PSC 140 Exam 2

What were the results of the Pascalis experiment?

*Adults looking time*: - human: Novel > familiar - monkey: Novel = familiar *9 months looking time*: - human: novel > familiar - monkey. Novel = familiar *6 months looking time*: - human: novel > familiar - monkey: novel > familiar -6 months old haven't experienced *different species effect* - *Not innate*: proof of *perceptual narrowing*

What are examples of monocular/pictorial depth clues?

- *Linear perspective*: parallel lines seem to converge together in distance - *texture gradient*: closer objects have more detail - *relative size*: closer objects look bigger - *relative hight*: items toward the top of an image appear farther away

Formal operational stage

- 11 to adulthood - abstract thought - reasoning hypothetically - systematic planning and problem solving

Preoperational stage

- 2 to 6 yrs - *symbolic representations*: language, mental imagery, egocentric view, rule-bound - end of sensorimotor, beginning or preoperational: *internal representations - *Limitation: egocentrism*: perceiving the world from ones own point of view - *Limitation: centration*: focus on 1 perceptually striking feature

Implantation of cochlear implants can happen as young as __ months but more typical around age __

- 3 months - age 1

Concrete operational stage

- 7 to 11 yrs - alternative views, mental transformations (not abstract) - *Operations*: mental representations of *dynamic* and static aspects of environment, imagine transformations, *recognize others perspectives* - success in *conservation* - *Limitation: lack abstract thinking*: reasoning limited to *concrete* situations(cant deal with hypotheticals)

Violation of expectation method

- Babies look longer at impossible events - Look longer at things that violate their expectations (ex: when drawbridge would rotate all the way back even though there is supposed to be a box behind it)

Naive physics

- Baillargeons test of object permanence and understanding of gravity - Babies stare longer at "magical"/ impossible event

Define working memory and what develops?

- Current active processing, information from sensory and long term memory integrated - Working memory capacity increases (experience)

What is attentional inertia and what does it interfere with?

- Difficulty shifting attention - Limitation of executive function - ex: stroop task and Day and Night task

How did Renee Baillargeon's research point out about Piaget's theory?

- Example of how he underestimated young children's abilities - Showed that young children have a better sense of object permanence than Piaget thought - Core Knowledge theory?

Define Sensory memory and what develops?

- Fleeting retention of sights, sounds; Much of what we see is not analyzed - Greater capacity for sensory memory: *rapid change* in infancy but by age 5 they reach adult level

Information Processing Theory

- Focuses on basic components of cognition: attention, memory, learning, processing capacity - Child is an active problem solver (no emphasis on social influences) - *No age defined stages* - Adults and kids have the same basic processes

Cebtrations

- Limitation of preoperational stage - Focus on 1 perceptually striking feature of objects (excludes less noticeable features) - No operations: transformations perform in head - Conservation tasks

Naive psychology

- Understanding peoples actions and mental states - early knowledge: understanding intention

Intersensory effects: McGurk effect, when do infants experience?

- Visual info affects speech perception - at least by 5 months *BAAA BAAA BAAA!*

What develops in information processing

- Visual search - Mental rotation - Processing speed - Better strategies (ex: selective attention) - Central executive (coordinates cognitive activities) - Executive functions (planning, control of attention)

What are Piagets 3 change mechanisms? And what do these mechanisms produce?

- assimilation - accommodation - equilibrium - incremental changes that produce big shifts in ways of thinking

When do infants start to experience optical expansion?

- at 1 month they blink to avoid incoming object (can detect depth)

When shown 3 paddles (face, scrambled, blank) babies prefer to look at what paddle(s)

- babies like the human-like face Newborns look at things they like for longer

What are issues for Johnson's paddle experiment which tries to prove that infants have an innate predisposition to faces?

