PSCI 231 Final Exam

Define: Congruence

An aspect of cheap talk; ideology of someone's vote + ideology of how they speak (positive is talking more and doing less)

Define: Ethnic avoidance

Not wanting to favor certain groups so presidents/politicians avoid talking about them Ex: JFK with Catholics, Obama with blacks

What is the difference between substantive v. descriptive representation?

Substantive representation is advancing policies that benefit racial and ethnic minorities. Descriptive representation means that representatives are minorities and represent minorities.

Define: redistricting

divide districts again and establish new boundaries

Political activity

physically engaging in an action, rather than being attentive to politics

What have been used as barriers to voting?

poll tax, literacy test, Grandfather clause, democratic party restrictions

Requirements to become a naturalized citizen

- Have continuously resided in the U.S. for at least five years. - Be of good moral character - Be able to speak, read, and write English - Have a working knowledge of civics - Must take an oath of renunciation of their homeland and an oath of allegiance to the United States

What is Cheaptalk's effect on vote share?

- If 0-10% of minorities in district, low congruence (high cheaptalk score) can increase % of vote 1-2% (when there are few minorities, cheaptalk equals more votes) - When % of minorities moves beyond 20% in district, politicians who engage in high cheaptalk levels are punished and lose out on 7% of vote (when there are a high percentage of minorities, cheaptalk equals less votes) - Cheaptalk works well when they are not very many minorities and does not work well when there are minorities

What are the differences between minorities in response to representation?

- Whites tend to more favorably assess and more likely to contact officials with him they racially identify - Minorities tend to appreciate substantive representation over descriptive because they are more narrowly motivated by policy concerns and feel equally well represented by white or black legislators who share their policy preference

White attitudes toward Blacks

-polarization has ameliorated -black people believe white people believe in stereotypes more than they actually do

Two things Racial and ethnic minority concerns focus on:

1) Affirmative Action 2) Immigration

What are the three Congressional Caucuses?

1) Congressional Black Caucus - founded in 1962 by 13 black members of Congress to strengthen efforts to address legislative concerns for Black and minority issues (Rep. Pete Stark tried to join CBC as a white man in 1975 because half of his constituents were black) 2) Congressional Hispanic Caucus - Founded in 1976 that has aimed to address international and national issues and the impact of these policies have on the Hispanic community 3) Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus - founded in 1994 to support the "rights of AAPI communities and all Americans"

What are three approaches to moving beyond Black and White relationships?

1) Different trajectories - examines racialization as an open-ended, variable process that has played out differently for each subordinate group 2) Racial hierarchy - emphasizes ordering groups in a single scale status and privilege with Whites at top, blacks at bottom, and others in between **3) Racial triangulation - field of racial positions that consists of a plane defined by at least two axes - superior/inferior and insider/foreigner

What are the four generations?

1) Dutifuls - Born before 1946, shared experiences include the Depression, WWII, and Pearl Harbor, "The Silent Generation" (withdrawn, cautious, unimaginative, indifferent, unadventurous, silent) 2) Baby Boomers - Born between 1946-1964. Experienced a good amount of prosperity. Political experience were Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam, and Watergate. Other experiences were drugs and sexual revolution. Largest age cohort. 3) Generation X - Born between 1965-1976. Grew up amid rising rates of divorce and recession and AIDS. Political experiences were Iran-Contra, economic failures, and the Persian Gulf War. Described as being poor citizens and classified as "slackers." Used terms like "system is broken." Gen Xers learned to live without government. 4) DotNet generation - Born after 1976. Came to age during the Internet boom. Political experiences were September 11, Iraq War, and first black president. They are extremely diverse. More attention put on individual children and childhood problems. Walmart phenomenon of shopping. Aware of global problems. Levels of political engagement - DotNets have the highest rates of disengagement. Boomers and Dutifuls have higher rates of political specialization. Civic specialists (community, local action) are most likely to be GenX. Dual activists (both political and civic) are most likely to be Boomers.

Ex. of Pop Culture and Politics

1) N**gaz With Attitudes (NWA) - They rose to fame in late Reagan era. In 1988, they released Straight Outta Compton with the track "F** the Police" 2) Vote or Die - A political service group, founded by musician P. Diddy, and backed by Mary J. Blige, Mariah Carey and 50 Cent. The stated aim was to get young people to vote.

Four bases to form a viable biracial coalition

1) Parties entering into a coalition must recognize their respective self-interests 2) Each party must believe it will benefit from a cooperative relationship with the other or others 3) Each party must have its own independent power base and also have control over its own decision-making 4) Each party must recognize that the coalition is formed with specific and identifiable goals in mind

Rights of a naturalized citizen

1) ability to vote, hold office (except President), and serve on a jury 2) ability to apply for and hold certain positions that require citizenship 3) ability to bring a spouse, unmarried children, and parents to the US 4) ability to travel abroad for unrestricted periods of time 5) access to restricted federal programs such as financial aid for higher education

What are the three types of mobilization?

