ITL 606 - WEEK ONE

Transformative Learning is

"The process of using a prior interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of one's experience in order to guide future action" (Mezirow, 1996: 162)

Assessment data is the most effective method to divide students into which type of instructional grouping?

Ability

Growing independence, a need to have opinions respected, and friends that are more important than at earlier developmental stages are hallmarks of which stage of development?

Adolescence

What grouping strategies can be effective with a large group of students? Cooperative groups Group investigation Jigsaw Learning Cycle All of the above

All of the above

Select the best definition for inclusive education.

All students are full and accepted members of their school community, in which their educational setting is the same as their non-disabled peers when appropriate.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of group investigation? Students may be assigned different group process roles to play during the assignment. All students in the group work on all parts of the assignment. Completion of the assignment requires teamwork. Each student's performance is judged based on an assessment of the completed assignment as a whole. Group membership changes from one assignment to the next.

All students in the group work on all parts of the assignment.

What are some of the ways to encourage critical reflection?

Allow students time to privately examine their current assumptions, encourage journal writing, ask students to reflect on classroom activities, and create a timeline of their own "perspective history."

What five things contribute to transformative learning?

An activating event, opportunity to identify and articulate underlying assumptions, critical self-reflection of where the underlying assumptions came from, critical discourse, and opportunities to test and apply new perspectives.

How does the development of the interpersonal domain help students succeed academically?

The interpersonal domain helps students forge positive relationships with teachers, peers, and parents which contributes to academic success.

What is inclusive education?

The placement of students with special educational needs in mainstream settings along with students without disabilities.

Jigsaw II

The same as the basic Jigsaw group (Jigsaw I), but all assessment grades are averaged to generate a group score this ecnourages students to help each other more

What section of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act provides the basis for understanding inclusive education?

The statement that students must be placed in the least restrictive environment.

What should a teacher conclude from signs such as running or climbing when it's not appropriate; difficulty playing quietly; and inability to take turns?

The student may have atypical development, a mental illness, or another issue.

How does engineering instructional materials to include graphic organizers, white space, headers, and the like support differentiation?

The way text and other information is organized or displayed can make complex concepts more accessible for less proficient students without lowering vocabulary and can improve the experience for everyone.

How does an educator encourage transformative learning with children?

They foster self-direction and encourage students to learn from each other.

How does an educator facilitate transformative learning?

They must help learners become aware of their own and other's assumptions.

Cognitivism focuses on which attributes?

Thinking, memory, self-reflection, and motivation to learn

An updated definition of Transformative Learning is

Transformative Learning is an idealized model of adult learning that distinguishes between learners as receptacles of knowledge versus learners who are actively engaged through critical reflection and discourse to question assumptions, expectations, and context to achieve deeper meaning and new perspectives to guide their actions.

A child who hops, can do a somersault, and is able to use a fork, spoon, and sometimes a knife is demonstrating ______.

Typical movement and physical development for a five-year-old.

An eight-year-old child wants to be accepted by friends and shows independence from parents and family could be described as having ______.

Typical social and emotional development

examples of differentiated instruction by product

differing assessments allow students to create for their own creativity - allowing students to come up with their own ideas

Why differentiate instruction?

engagement varies ELS Learners Disability Students differ on performance and readiness levels different learning styles all students will not learn the same material within the same time allotted

examples of differentiated instruction by process

learning tables for skill levels grouping by levels of readiness tasks based on learning styles

All of the following are examples of atypical physical development EXCEPT: A sixth grader who is working on the ability to model jogging, skipping, and galloping. A sixth grader who is working on the ability to model jogging, skipping, and galloping. A ten-year-old who is working on the ability to successfully use any of the playground equipment. A ten-year-old who is working on the ability to successfully use any of the playground equipment. A five-year-old who catches with his body and can jump in place but is working on jumping forward. A five-year-old who catches with his body and can jump in place but is working on jumping forward. An eight-year-old who shows interests in activities other than puzzles or other problem-solving activities. An eight-year-old who shows interests in activities other than puzzles or other problem-solving activities. A nine-year-old who is developing the ability to button her buttons, buckle her belt, or tie her shoelaces.

