PSY 101 Exam 4
Describe- Cognitive Dissonance Theory- Three basic ideas
1. People are motivated to be consistent in their attitudes and behaviors. 2. Behaving in a way that's inconsistent with one's attitudes leads to an unpleasant state of tension. -This is cognitive dissonance 3. We are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing our attitude or behavior. -WHY? Because the discomfort runs counter to the customary conception of oneself as a sensible person.
Describe Obedience
A change in behavior due to commands of others
In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the trait perspective can you cite? A. the trait perspective emphasizes unconscious motivations too heavily B. people's behavior varies from one situation to next C. the big 5 personality are not stable in adulthood D. the big 5 traits can't describe personality across different cultures
B
What do deindividuation and social loafing have in common? In both, A. people experience heightened self- awareness. B. individuals' actions are not identifiable. C. people perform differently depending on whether the task is simple or complex
B
According to Carl Rogers, people who are self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating A. self-transcendence. B. extraversion. C. genuineness. D. agreeableness
C
Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n) A. Inferiority complex B. Weak id C. Weak superego D. Oral fixation
C
Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their A. biological motives or their psychological motives. B. thoughts or their emotions. C. dispositions or their situations. D. heredity or their environment
C
Diane is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from A. a phobia. B. post-traumatic stress. C. a generalized anxiety disorder. D. an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C
Lately, 5 year old Liam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings towards its father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing A. Fixation B. The Electra complex C. The Oedipus complex D. Defense mechanism
C
Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture. However, _____ occurs worldwide. A. All of the psychological disorders above occur worldwide. B. anorexia nervosa C. depression D. dissociative identity disorder
C
The ____ of Fred's interacting system employees defense mechanisms because the ____ punishes it with feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inferiority A. id, superego B. Ego; id C. Ego, superego D. Superego, ego
C
We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel A. little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. B. a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. C. a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. D. little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve.
C
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of A. the self-fulfilling prophecy. B. a social trap. C. the mere exposure effect. D. mirror-image perceptions
C
A highly anxious and insecure personality illustrates the Big Five trait dimension of A. openness. B. agreeableness. C. extraversion. D. neuroticism
D
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of A. extraversion. B. neuroticism. C. openness. D. conscientiousness
D
Around the world, people may experience the same genetically-based disorder quite differently, depending on their personal expectations and their cultural definition of abnormality. This best illustrates the need for A. association studies. B. the medical model. C. linkage analysis. D. a biopsychosocial approach.
D
Bryce acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he's actually riddles with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as A. Regression B. Projection C. Displacement D. Reaction formation
D
In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement? A. phobia B. major depressive disorder C. persistent depressive disorder D. bipolar disorder
D
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to A. to be accurate. B. clarify reality. C. maintain personal control. D. gain social approval. E. demonstrate self-restraint
D
One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n) A. reaction formation. B. oral fixation. C. projective test. D. Oedipus complex
D
Prejudice is a(n) ______; discrimination is a(n) ______. A. explicit; implicit B. behavior; attitude C. ingroup bias; outgroup bias D. attitude; behavior
D
The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that A. the test can be used effectively only with individuals who are severely maladjusted. B. the test discourages individuals from communicating openly in clinical interviews. C. no computer-aided tool has been designed to facilitate scoring of the test. D. only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity
D
Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM-5- a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Includes action plans Modified over time
Describe Task/Issue Importance
Difficulty is manipulated by varying the time (5 seconds or ½ second) And importance is manipulated by telling participants that they will receive $20 if they are the most accurate participant in the experiment (or not telling them this). When the task is easy conformity goes down Conformity was highest with a difficult judgement
Describe Informational social influence
Informational social influence- using information of others to understand ambiguous situations; motivation is to be accurate -leads to private acceptance depending on our own judgment and how well informed we perceive the group to be Seen in Sherif's study
Describe regression
Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage
Describe Understanding Schizophrenia- Brain abnormalities
Linked to dopamine overactivity, and abnormal brain activity and anatomy. Such abnormalities have been linked to maternal viruses during midpregnancy Low birth weight is a risk factor Pregnant during flu/winter more likely to develop Schizophrenia
Describe Milgram studies
Newspaper ads- Yale U. Recruited 40 males from all backgrounds Stated Purpose: "Effects of punishment on learning" Hi-tech setting- experimenter in lab coat Pairs of people learner/teacher memorizing words Shock machine: 15-450 volts How high would people go? At 300 the learner refuses to continue, past 350 learner not heard anymore Would anyone go all the way? -65% were willing to the full amount
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. Oedipus complex
A
Describe Social inhibition
A decrease in performance when in the presence of others (hard task)
When there is a low amount of ____, aggression is higher? A. Testosterone. B. Norepinephrine. C. Serotonin. D. Dopamine.
