Proteins

transport

_____ Substances throughout the Body; Shuttle oxygen, waste products, lipids, some vitamins, sodium, and potassium through the blood and cell membranes

body buildings

_____ _______: 1.2-1.7g/kg body weight Endurance athletes: 1.2-1.4g/kg body weight

proteins

______ are macronutrients found in each cell in the body. They participate in every cellular activity that helps the body to function. All enzymes are made of ______. Some hormones are made of ______. _____is made up of chains of amino acids that are made based on an individual's DNA.

peptides

______ bonds link amino acids (AA) to form proteins ______: < 50 AA Dipeptide: 2 AA Tripeptide: 3 AA Polypeptide: >10 AA Proteins: contain more than 50 AA Peptide bonds form through condensation and break through hydrolysis

shape

______ determines function, so...if ______ is altered (denatured) so may function may be caused by changes in environment Heat Acids Alcohols Salts Mechanical Force

vegetarian

______ diet benefits May reduce risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, certain cancers Generally cheaper Lesser environmental impact

transamination

_______: the process of forming nonessential amino acids by transferring the nitrogen from one amino acid to a keto acid to form a new nonessential amino acid.

endurance

________ athletes: 1.2-1.4g/kg body weight Body builders: 1.2-1.7g/kg body weight

condensation

a peptide bond forms by _______ when the acid group (COOH) and amine group of two different amino acids join and release a molecule of water

translation

mRNA binds to a ribosome. The code on the mRNA is "read" and a transfer RNA (tRNA) brings a specific amino acids to the ribosome, based on the code

vegan

no animal products including eggs

chemical

proteins Act as a _____ Messenger -hormones regulate cell actions

fluid balance

proteins regulate _____ ______: Help ensure that body fluids are evenly dispersed in blood and inside/outside cells

seafood

Average ------ intake is too low

amino acids

Building blocks of proteins 20 commonly found in proteins 9 essential (must be consumed in diet) 11 non-essential some conditionally essential

oxidized

Carbon-containing remnants are: Converted to glucose, if they are glucogenic amino acids, through gluconeogensis Converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue ______ for energy via metabolic pathways.

Marasmic Kwashiorkor

Chronic deficiency in kilocalories and protein Edema in legs and arms A "skin and bones" appearance With treatment, the edema subsides and appearance becomes more like someone with marasmus.

complementing proteins

Combining 2 or more incomplete proteins to make a complete protein Grains, nuts or seeds PLUS legumes Not necessary to combine at same meal

amino acid score

Composition of essential amino acids of a protein compared with a standard, usually egg protein

59

Example of Protein Recommendations using RDA 130# woman = 59 kg 0.8 g/kg = 47 g protein per day

protein supplements

Expensive Often high in sugar Generally not necessary Go with food first!

buffers

Help maintain acid-baser balance: Proteins act as ______ to help keep pH within normal range

antibodies

Help the immune system: __________ are proteins that bind and neutralize pathogens that would harm the body.

structure

-Provide Structure and Mechanical Support Provide strength and flexibility to tissues, tendons, ligaments, muscles, organs, bones, nails, hair, skin Needed for ongoing body maintenance

ATP

4 kcal per gram When kcal intake is low, body proteins are broken down When protein intake exceeds needs And kcal intake is adequate, AA are used to produce ___ And kcal intake exceeds needs, extra AA are stored as fat

transcription

: Information about building or repairing old proteins is stored in DNA. When a new polypeptide chain is needed, an inverse copy of the DNA is generated forming messenger RNA (mRNA).

3 ounce

A _-_____ serving of cooked meat, poultry, or fish: Provides 21 to 25 grams of protein Provides about 7 grams of protein per ounce Is about the size of a deck of cards Is an adequate amount for one meal

portal vein

Amino acid absorption Amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine. Amino acids are transported to the liver from the intestines via the _____ ____. In the liver, amino acids are: Used to synthesize new proteins Converted to energy, glucose, or fat Released to the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body Occasionally proteins are absorbed intact.

incomplete proteins

Deficient in one or more EAA (plant foods)

small intestine

Digestion continues in the ____ ______. Polypeptides enter the _____ _______ and are broken down into smaller peptides. Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of proteases by the pancreas. Proteases break apart the polypeptides to tripeptides and dipeptides. Dipeptidases and tripeptidases break the dipeptides and tripeptides into amino acids.

proteases

Digestion continues in the small intestine. Polypeptides enter the small intestine and are broken down into smaller peptides. Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of ________ by the pancreas. _______ break apart the polypeptides to tripeptides and dipeptides. Dipeptidases and tripeptidases break the dipeptides and tripeptides into amino acids.

Cholecystokinin

Digestion continues in the small intestine. Polypeptides enter the small intestine and are broken down into smaller peptides. ________ stimulates the release of proteases by the pancreas. Proteases break apart the polypeptides to tripeptides and dipeptides. Dipeptidases and tripeptidases break the dipeptides and tripeptides into amino acids.