- babies still had experience with faces before they took the test - not ethical to not allow babies to see faces

Piagets 4 stages (age) - sensorimotor - preoperational - concrete operational - formal operational

- birth --> 2 - 2 --> 6 - 7 --> 11 - 11+

Sensorimotor stage

- birth to 2yrs - governed by senses, *reflexes*, coordinate behaviors - adapting and exploring environment - understanding *physical* experience - modification of reflexes: change grasp new objects, lack *purposeful* action until *4-5 months* - *circular reactions*: act and repeat - *limitation*: internal mental representations/symbolic representations - object permanence develops

Core knowledge theory

- children have innate specialized learning mechanism for some domains - Learning is *domain specific*: limited to a particular area of knowledge - specialized core domains reflect *evolutionary history*: areas with adaptive advantage

What was the hypothesis of Pascalis's experiment?

- face perception narrows and specializes with development - become experts in own species

Do babies have a higher or lower auditory threshold than adults?

- higher: need louder sounds

How are limitations in early vision beneficial?

- immature brain can't handle all the stimulation

How does the infant test of preferential looking work/ what does it test?

- infants love contrast - if infants can see the differences, they should look longer at more interesting (contrasted) object - tests *acuity*

What were the participants and results of Niparkos study?

- participants: children who received cochlear implants (infants toddlers, preschoolers) - the younger child received CI --> faster vocab growth - still smaller vocabularies than normal hearing

What did Eleanor and JJ Gibson believe about infants and perception?

- perception is *essential to survival* - humans evolved in a world of objects and event *SO* some perception must be built in -*learning increases ability* to detect and interpret info in environment - Nativists and Empiricist approach

What was the method beging the Pascalis study?

- see how long they would look at human or monkey faces - could recognize which face they haven't seen before *SO* they would look longer at novel face (novelty preference)

Why would you patch the good eye if an infant has a cataract?

- the good eye will take over the synaptic and cortical connections (the greedy bugger)

Why is Piaget considered the father of developmental psychology?

- theory of "sticking power" - asked the right questions (origins of knowledge) - great at observations

What other factors are important for hearing after receiving a cochlear inplant

- therapy, enriched language environments

What was significant about Piagets theory?

- used across numerous areas of knowledge (space, time, number, language, reasoning, morals, memory for past) - showed a commonality in how children think and develop - theory integrated development across domains and across ages

Cues to depth: binocular cues

- we have 2 eyes with overlapping fields of vision - disparity --> cue to location

What are the 3 components of Executive Functioning?

- working memory - inhibition control - mental flexibility

What are critiques of Piaget's theory?

-He was *biased* towards certain cultures (focused on Western world) - Underestimated *young* children's abilities (infants have more knowledge that he thought) - Overestimated *adolescence's* abilities - *Mechanisms of change* are vague - Lack of evidence for *clear stages* - He underestimated the *social world* (thought children were solo in driving their development and environment was not important)

What is a trend for fave processing in people with autism?

-Tend not to look at eyes/faces - look at *mouth and body* more than controls

Typically, assimilation and accommodation are at ______ but when they spend more time accommodating than assimilating ....

-equilibrium - When disequilibrium occurs, children reorganize their theories to return to a state of equilibrium (*equilibration*)

Testing Novelty presence includes

1) familiarize 2) recognition test: measure looking time

When do children pass the A not B task?

12-18months

What do babies see/how far?

18 inches: decently clear images 6 feet: blurry AF - newborns are *near-sighted*

At what age do babies see with adult like 20/20 vision?

2+ years

What newborns see at 20 feet, adults have perfect vision at ______ feet

400

When are monocular and pictorial depth cues available?

7 months

At 8 months, newborns can see with perfect vision at 20 feet where adults can see at _____ feet

80

Stereopsis

Ability to perceive depth based solely on *binocular cues*

When do children pas the 3 mountains problem?

Around 7 years old

Optical expansion

As Object comes closer, it looks bigger

How can you assess depth perception?

Babies will reach for closer object?

What develops rapidly around 4 months?

Binocular cues

What are the two types of cues for depth?

Binocular, monocular

Is autism more common in girls or boys?

Boys 5:1 ratio

What do conservation tasks test?

Centration in children (especially preoccupational stage)

Constructivist theory

Children are active learners and scientists

At what age is baby's auditory threshold close to adults? When is it fully adult-like?

Close: 6 months Adult-like: school age

What are some examples rudimentary social cognition?