C
Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of A. individualism. B. the self-concept. C. unconditional positive regard. D. social obligations
D
In a study conducted by Sherif (1936), participants watched a dot of light in a dark room, and in time it appeared to move, even though it really was stationary. This phenomenon is _____. Also, the results of this study using paired respondents is best explained by _____ social influence. A. proof that people make stuff up; informational B. known as the autokinetic effect; normative C. widely used to make people conform; normative D. known as the autokinetic effect; informational
D
In all likelihood, participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments (conducted in the 1960s and 1970s) were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because they were concerned that the experimenter would be disappointed or perhaps even angry with them. Such concerns reflect the power of _____ to induce obedience to authority. A. informational social influence B. the reciprocity norm C. mindless conformity D. normative social influence
D
People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing A. defensive self-esteem. B. family obligations. C. personal freedom. D. boredom.
B
You are trying to convince your parents to send you to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to the city you would fly out of), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as A. the fundamental attribution error. B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. motivated forgetting. D. cognitive dissonance.
B
You're in a confusing and unusual situation. You look around at what everyone else is doing and start copying what they are doing. This demonstrates ______ social influence. A. normative B. informational C. something similar to Asch's findings for D. Both A and C are correct answers. E. A, B, and C are all correct answers.
B
Describe Individualist cultures vs. Collectivist cultures
Individualist cultures -Self as independent -emphasizes the virtues of independence, autonomy, and self-reliance. Collectivist cultures -Self as interdependent -emphasized the virtues of interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony. -"I am..." part of my family, the community, etc.
Describe culture
Individualist cultures: dispositional attribution preferred in advertisements -"The art of being unique." -"You, only better." Collectivist cultures: situational attribution preferred in advertisements -"A more exhilarating way to provide for your family." -"Bringing people closer together."
Describe culture and the self
Individualistic cultures: People strive for personal achievement -Tendency to overestimate own contributions to team effort; take credit for self and blame others for failure Collectivistic cultures: People derive more satisfaction from the status of the valued group -Tendency to underestimate own role and present self in more modest, self-effacing terms in relation to other members of the group People were given a choice of a pen to choose from after completing a survey. People from a Collectivist culture tended to choose the majority-colored pen, whereas people from an Individualist culture tended to choose the minority-colored pen
Labeling Psychological Disorders
Labels affect perception, and can cause bias (confirmation bias and self-fulfilling prophecies). However, they also enable mental health professionals to communicate about their cases, to comprehend underlying causes of psychological disorders, and to develop treatments for them. Over diagnosis and expectations for women, labels, self-fulfilling prophecy -taught to feel others emotions as well as their own People went to a mental hospital and claim they're hearing things with no other symptoms -Some get out within a day, longest 50 days -Notes said they had minor psychological disorder, conformation bias
Describe projection
Leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others; linked to denial
Describe what Horney said about Freud
Like Adler, Karen Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. She countered Freudians assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from "penis envy." (girls are angry with the mother for not providing them with a penis)
Describe what Adler said about Freud
Like Freud, Alfred Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power
Describe Deindividuation
Losing one's sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one's normal values
Describe The Genetic Perspective
Mood disorders run in families. If one identical twin has major depression, there is a 50% chance that the other one will too; the chances are even higher for bipolar disorder (70%). Not based on environment Amish commuinities -Major source because records go back 100's of years -Want to seek treatment
Describe The Biological Perspective
Natural selection: Creatures are biologically prepared to fear threats that make them less likely to survive and reproduce. -Humans and monkeys learn snake fear more easily than fear of most other stimuli through direct or vicarious conditioning. Genes: Anxiety disorders run in families; some studies point to an anxiety gene that affects levels of serotonin. The Brain: Anxiety disorders are manifested as over- arousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors (below, elevated activity in the anterior cingulate for people with OCD).
