PSY 100 - Ch. 13

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

delusions

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; temporarily increases alertness and produces feelings of euphoria.

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.

Methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)

Nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products.

MDMA

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

ecstasy (street name for MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

phobias

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Elaina is a 15-year-old adolescent who has become shockingly thin. She barely eats and, when she does, she compensates by exercising excessively. Elaina is MOST likely suffering from:

anorexia

Harold has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

Kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior BEST illustrates:

antisocial personality disorder

Marcus is a young male recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms, however, developed over a long period of time. According to the research available on schizophrenia, what are the chances that he will recover?

Not good; the slow progression of symptom development suggests he will probably never fully recover.

Sigmund Freud proposed that beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, such as:

anxiety

dissociative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is MOST clearly demonstrating:

delusions

With respect to psychoactive drugs, alcohol is to methamphetamine as _____ is to _____.

depressant; stimulant

substance use disorder

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Although researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for the neurotransmitter _____ in schizophrenia patients' brains, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.

dopamine

This risk of a panic attack is _____ by the use of nicotine.

doubled

Depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions.

stimulant

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Amphetamines

drugs (such as methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

barbiturate drugs

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

Early signs of antisocial behavior have been detected in children as young as age:

3

In one study of 103,788 veterans returning home from Iraq or Afghanistan, about 1 in _____ was diagnosed with a psychological disorder, most frequently PTSD.

4

Bradley served two tours of duty during the war in Iraq. Since his return home he finds himself reliving many of his experiences from his time in the armed forces. Sometimes he swears he smells gun fire and feels the terror of being shot at. Bradley is MOST likely suffering _____ associated with _____.

flashbacks; PTSD

Billy has an identical twin that was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ in 10 that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

7

Ariel is drinking a can of beer. Barry is smoking a cigarette. Cord is smoking a marijuana cigarette. Who is using a psychoactive drug?

All three people are using psychoactive drugs.

_____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.

Stimulus generalization

David Rosenhan and colleagues (1973) conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels. They went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying empty, hollow, and thud. This was the only complaint they reported, and they displayed no other symptoms. They were all:

diagnosed as mentally ill, and the causes for their disorders were "discovered."

_____ described what is now called generalized anxiety disorder as free-floating anxiety.

Freud

Chronic schizophrenia is to acute schizophrenia as _____ schizophrenia is to _____ schizophrenia.

process; reactive

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Sigmund Freud proposed that beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. Freud's theory represents the _____ perspective.

psychoanalytic

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a word _____.

salad

In those suffering from alcohol use disorder, prolonged and expressive drinking can:

shrink the brain.

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the behavior to compensate that marks bulimia nervosa.

If one has an intense fear of speaking in public, eating out, or going to parties, one may be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

_____ disorder may result in the avoidance of speaking in public, eating in public, and/or going to parties.

social anxiety

Giacomo uses cocaine. He finds that he needs a line or two to re-create the original effects of a "bump." Which is the MOST specific term describing Giacomo's experience?

tolerance

How nature and nurture interact in the development of major depressive disorder is BEST seen as an example of a question concerning how to _____ a psychological disorder.

understand

The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia BEST highlights the role of _____ in this disorder.

viral infections

When one stops using nicotine, one is LEAST likely to experience:

weight loss.

Lincoln complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him he is so evil he should kill himself. Lincoln is experiencing:

hallucinations

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are MOST likely to reduce:

hallucinations.

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

inappropriate behaviors are present (disturbed perceptions, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, or exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage)

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:

is not classified as an illness.

Lyle has been having difficulty getting out of bed, is not interested in going out with friends, and rarely answers the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. Lyle is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

major depressive

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder.

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Helena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Helena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Which drug is an opiate?

methadone

As compared to major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is ______ protracted and ______ severe.

more; less

Flat affect (lack of emotional response), toneless voices, and expressionless faces are examples of _____ symptoms associated with schizophrenia.

negative

Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

When people suffer from a(n) _____ attack, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. These feelings last minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

panic

chronic schizophrenia

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

acute schizophrenia

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely.

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

In the 1980s, when the DSM contained the first formal code for DID, the average number of displayed personalities mushroomed from 3 to _____ per patient.

12

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and weariness of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a _____ model.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Phelps believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Phelps believes in a _____ model.

biopsychosocial

The text notes that factors such as one's expectations and society's traditions play a role in drug use and abuse, along with the biological effects of the drugs themselves. The text reflects a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

_____ disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.

bipolar

States of depression are found in:

both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

Psychoactive drugs are:

chemicals that change mood and perception.

The discovery that the disease _____ invades the brain and distorts the mind fueled interest in discovering the physical causes of other mental disorders.

syphilis

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Arianna displays very dysfunctional behavior. She is unable to care for herself, cannot dress herself, and has limited understanding of her surroundings. Prior to the reform movement influenced by Philippe Pinel, Arianna's behavior would MOST likely have been considered:

the result of demon possession.

Epigenetics

the study of the molecular ways by which environments can influence gene expression (without a DNA change).

Benny enjoys the feelings created by drinking alcohol. However, over the last several years, he has noticed that it takes more and more alcohol to create the desired effects. MOST specifically, Benny's experience illustrates the phenomenon of:

tolerance