?
many women became settlement house workers, volunteers who lived in houses in poor, urban areas and slums with the immigrants, to see what changes socially needed to be made first hand, and then get the state legislatures to meet the needs of the immigrants.
How were Progressives divided in popular participation in government or reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient?
some progressives wanted control of their own government, battling big businesses. others, wanted an expert manager to direct the work of the various departments of the city government.