Describe Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent worry/anxiety, and/or maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry/anxiety
Describe Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Describe Social Influence
Social influence as automatic Participants worked with a "partner". Hidden cameras recorded behavior. Participants mimicked their partner without realizing it. Called chameleon effect
Describe Actions affect attitude- Foot-in-the-door
Start with a small request, and then move on to a larger request Nurses and Kidney Donations Simple version: "Suppose that a 68 year old relative of yours needed a kidney as a result of renal failure. Suppose you were a suitable match. Would you donate?" 44% willing to donate, 56% not willing Experimental version: "...Suppose that is was not known whether you were a suitable match. You could be tested to determine whether you were a suitable match. Would you choose to be tested?" 69% yes, 31% no If you indicated a willingness to be tested, answer the following: "Suppose you had undergone the test and the test showed that you were a suitable match. Would you donate?" 93% yes, 7% no
Describe Understanding Schizophrenia- Genetic factors
The nearly 1-in-100 odds of a person being diagnosed with schizophrenia becomes 1-in-10 among those with a sibling or parent with the disorder Social withdraw right before diagnosis
Describe prosocial behavior
Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
Describe Actor-Observer Differences
We tend to attribute our own negative behaviors to external, situational factors (I was pushed and had on slippery shoes.) We tend to attribute others' negative behaviors to internal factors (You fell.)
Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with A. heritability B. individualism C. temperament D. collectivism
D
Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ______ principle. A. false consensus B. identity C. self-transcendence D. pleasure E. reality
D
An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with A. a manic episode. B. a depression episode.
A
Describe Hofling study
A set of nurses and nursing students predicted if they would give the lethal amount of the drug under the same conditions as the experiment -10/12 nurses said they would refuse to administer the drug -21/21 nursing students said they would refuse 22 nurses were called by an experimenter with the alias of Dr. Smith (an unknown doctor to them): "Administer 20mg of Astroten to patient X and I will be around later to sign for the medication." Astroten is a fictional drug -Bottle surreptitiously placed in the drug cabinet -Clearly labeled that 10mg was the MAXIMUM safe daily dose, so the dosage they were instructed to administer was twice that -"Drug" was not on the approved list, and official guidelines forbid administration in such circumstances Nurses were stopped at the door to the patient's room What were the results? -21 out of 22 nurses about to administer the drug -1 out of 22 nurses refused
Describe Schizophrenia
A severe disorder characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Describe Cognitive roots of prejudice
Categorization (out-group homogeneity bias)- our tendency to underestimate similarities between individuals in our own groups, but to overestimate similarities between individuals in other groups
Describe denial
Causes people to refuse to accept reality or fact; acting as if a painful event, thought, or feeling does not exist
Describe Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Perspective
Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are the water, sun, and nutrients that enable people to grow. Unconditional positive regard- an attitude of grace, an attitude that values us even knowing our failings. - Free to be spontaneous without the fear of losing others' esteem. Vary few people feel true empathy for others Maslow and Rogers both thought a central feature of personality is one's self-concept
Describe normative social influence
Normative social influence- conformity for social approval (to be liked), to avoid conflict -norms -leads to public compliance (fear of social rejection) -Seen in Ash's study
Understanding Psychological Disorders
Yesterday's "therapy"- In the Middle Ages, it was assumed that psychological disordered people were possessed by demons. Accordingly, a common treatment was trephination Early 1800s: Philippe Pinel, inspired by advances in medicine, argued that madness is not demon possession, but a sickness of the mind caused by stress and inhumane conditions. The aim of his treatments were, therefore, focused on how to relieve stress and improve conditions. Like the "Lunatic Ball." The medical model: the concept that diseases, including those of a psychological nature, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured through treatment, often in a hospital The Biopsychosocial Approach -Basic assumption: Whether normal or disordered, all behavior arises from the interaction of nature and nurture, and is shaped by culture. Similar to the Diathesis- stress model. -Best to take prozac with therapy -Need to look at social and situational
How do we reduce dissonance?