An eight-year-old who shows interests in activities other than puzzles or other problem-solving activities.

A five-year-old child who is unable to give their first and last name could be described as having ______.

Atypical language and communication development

A seven-year-old who is unable to hop and needs physical help to bathe and brush their teeth is demonstrating ______.

Atypical movement and physical development

An eight-year-old child who plays best with younger children could be described as having ______.

Atypical social and emotional development

By eight years of age, a child with Atypical social-emotional development could ______.

Be aggressive with little provocation, need constant supervision, and be withdrawn from peers

Teams and games can be used when the goal is to ______.

Build temporary teams based on a particular skill or content area

What are the three domains of competence?

Cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal

Which domains are required for mastery of school subjects?

Cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal domains are required for deeper learning and mastery.

What is the best description of constructivism?

Constructivism equates to learning that involves constructing, creating, and inventing. Individuals develop their own knowledge and meaning.

how to differentiate instruction

strategy example: D.I. beings with selection of standard based content determine readiness and student interest through diagnostic testing / learning style inventory content delivery is varied through students interest learning styles, and readiness students work on varied activities take questions and review with whole class variation assessment and projects aligned with differentaited activites and content whole class review of standard it is up to you to come up with your own ways

All of the following are characteristics of learning cycle groups EXCEPT: Enrichment activities are provided for students who do not require additional help. Each group works on the content and skills from a specific unit or lesson. Groups are formed based on students' need for additional help, time, or practice. Groups are short-term, formed for the duration of one unit or lesson. Content is taught in the groups instead of being taught to the entire class at once.

Content is taught in the groups instead of being taught to the entire class at once.

Which of the following best describes jigsaw groups?

Cooperative learning groups in which each student learns one chunk of content and teaches it to the rest of his/her group; all students are assessed on all chunks.

How can you move transformative learning from thought to action?

Create activities and assignments that empower students to apply new approaches with a high likelihood of success.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of learning cycle groups? Group assignments are set near the beginning of the year and seldom change. Students are grouped according to their need for additional help, time, or practice. Groups focus on mastering the content and skills from a specific unit or lesson. Students who do not need additional help are presented with enrichment activities. Content covered in the groups has already been taught by the teacher to the entire class.

Group assignments are set near the beginning of the year and seldom change.

What is the difference between habits of mind and frame of reference?

Habits of mind are broad, abstract, orienting, habitual ways of thinking, and feeling. A frame of reference is primarily the result of cultural assimilation.

Challenges to Jigsaw

uneven students in class - extra students will be assigned to a chunk, meaning two students are assigned to one chunk what if some experts dont teach the students very well - anticipate the problem and pair up 2 students on the chunk that may be stronger together; also, when they break off into expert groups it is that groups job to ensure all other students are on the same page

What is the difference between transformative learning and assimilative learning?

In assimilative learning, students simply acquire new information. In transformative learning, students change their perspective or make a paradigm shift.

What is the best description of inclusive education?

Inclusive education is when all students, regardless of any challenges they may have, are placed in age-appropriate general education classes in their own neighborhood schools.

What is the result of legislation that requires students to be in the least restrictive environment?

Inclusive education that places disabled students with their peers who are without disabilities as much as possible. Placement in the general education classroom is the first choice for all students.

Which of the following best describes a constructivist classroom?

Instruction is student-centered, with the teacher acting as a guide and facilitator for student learning.

What is the best answer to describe how social-emotional learning can be taught using the strategies that are also used for teaching cognitive skills?

Instruction should begin with clearly defined learning goals and a model of how learning is expected to develop, along with assessments to measure student progress.

According to the graph, where does the transformative learning process begin?

It begins with generalizations of past experiences.

What is the value of requiring students to explain their thinking?

It facilitates the work of students to identify their underlying assumptions.

According to Jack Mezirow, what part does a disorienting dilemma play in transformative learning?