4

Divide recommended kcal from protein by _ kcal/g protein to determine recommended protein grams

lower intake

Eating patterns that include ____ ______ of meats, processed meats, and processed poultry are associated with reduced risk of: Cardiovascular disease Obesity Type 2 diabetes Some types of cancer

Biological value

How quickly the nitrogen from the absorbed protein is synthesized into body protein

pepsin

In stomach: acids denature protein and activate _______ to create shorter polypeptides In small intestine: polypeptides broken into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids AA are absorbed in SI

polypeptides

In stomach: acids denature protein and activate pepsin to create shorter polypeptides In small intestine: ______ broken into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids AA are absorbed in SI

Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Includes the digestibility of the protein and the amino acid score Used by the FDA to determine the %DV of proteins in a serving of food

high quality protein

Is digestible Contains all essential amino acids Provides sufficient protein to synthesize nonessential amino acids

Protein-energy malnutrition

Low-protein diets associated with loss of bone mass Cells lining GI tract can't be replaced Immune system can be compromised _____ _____ ________ Inadequate calories and/or protein More common in children, because they are growing Factors: poverty, poor food quality, insufficient food, unsanitary living conditions, ignorance, stopping lactation (nursing) too early

ovo-vegetarian

Person who consumes all vegan food items plus eggs;

heal

Pool of amino acids in body tissues and fluids, constantly turning over Used to synthesize body proteins when dietary intake of protein and energy are adequate Extra protein is used to help the body ____ if a person has extensive wounds. Protein turnover is the process of degrading and synthesizing proteins.

protein turnover

Pool of amino acids in body tissues and fluids, constantly turning over Used to synthesize body proteins when dietary intake of protein and energy are adequate Extra protein is used to help the body heal if a person has extensive wounds. ____ _______ is the process of degrading and synthesizing proteins.

gluconeogenesis

Protein can be used for _________. If too few carbohydrates are consumed, the body converts glucogenic amino acids into glucose. Excess protein is converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. If too few kilocalories are consumed, protein will be oxidized for energy.

stomach

Protein digestion begins in the _____. The bolus enters the ____. Gastrin stimulates the release of H C l. H C l denatures the protein and converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin breaks polypeptides into shorter chains.

HCl

Protein digestion begins in the stomach. The bolus enters the stomach. Gastrin stimulates the release of ___. ___ denatures the protein and converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin breaks polypeptides into shorter chains.

gastrin

Protein digestion begins in the stomach. The bolus enters the stomach. ______ stimulates the release of H C l. H C l denatures the protein and converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin breaks polypeptides into shorter chains.

polypeptide

Protein: one or more ______ chains folded into 3D shape

complete proteins

Provide all 9 EAA in proportions needed to support protein synthesis (animal foods and soy)

Marasmus

Results from a severe kcal deficiency Frail, emaciated appearance Weakened and appearapathetic Often cannot stand without support Appears old beyond their years Hair thin, dry, and lacks sheen Low body temperature and blood pressure Prone to dehydration, infections, and unnecessary blood clotting

Kwashiorkor

Severe protein deficiency, generally the result of a diet high in grains and deficient in protein Symptoms include: Edema in legs, feet, and stomach Diminished muscle tone and strength Brittle hair that falls out A pale, sad, and apathetic appearance Being prone to infection, rapid heart rate, excess fluid in lungs, pneumonia, septicemia, and water and electrolyte imbalances

liver

The _____ metabolizes amino acids, depending on bodily needs. Most amino acids are sent into the blood to be picked up and used by the cells. If the diet is low in carbohydrate, the amino acids are converted into glucose.

Elongation

The translation process continues as amino acids are collected by transfer RNA (tRNA) and brought to the ribosomes to build a chain in the proper sequence, continuing until the sequence is finished and the new protein is released.

saturated fat

What Happens if You Eat Too Little Protein? Can contribute to weight gain if too many calories are consumed May increase risk of heart disease if foods are high in _____ ____ May increase risk of kidney stones if diet is low in carb May increase calcium loss from bones if calcium intake low Can displace other nutrient- and fiber-rich foods associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases (whole grains, fruits, vegetables)

low in carb

What Happens if You Eat Too Little Protein? Can contribute to weight gain if too many calories are consumed May increase risk of heart disease if foods are high in saturated fat May increase risk of kidney stones if diet is ___ ___ _____ May increase calcium loss from bones if calcium intake low Can displace other nutrient- and fiber-rich foods associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases (whole grains, fruits, vegetables)

deamination

When amino acid pool reaches capacity, amino acids are broken down for other uses. _____: amine group is removed from the amino acid, creating ammonia, which is used to form urea, which is excreted in urine

Semivegetarian

avoids meat, fish, and poultry on occasion

lacto-vegetarian

excludes animal flesh and eggs but does include dairy products

plant foods

high in fiber, phytochemicals higher in unsaturated fats

animal foods

high in iron, zinc, calcium used more efficiently in the body higher in saturated and trans fat

lacto-ovo-vegetarian

includes dairy and eggs; excludes meat, fish and poultry

attacks

protein digestion and food allergies Triggered when dietary protein not completely digested but is absorbed What are the most common causes of food allergies? 1st time: immune system stimulated 2nd time: immune system ______ allergic reaction in GI tract, skin, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system OR anaphylaxis

stimulated

protein digestion and food allergies Triggered when dietary protein not completely digested but is absorbed What are the most common causes of food allergies? 1st time: immune system _----- 2nd time: immune system attacks allergic reaction in GI tract, skin, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system OR anaphylaxis

sickle cell anemia

protein synthesis- Regulated by your genes Sickle-cell anemia is a common blood disorder that involves abnormal or flawed protein formation.

hydrolysis

when peptide bonds are broken by ______, the hydroxyl group (OH) and hydrogen (H) from water are added