1. Convince self that the behavior is consistent with your attitude. -Smoking keeps my weight down, so I'm healthier 2. Minimize the importance of the inconsistency. 3. Change your behavior to bring it in line with your attitude. -This is usually the hardest to do because the behavior has already happened. 4. Add in consonant cognitions, or subtract dissonant cognitions. -I'll spend an extra 30 minutes at the gym to work it off 5. Change your attitude to bring it in line with your behavior. -I don't need to be on a diet to be healthy so eating a donut is fine -Not everyone gets lung cancer from smoking, so I'm fine
Describe Milgram Studies- Influences on Obedience
1. Immediacy of victim: further more obedience 2. Immediacy of authority: further less obedience 3. Gradually increasing concessions: more obedience than starting high 4. Responsibility passed on: more obedience 5. Gender: no difference on obedience, but women reported higher levels of stress 6. Salience/prestige of Yale: take to another place obedience decrease 7. Salience of authority figure- lab coat: younger, take off lab coat obedience decrease 8. Rebellious models: obedience decreases
Describe The basic facts about depression
1. Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression. 2. Depression is widespread; compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable. 3. Most major depressive episodes self-terminate spontaneously. 4. Stressful events in work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression. 5. Increasing
Describe Aronson & Carlsmith (1963) and Freedman (1965) - Forbidden Toy Experiment
2 weeks later the experimenters observed what toys the children played with. -71% of the children in the mild threat condition did not play with toy -or only 29% played with the toy -23% of the children in the severe threat condition did not play with the toy -or 77% played with the toy
Bruce has been smoking since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, you have to die of something." This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as A. Rationalism B. Projection C. Displacement D. Reaction formation
A
Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _______ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor. A. attitude B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon C. situational attribution D. belief
A
David Rosenhan and colleagues conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels. They went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty," "hollow," and "thud." This was the only complaint they reported and displayed no other symptoms. They were all A. diagnosed as mentally ill and the causes for their disorders were "discovered." B. initially diagnosed as mentally ill, but released immediately. C. found to be sane, and not admitted into the hospital. D. sued by the hospital for pretending to be mentally ill.
A
Diane is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane's free-floating anxiety leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n) A. generalized anxiety disorder. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. phobia. D. social anxiety disorder
A
Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by _______ theory. A. cognitive dissonance B. attitude C. attribution D. role-playing
A
Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because A. he is unmotivated to do well in school. B. the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class. C. he was not given enough time to complete the test. D. his parents had an argument the evening before the test
A
Jessica isn't invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman. Jessica is experiencing ______ from here coworkers. A. discrimination B. prejudice C. race-based exclusion
A
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of A. a dispositional attribution. B. cognitive dissonance. C. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D. a situational attribution
A
Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ______ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. A. less B. more C. More information is needed to answer this question. D. equally
A
People who suffer from _____ are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives. A. obsessive-compulsive disorder B. bipolar disorder C. dissociative disorder D. schizophrenia
A
Professor Janis was hired to help the campus police avoid riots after football game losses. He knows these riots are caused by situations that foster deindividuation. To help counteract deindividuation, the authorities should A. increase self-awareness. B. increase feelings of anonymity. C. increase arousal. D. increase antisocial behavior
A
Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among A. audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced. B. factory workers paid on the basis of individual level of productivity. C. students who are each assigned a different topic for their course term papers. D. a group of runners competing for first place in a race
A
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to A. explain others' actions in terms of traits B. explain others' actions in terms of situations C. give ourselves more credit for our own success that we really serve D. overestimate the role of situations in causing our behavior
A
The interaction of genetic predispositions, mental processes, and cultural circumstances is most clearly emphasized by A. the biopsychosocial approach. B. the immigrant paradox. C. the DSM-5. D. the medical model
A
This Neo-Freudian propoed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority A. Adler B. Jung C. Horney D. Maslow
A
Which theorists are most likely to be criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A. trait B. social-cognitive C. psychodynamic D. social
A
You have practiced and practiced playing a song on the piano and you know it by heart. According to research on social inhibition and social facilitation, under what conditions would your performance be best? A. Playing the song for a group of people. B. Playing the song with no one else around. C. Conditions do not matter. Your performance never changes.