1) candidate mobilization - political candidates solicit support by encouraging voters to vote for them (campaign buttons, yard signs, banners, phone calls, commercials) 2) party mobilization - political parties solicit support by encouraging individuals to vote for candidates that represent their political ideology 3) interest group mobilization - to participate in political activities that puts forth groups political preference (commercials, phones, emails, flyers)

You can tell how someone would vote on multiple issues based on how they vote on these two issues:

1) economic redistribution 2) civil rights

What are the three ways in which to become a citizen?

1) jus sanguinis - Citizenship by blood. In this case a person is a citizen because at least one of her or his parents is a U.S. citizen. 2) soli - When a person is a citizen because he or she was born on U.S. soil 3) Naturalization - The act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality, which is not his or her nationality at birth.

How does mobilization increase political participation?

1) provides information on political candidates and issues 2) provides information on how to engage - when and where 3) social rewards for those who decide to participate

What are the six types of foreign-born individuals?

1) refugee - A person who is outside the U.S. and who seeks protection and entrance into the U.S. on the grounds that she or he fears persecution in their country of origin 2) asylum-seeker - Similar to a refugee, but the individual is already in the U.S. at the time of application for protection. These individuals must prove that they are in danger 3) non-immigrant - Individual who temporarily enters the U.S. for a specific purpose such as business, study, temporary employment, or pleasure 4) immigrant - A foreign-born individual who is admitted to the U.S. with a visa and applies for and is given permission to reside in the U.S. as a lawful permanent resident 5) migrant with Temporary Protected Status - Granted temporary status because of a major crisis in their homeland such as war or genocide 6) undocumented immigrant - Is an individual who entered the U.S. without a visa or more likely a person who overstayed a valid visa. Interestingly, 60-75% of undocumented immigrants had a visa at one point

Stages of the policy making process

1. Agenda setting (most important because dictating the agenda is controlling the debate) - The process by which issues are identified and by which conflicts and concerns gain prominence and exposure so they are brought to the public arena for debate and possible government fiction (can take place inside and outside of government) 2. Formulation - The stage at which policy issues are translated into actual proposals from which an alternative may be chosen for adoption, usually by a legislative body. Ideology becomes a significant barrier at this stage (i.e. gun control) Includes bargaining process - Compromising for policies that you think that will pass compared to those you don't think will 3. Policy adoption - Selecting between proposed alternatives to address the problem. Majority coalitions must be built 4. Implementation - The policy is put into action usually by a federal, state, or local government agency. Good policies can easily fall victim to poor implementation. 5. Evaluation - The process of determining whether the policy had its intended effect and what unintended consequences may have occurred. Once implemented, policies are rarely abolished. However, they are often augmented.

What are the problems of the generational effect?

1. Disentangling attitudes of young people as a factor of them being youth or a phase in life 2. Determining what is brought by new generations v. environment that currently exists 3. lack of data from older generations to make adequate comparison 4. determining whether a change in actions is a "problem" or "different"

What are the effects of age on political participation?

1. Generational effects - individuals in different generations experience various life experiences that shape their political engagement and attitudes toward politics 2. Life cycle effect - as individuals assume "adult roles" they become more engaged in the political process

Explain: Proposition 187

An initiative statute, nicknamed the "Save Our State" initiative, that sought to deny public social, educational and health services to aliens who are in California illegally. (SEE Garcia notes)

Citizenship test questions: 1) Who's the Chief Justice of SCOTUS? 2) Who vetoes bills? 3) How many amendments are there? 4) Who is third in the line of succession to the Presidency? 5) Who is the "father of our nation"?

Answers: 1) John Roberts 2) The President 3) 27 4) Speaker of the House 5) George Washington

Number of individuals asked to engage in political process at church

Black>Latinos>White>Asian *influence of Black church on mobilization*

Race and the census

Blacks and Latinos are constantly undercounted White and upper income people are overcounted Supreme Court ruled that because federal law bars the use of statistical sampling for apportioning seats in Congress, that an actual head count had to be used. But statistical sampling could be used to redistrict state legislatures and allocating federal funds

What are the benefits of a caucus?

Change the debate - when Democrats are in power caucuses opinions are solicited Influence the vote - when Democrats are in power minority caucus can vote as a bloc and receive some political preferences

What are the categories of political participation?

Electoral (voting) v. non electoral (everything else) conventional v. unconventional moderate v. extreme

How is descriptive representation seen in the 3 branches of government?

Executive - number of minorities in cabinet, bureaucracy; president him/herself Supreme Court - number of minorities Legislative - number of minorities (Black>Latinos>Asian-Americans)

Who is Gary Locke?

First Asian American governor in the continental US (WA 1996) - Started trend of Asian American politicians (but have been Asians elected in Hawaii) - Utilized pan-ethnic coalition building and mobilization across groups outside of the state to get him elected

What is the difference between interests and ideology and which is more important in coalition-building?