It is the first step. It is an experience that does not fit into a person's pre-existing meaning structure.

How does social-emotional learning address the wholistic development of a child?

It recognizes that emotion drives attention, attention drives learning, and relationships are at the heart of learning.

When the material to be learned is broken into sections, ______ is an effective method for dividing students into groups.

Jigsaw

Which of the following is NOT important in constructivist learning? Active participation Reflection Critical thinking Memorization Problem solving

Memorization

Transformative theory holds that:

Moral values are legitimized by agreement through discourse.

How do myths about inclusive education damage the possibility for success in a school?

Negative myths can cause parents and teachers to avoid inclusion.

Which of the following is NOT an example of atypical development?

None of these; these are all examples of atypical development.

How can differentiation be used to support students who take more time to complete an assignment?

Output can be adjusted to accommodate students, including requiring fewer questions answered to demonstrate knowledge, and/or help getting started with an assignment.

Elbow partners is a grouping strategy that is used when the goal is ______.

Peer partnering

Which of the following best describes the constructivism theory?

People reflect on their individual experiences to create an understanding of the world.

Differentiation includes modifications to which areas of instruction?

Practice, process, products, content, assessment, and grouping

According to the constructivism theory, how does prior knowledge impact learning?

Prior knowledge influences what new knowledge an individual builds from new learning experiences.

What does transformative learning theory call the process of exploring with others the impact of new assumptions?

Rational discourse

Once learning has occurred, the learner has three options for how they will assimilate their understanding. What are they?

Retain original assumptions, revise original assumptions, or develop new understanding

Critical reflection requires what of the learner?

Self-examination of feelings and a critical evaluation of personal assumptions.

Which of these may be an indication of atypical social-emotional development?

Showing more interest in playing independently than with others.

At what age would a child with typical development be expected to talk about their thoughts and feelings?

Six to eight years

By five years of age, a child with typical development would be expected to ______.

Speak clearly, draw a person with at least 6 body parts, and hop

Basic Jigsaw

Step 1: divide students into groups of 4-6 (even amount of students in each group) Step 2: Divide content in 4-6 chunks (can Step 3: indeendent study is fortified by next step Step 4: Expert Groups - all students that studied one of the chunks meet and gaps of some students knowledge can be forged and misconceptions can be rectified Step 5: Students return to original jigsaw group (Students listen carefully to their experts ) Step 6: Quiz individual students on all chunks

Research shows that differentiated instruction can particularly benefit which groups of students?

Students with disabilities, English language learners, gifted students, and students at risk for graduation.

According to Carol A. Tomlinson, differentiation focuses on which idea?

Teachers base instruction on learners' readiness, interest, learning profile, and adapt or manipulate elements of the curriculum so that each student comes away with knowledge and understanding.

Each student is given an assignment based on his/her learning needs; the group's goal is to help each other complete the assignments and improve each student's score on an assessment related to their assignment. Which type of grouping strategy is this?

Team assisted individuation

In what grouping strategy do students get an assignment based on their specific learning needs, then receive help from their group in completing that assignment successfully, and in such a way that allows the student to improve their performance on a related assessment?

Team assisted individuation

What do multiple studies show about inclusive education?

That all students, both disabled and not disabled have a higher level of success.

What does years of research show about inclusive education?

That students with disabilities in inclusive programs have better academic outcomes, social outcomes, job and college success.

At what age would a child with typical development be expected to know their name and address?

5

Which method of instruction is recommended for students with disabilities?

A combination of direct instruction, constructivism, and cognitivism based on the needs of the individual child, the task, and the context.

Which of the following most accurately describes a jigsaw group?

A group where each student learns one component of the content and teaches that component to the rest of his/her group; all students are assessed on all components.

What are the three most common causes of resistance to inclusive education?

A lack of clear and practical information, the need for a simple, objective process for determining the needs of students, and missing support from school administrators and colleagues.

Atypical development is defined as:

Demonstrating skills and behaviors earlier or later than expected based on age.