A
You run a study using Asch's line judgment paradigm. You have 2 unanimous confederates saying the wrong line. If you add another person to the unanimous confederates, conformity A. will increase. B. will decrease. C. will reach nearly 100% on all error trials. D. will not increase, or decrease
A
_____ is a cognitive process, not an emotional one. A. Stereotyping B. Forming a prejudice C. Aggression D. Discrimination
A
Describe conformity
A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of others
Describe Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A disorder marked by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers four or more weeks after a traumatic experience. Anyone can develop PTSD, and at any age. Including, people who have survived disasters, sexual assault, physical abuse, accidents, and other very serious, shocking, and dangerous events. However: -Greater emotional distress during a trauma = higher risk of PTSD -Some may be genetically predisposed
Describe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A disorder marked by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions Obsessions are thoughts, compulsions are actions They know they are irrational
Describe Stereotype
A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among members Example: Women are not as good at math as men Cognitive process People think there's positive stereotypes and this leads to unrealistic expectations
Describe Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. In any given year, plagues 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women...making it the "common cold" of psychological disorders. Slows us down, diffuses aggression World wide like Schizophrenia Men tend to self medicate more than women
Describe Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania Called manic depressive disorder Talkative and more active during mania
Describe Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, as well as a tendency for aggression Typically a male Don't feel fear or remorse Less activity in brain more likely to commit crimes Bio social has double the risk of committing crimes
Describe Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A rare condition in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder
Describe the Humanistic Perspective-Maslow's Self-Actualizing Person
Abraham Maslow's Self- Actualizing Person Only when certain needs are met can you move up
Describe personality development
According to Freud, personality forms through a series of psychosexual stages, during which the id's pleasure- seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body called erogenous zones
Describe the anal stage in Freud's stages
After passing through the oral stage, children enter what Freud termed the anal stage (1-3 years). In this stage, children experience pleasure in their bowel and bladder movements, so it makes sense that the conflict in this stage is over toilet training. Freud suggested that success at the anal stage depended on how parents handled toilet training. Parents who offer praise and rewards encourage positive results and can help children feel competent. Parents who are harsh in toilet training can cause a child to become fixated at the anal stage, leading to the development of an anal retentive personality. The anal-retentive personality is stingy and stubborn, has a compulsive need for order and neatness, and might be considered a perfectionist. If parents are too lenient in toilet training, the child might also become fixated and display an anal-expulsive personality. The anal-expulsive personality is messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
Describe Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic system arousal, with both cognitive and physical symptoms Jittery Concentration is difficult Maltreated or not allow to do anything Mellows out as you get older Called free floating disorder
Describe Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by brief, unpredictable episodes of intense dread, with terror and chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Describe Specific Phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by excessive, persistent, distressing, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation -Accepted
Describe Social facilitation
An increase in performance when in the presence of others (easy task or task mastered)
Describe Aggression
Armin Meiwes case- is it classified as aggression? No because the victim gave consent Aggression- Behavior intended to harm another person, who is motivated to avoid the harm. Three important features to be aggression 1. Is a behavior 2. Is intentional (not accidental), and the intent is harm 3. Victim wants to avoid the harm
Describe Prejudice
Attitude towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on membership in that group. Example: I do not like politicians Emotional
Describe Attribution Theory
Attributions- how people explain the causes of behavior Fritz Heider's big insight: -2 types of attributions 1. Internal/dispositional (personal) attributions 2. External (situational) attributions
Across the studies that Milgram did investigating obedience to authority, the one factor that never made a consistent difference in how participants behaved was A. the immediacy of the experimenter. B. pleas for help from the victim. C. disagreement among authority figures. D. disobedience from other teachers.