Interests - ties that bind biracial coalitions together, coalitions that are short-lived tactical compromises among self-centered groups Ideology - preexisting racial attitudes influence and perception of racial issues Interests provide more substantial basis for productive biracial coalition. Without shared ideology, coalitions are unlikely to continue beyond a specific issue

ex. of macrolevel data and microlevel data

Macrolevel data - USA Today/Gallup polls - "Do you consider yourself a republican, democrat, or independent?" Microlevel data - Individual level - "What do you consider the most important problem facing America today?"

Difference between a micropolity and macropolity

Micropolity: (individual partisanship) short-term political, economic, and societal shift have little sway on racial minorities partisanship Macropolity: (the collective partisanship of the nation) minority macropartisanship is rarely assessed. When it is assessed is associated with presidential approval and shifts in unemployment -Micropolity is an individual's political preferences and leanings. Macropolity is the nation's (or a specific demographic's) partisan preferences.

Models of agenda setting

Outside initiative - groups outside of government push for issues to be heard by decision-makers usually through mass mobilization (used by minorities) Mobilization model - issues are placed on the agenda by individuals inside government with direct access to government (lobbyists), but they gain public support Access model - placed on the agenda by individuals inside the government and are not extended to the public

Define: coalition politics

Racial/Ethnic groups come together to achieve goals

Racial triangulation chart

Relative valorization - Asian-Americans seen as inferior but not as low as blacks "One white man is worth two Chinamen, one Chinaman is worth two negroes, and one negro is worth two tramps" Civic ostracism - Asians were constructed as immutably foreign and ostracized from the body of politics on these grounds

READINGS: McClain, Garcia, Chang, Walton

See reading notes

What are the different types of districts?

Single-member plurality voting district - Under this system, an area is divided into a number of geographically defined voting districts, each represented by a single elected official. The most common district. Two round runoff voting district - an area is divided into a number of geographically defined voting districts, each represented by a single elected official. The one caveat being two-round run offs or instant run offs. This disadvantages minorities.

What is the #1 factor that influences political participation?

Socioeconomic status (income, education level, occupation)

Explain: SB 1070

The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act. U.S. federal law requires all aliens over the age of 14 who remain in the United States for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government, and to have registration documents in their possession at all times (SEE Garcia notes)

What is a Majority-minority district (MMD)?

The majority of individuals who reside in these districts are racial and ethnic minorities. Racial minorities are more likely to run for office when they are a numerical majority within single-member districts. (Swain - race of politician doesn't matter in MMDs because White and minority politicians vote the same)

When do tensions/competition arise in coalition building?

When groups have: different goals, distrust or suspicion, increase of one minority group so that others are not needed.

Define: symbolic racism

a form of resistance to change in the racial status quo based on moral feelings that blacks are inferior to whites and violate such traditional American values as individualism and self-reliance, work ethic, obedience, and discipline rooted in deep-seated feelings of social morality and propriety and in early learned racial fears and stereotypes

Define: Prisoner's Dilemma

a situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime.

Political participation (behavior, activity, engagement)

activity that is intended to or has the consequences of affecting, either directly or indirectly, government action

Define: reapportionment

allocation of seats within a state on the basis of populations within each Congressional district

Explain: Diversity Visa Lottery Program

established in 1952 under the Immigration and Nationality Act. It selects 50,000 individuals at random to be granted permanent residence. These individuals must come from countries that have not sent more than 50,000 individuals to the US in the past 5 years

What is the "crabs in a bucket" analogy

individuals bringing one another down One minority's success is another's failure / "If I can't have it, neither can you"

Define: gerrymandering

manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party good - has been known to increase minority representation bad - violates 2 tenets of electoral apportionment 1) compactness 2) equality of size of constituency

Define ideal point estimation and Explain basic understanding for calculating ideal point estimates

scaling legislative behavior items from Poole and Roosethal's technique of creating nominal scores of representative's ideal point Values that indicate how liberal or conservative a politician is on a specific value Underlying idea - legislative votes are likely to be grouped across issues. Thus knowing a representative's vote on one or two issues indicates how a representative will vote on other issues Technique - uses spacial models to geometrically place politicians within a Euclidean space, where each representative has a preferred policy position, or ideal point - Looks at roll call votes for 1 session - Tabulates number of yeas, divide by total votes, put on scale; individuals grouped together indicates where they stand ideologically - When the points are all mixed together, you can't tell who belongs to which party, but America is increasingly polarized so there is a clearly defined split - Predicts with a 97% accuracy - Where all the republicans are indicates where the "right" is and where the democrats are indicates where the "left" is (how you can tell that Obama was the most liberal Senator)

Define: Linked fate

the recognition that individual life chances are inextricably tied to the race as a whole Significance: African-Americas>Latinos>Asian-American>White

Define: Collective action problem

the situation in which multiple individuals would all benefit from a certain action, but has an associated cost making it implausible that any individual can or will undertake and solve it alone

Define: freeriders

those who don't participate in political action because they know they will receive the benefits without incurring the costs (part of collective action problem)

Ex. of political activity

voting, campaign contributions, membership, leadership in a political organization, involvement in a community project, signing a petition, boycotting, buycotting, marching, demonstrating, occupying a building, rioting