What is the difference between differentiation and scaffolding?

Differentiation involves offering alternatives to students that better meet their needs and scaffolding means breaking learning into smaller, building concepts for everyone in the class.

How is differentiated instruction different from individualized instruction?

Differentiation is the practice of varying instruction to meet the needs of as many students as possible. It is not the creation of distinct lessons for each student.

Differentiation

Differentiation refers to a variety of teaching techniques and lesson adaptations that educators use to instruct a diverse group of students, with diverse learning needs, in the same course, classroom, or learning environment.

Behaviorism recommends which type of instruction as an excellent starting point for disabled students in an inclusive environment?

Direct instruction

All of the following are characteristics of group investigation EXCEPT: Each student is assessed individually, based on the subtask he/she completed; there is no group/ collective assessment. Each student may be assigned a specific role to play during the group process. Each student completes a subtask, and the subtasks are combined to produce a group effort. The teacher forms different groups for different assignments. Teamwork is an integral part of the experience, and is needed to successfully complete the assignment.

Each student is assessed individually, based on the subtask he/she completed; there is no group/ collective assessment.

What are the four processes of learning?

Elaborate an existing point of view, establish a new point of view, transform a point of view, and transform a habit of mind

How can differentiated instruction accommodate students who finish assignments faster?

Extension activities can be included for students who have time at the end of an assignment such as further research or helping another student who would benefit from peer partnering.

How does flexible grouping contribute to differentiating instruction?

Flexible grouping allows for students and teachers to work in a way that is most beneficial for a student or an assignment and may include whole group, peer partnering, small group, or one on one instruction.

What instructional strategies can help a teacher with inclusive education?

Flexible grouping that could include small group or paired learning and leveraging technology when working with the whole group.

Which of the following best describes the constructivist view of knowledge?

Knowledge is dynamic and adaptive, based on experience.

Group membership is based on academic ability; group assignments remain intact over time, with very few changes; and learning in the groups is directed by a teacher, not students. What type of instructional grouping does this describe?

Long-term ability groups

In this type of grouping, students are assigned to groups based on academic ability, and changes in group assignment change infrequently. Group learning is teacher-directed.

Long-term ability groups

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the successful completion of this course, candidates will be able to do the following at an introductory level: Compare a variety of learning theories and instructional approaches to meet the unique needs of learners (i.e., individual, small group, and/or whole class). Compare knowledge of typical and atypical child and adolescent development in the identification of appropriate instructional services (including methodologies, strategies, resources, and technologies) to support a wide range of learners and ensure equitable access to the curriculum. Compare the purposes, characteristics and appropriate use (and misuse) of a wide range of assessment practices, (e.g. formal and informal, formative and summative, progress monitoring, and multi-tiered systems of support, performance, etc.). Analyze data from a variety of assessments and data sources (e.g. IEP, IFSP, ITP, 504), and their implications for learning objectives and plans; monitoring student progress; differentiating, making accommodations, and making adaptations; identifying strategies and environmental supports appropriate to the individual student's success, and incorporating critical and creative thinking. Apply effective strategies for creating a learning environment that ensures students (and their families) are treated fairly and respectfully, and that addresses issues of intolerance and harassment (e. g., bullying, racism, sexism, etc.) among students and others in the educational community.

A four-year-old child demonstrating typical cognitive development would be able to ______.

Use scissors, play board games, and express what they think will happen next in a book

Why is it important that all students enter and leave the classroom at the same time?

When disabled students come and go in the middle of lessons, it highlights differences.

what do administrators look for in a differentiated classroom?

choice in student assignments reflected in lesson plans more than one text used in the classroom personalized learning for students students are tested in multiple ways choice in student assignment teaching to multiple forms of intelligence admins like to measure teachers and students using assessment - multiple modes of assessment

differentiated instruction can be demonstrated through

content, process, and product

Jigshaw method

cooperative learning strategy where one student takes one chunk of learning and teaches it to the rest of their group

examples of differentiated instruction by content

some students learn functions and other students learn basics choice reading assignments