B
Cognitive Dissonance is when your behavior is ______ to your attitudes. A. parallel B. contrary
B
Depression is a serious, common psychological problem that affects many people. Although questions remain concerning the cause(s) of depression, we do know that A. most major depressive episodes do not self- terminate. B. women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depression than are men. C. the rate of major depressive disorder is decreasing. D. major depressive episodes are never preceded by stressful events.
B
Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates A. social inhibition. B. social facilitation. C. group polarization. D. social loafing. E. deindividuation
B
Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from A. the collective unconscious. B. anxiety. C. erogenous zones. D. an inferiority complex
B
In a Psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the humanistic perspective can you debate? A. Its concepts are too precise and specific B The descriptions self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values C. It emphasizes collectivism too heavily D. It emphasizes unconscious motivation too heavily
B
Kayden had to make a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He's worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach A. Is an old test B. Is not very reliable and that is has limited validity C. Is not a projective test D. Is not a personality test
B
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because A. the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest. B. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. C. the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person. D. the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances
B
Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ______ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ______. A. depression; compulsion B. obsession; compulsion C. panic; phobia D. panic; agoraphobia
B
The fundamental attribution error occurs more often in _____ cultures A. collectivist B. individualist C. South American D. interdependent
B
The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to A. humanistic theories. B. psychoanalytic theories. C. social-cognitive theories. D. trait theories
B
The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ______ and ______ on behavior. A. self-concept; self-esteem B. environments; traits C. factor analysis; emotions D. extraversion; introversion
B
Those who suggest that phobias are learned would be most likely to emphasize the role of ______ in the onset of anxiety disorders. A. glutamate B. conditioning C. repression D. epigenetics
B
Uncontrollable bad events + perceived lack of control. This equation may lead to what? A. Unconditional positive regard B. Learned helplessness C. Strong superego D. Repression
B
While visiting a concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of A. mere exposure effect. B. the belief in a just world phenomenon. C. the realistic group conflict phenomenon. D. deindividuation.
B
Describe repression
Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. According to Freud, repression underlies all the other defense mechanisms
Describe Social roots of prejudice
Belief in a Just World- the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Realistic Group Conflict- Conflicts between groups are caused by direct competition for scarce resources -Prejudice attitudes increase in stressful situations -People in the US blame outsiders for taking away jobs Ingroup and Outgroup- People with whom we share a common identity (ingroup) and people who we perceive as different or apart (outgroup) -People in red shirts gave money to people in red shirts
Describe Understanding DID- believers
Believers counter that there are physiological changes as people shift between identities, such as visual acuity and handedness. Symptoms are believed to be way of dealing with anxiety
Describe Aggression- influences
Biological influences -Neural influences (Amygdala) -Putting an alpha monkey with a group of non alphas the alpha will be aggressive towards the other monkeys -Putting a non alpha monkey with a group of alpha monkeys the non alpha monkey will try to hide Genetic Influences -Twin studies/Selective animal breeding Blood Chemistry -Testosterone- Strong, positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggression. -Serotonin- Neurotransmitter; appears to restrain impulsive acts of aggression (negative correlation). Aversive stimuli (Heat, pain, etc.) -Aggression is increased in summer and decreased in winter Alcohol- dis-inhibitor Social Learning/Modeling
What is social psychology?