Detecting intentions and pointing

What was the independent variable in the Pascalis experiment?

Difference in their experience with human faces

What kinds of challenges do kids with poor executive function face?

Difficulty holding a job, staying married, connecting with society

Cochlear implant

Direct electrical stimulation to auditory nerve in inner ear --> perception of sounds

Did Piaget believe development happened continuously or discontinuously?

Discontinuously - in a stage there is a so distant way of thinking --> qualitative shifts from 1 stage to the next (*stage theory*)

How age of implantation of CI effect sound localization?

Earlier the better - 2 implants are also better than 1

when is development of executive function complete?

Early adulthood

What does the 3 mountains problem study?

Egocentrism - requires metal rotation and recognizing perspective of another person

The fact that infants born with cataracts can't develop normal acuity is an example of what?

Experience- expectant development - expect 2 fields of vision

What did Pascalis's experiment look at?

Face processing specialization

What is the most frequent pattern in the visual environment?

Faces

T or F: Would Piaget have predicted that 4 month olds have a sense of object permanence

False

T or F: after the good eye is patched, normal acuity can develop in children that had cataracts

False - normal acuity can't develop with cataract - if infant's cataract is removed late, acuity will be impaired

T or F: info from left and right eye becomes segregated to different cells in visual cortex

False - some cells get info from both eyes - area in correct designed to process overlap

T or F: Everyone reaches all of Piagets stages

False Not everyone reaches formal operational stage or uses sophisticated reasoning consistently

T or F: Piaget thought that all children go through all four steps but not in particularly any specific order

False, children go through these four stages and in exactly this order

How quickly does vision improve from newborn state after good eye is patched?

Faster than average (faster development than child with normal vision)

Strabismus

Fields of vision don't overlap in typical pattern

Autism

Impairments in social interaction and language - restricted to repetitive behaviors or interests - large range functioning

When does hearing development start?

In the womb

What did William James believe about infants and perception?

Infants enter world of "great blooming buzzing confusion" - everything had to be learned by experience (*nativist*) - *perceptual abilities must be learned*

Who is the father of developmental psychology?

Jean Piaget

When it comes to intermodal perception, infants prefer to look at...

Matches - vowel sounds and mouth shape by 4 months - drum beat tempo and bouncing animals by 4 months - emotions: 7 month olds match happy and sad voices with faces

What does False belief task measure?

Measure whether children understand that others can believe things that are actually not reality

What does the A not B task test?

Measures more complex ideas of object permanence - infants don't have mature representation of objects --> can't update new info quickly enough

Sound localization

Newborns orient towards sound - become increasingly precise

Why is a faulty lens (cataract) a bigger problem for infants vs older adults?

Not having input in infancy can *effect the wiring system development* where adults have already had input and their systems are already developed

Who were the participants in the Pascalis study?

People of ages 6 months, 9 months and adults

What is the primary brain region identified with executive functioning

Prefrontal cortex

Stage theory

Qualitative change, revolutions in thinking, abrupt change across domains

Auditory threshold

The quietest sound babies can detect

What is a limitation for the fast recovery that is shown after infants with cataracts receive treatment?

They show deficits in faces

T or F: Piagets change mechanisms are consistent across development and across domains

True

T or F: Children and adults with autism perform poorly on face recognition tasks

True - deficits in recognition, discrimination, emotion identification

T or F: there is plasticity in visual development

True - experience is atypical --> vision is atypical

Theory of Mind (TOM)

Understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior - understanding others have minds and can believe different from you - requires representing others beliefs, thoughts and knowledge

Social cognition

Understanding of self, others and the social world

Acuity definition

Vision for fine detail

According to Piaget, when does accommodation occur?

When a child's theories are *modified* based on experience

According to Piaget, when does assimilation occur?

When new experiences are readily incorporated into a child's existing theories - organizing environment

Face processing specialization

With experienceX infants become expert fave processors (discrimination and recognition)

For the pre lingually deaf, if CI is implanted in elementary school what is the result?

difficult to acquire speech

When do infants start to not fail the object permanence task?

~8 months