Book's definition- field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation. A slightly better definition- The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in regard to other people and how individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people (real or imagined). The power of the situation can be harnessed for good, or for evil.
A study was mentioned in lecture where a confederate attended large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. In keeping with the mere exposure effect, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, they liked her best when she had A. worn their school colors. B. challenged the professor. C. attended more classes. D. worn nice shoes.
C
Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ______ as the desire to gain approval is to ______. A. deindividuation; social facilitation B. social facilitation; deindividuation C. informational social influence; normative social influence D. normative social influence; informational social influence
C
According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression," which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression? A. David is not paying attention and runs over the neighbor's cat as he backs out of the driveway. B. Amanda asserts herself with her boss and makes a spirited argument for a raise. C. A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father (who doesn't want to be hit). D. One basketball player accidentally fouls another player during the shot.
C
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ______ perspective. A. psychoanalytic B. biological C. learning D. humanistic
C
At their health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates A. social loafing. B. normative social influence. C. social facilitation. D. social inhibition.
C
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts A. have lower levels of dopamine B. exhibit more activity in the frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition C. exhibit less activity in the frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition D. A and B
C
Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates A. reaction formation. B. projection. C. regression. D. denial.
C
Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it A. is contradicted by recent research demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior. B. underestimates the importance of biological contributions to personality development. C. offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity. D. is overly reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests
C
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of A. empirically derived tests B. reciprocal determinism C. a positive self-concept D. an external locus of control
C
It is likely that participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments (conducted in the 1960s and 1970s) were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because when confronted with a confusing, unfamiliar, and upsetting situation, they would turn to the experimenter for cues as to how to proceed. This speculation in essence identifies _____ as a source of participants' destructive obedience. A. social norms B. normative social influence C. informational social influence D. straight up meanness
C
Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's A. ego. B. id. C. superego. D. inferiority complex.
C
Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for A. unconditional positive regard. B. acceptance. C. self-transcendence. D. reciprocal determinism
C
Vale is outgoing, sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures A. conscientiousness B. agreeableness C. extraversion D. openness
C
Which of the following is an argument against Freud's theories? A. Development is seen as fixed as childhood, not lifelong B. Freud's questioning technique utilized the scientific method and produced results that demonstrate repressed memories C. Freud's theories offered after the fact explanations of any characteristic, but never made predictions D. All of the above
C
You run a study using Asch's line judgment paradigm. You have 6 unanimous majority members saying the wrong line. If you add another person to the majority, conformity A. will increase B. will decrease C. will not increase, or decrease D. will reach nearly 60% on all error trials
C
_____ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership. A. Discrimination B. A stereotype C. Prejudice
C
Describe Reaction Formation
Causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex
Describe Aronson & Carlsmith and Freedman studies
Children told not to play with a certain toy that every child wanted to play with threatened mildly or severely Experimenters then left the room and none of the children played with the toy. So, -Attitude: I want to play with the toy -Behavior: I'm not playing with the toy Experimenters returned and asked each child to rate how much the liked each of the toys (including the forbidden toy) -Children who received the severe threat had justification for not playing with the toy. They knew why they didn't play with the toy and didn't have any reason to change their attitude towards the toy. In fact, some rated it even more desirable. -However, the children without much external justification for avoiding the toy (mild threat) had to justify why they didn't play with the toy. That is, they needed an internal justification for why they didn't play with it. What they found was that the preschoolers in the mild threat condition succeeded in convincing themselves that they had a reason for not playing with the toy and it became less attractive to them.
Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a A. denial. B. regression. C. reaction formation. D. projection. E. rationalization
D
According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression", which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression? A. Doug is messing around and accidentally punches an ox. B. Cathy giving a tattoo to Amanda. C. Jamal trips and hurts his elbow. D. Danny puts extreme hot sauce on a burger to get his friend (who does not like anything spicy because it hurts his mouth really bad) back for pranking him earlier in the week
D
Carl Rogers said "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that's deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rodgers are most likely to object to this statement because A. It encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness B. It encourages too much individualism, which can lead to the erosion or moral restraints C. It fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction D. All of the above
D
David Rosenhan and his fellow researchers were admitted as patients into various hospitals after they falsely complained of auditory hallucinations. After hospital clinicians analyzed these patients' quite normal life histories A. the patients were typically discharged from the hospital in less than a day after admission. B. the patients actually began to experience auditory hallucinations. C. the clinicians refused to prescribe any medications for these patients. D. the clinicians identified patient life history dynamics contributing to a psychological disorder
D
In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was ______ the experimenter and ______ the "learner." A. far from; close to B. far from; far from C. close to; close to D. close to; far from
D
Jaydon does not realize that his alcohol abuse and family neglect is leading to the destruction of both his family and his career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon is showing signs of a A. Strong ego B. Weak id C. Strong superego D. Weak ego
D
Nina washes her hands about 50 times a day because she is afraid of the germs that seem to be everywhere, and experiences anxiety because of the excessive hand washing. Amanda washes her hands about 50 times a day because she is a nurse practitioner and she knows that it is an important part of her job. Why is Nina's hand washing considered part of a psychological disorder, while Amanda's is not? A. The behavior is dysfunctional for Nina. B. The behavior is deviant for someone whose work does not demand it. C. The behavior causes Nina distress. D. All of these things classify Nina's behavior as a psychological disorder.
D
People who have witnessed an almost unimaginable horrible event report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of A. The Oedipus complex B. Reaction formation C. Displacement D. Repression
D
Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by A) disorganized thinking. B) disturbed perceptions. C) inappropriate emotions and actions. D) Schizophrenia is characterized by all of these things
D
Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by A. disorganized thinking. B. disturbed perceptions. C. inappropriate emotions and actions. D. Schizophrenia is characterized by all of these things.
D
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ______ and to overestimate the impact of ______ in explaining the behavior of others. A. attitudes; cognitive dissonance B. cognitive dissonance; attitudes C. personal dispositions; situational influences D. situational influences; personal dispositions
D
We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel A. little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. B. little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. C. a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. D. a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove
D
When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am ...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _____, because they grew up in an _____ culture. A. group membership; independent B. their own traits; interdependent C. their own traits; independent D. group membership; interdependent
D
When we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to _____ factors and our failures to _____ factors A. internal; external B. dispositional; situational C. external; internal D. A and B
D
Which of the following is an example of a way a person who is unsuccessfully quitting smoking can reduce their cognitive dissonance? A. "Smoking keeps my weight down, so it's better - more healthy - for me to smoke. B. "Smoking while I drink alcohol is okay. I'm allowed to cheat once in a while." C. "Not all smokers get lung cancer, so it's okay that I smoke." D. All of the above are correct answers.
D
Describe defense mechanisms
Defense mechanisms- the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. For example, regression allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development.
Describe Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusions: fragmented, bizarre, and often distorted beliefs that have no basis in reality. Disturbed perceptions: experiencing hallucinations -seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that are not there. Inappropriate emotions and actions: feelings and behaviors that are split off from reality
Describe the phallic stage in Freud's stages
Freud's third stage of psychosexual development is the phallic stage (3-6 years), corresponding to the age when children become aware of their bodies and recognize the differences between boys and girls. The erogenous zone in this stage is the genitals. Conflict arises when the child feels a desire for the oppositesex parent, and jealousy and hatred toward the same-sex parent. For boys, this is called the Oedipus complex, involving a boy's desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mother's attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he experiences castration anxiety. Girls experience a comparable conflict in the phallic stage—the Electra complex.
Describe Attitude and Belief
General/global evaluations people hold in regard to themselves, other people, objects, events, or ideas (favorable or unfavorable; and chosen); often influenced by our beliefs (pieces of information about something; facts or opinions) Whether you like the President -Why? That would be where beliefs come in. Attitudes are for choosing, whereas beliefs are for explaining. Social Psychologists are interested in how attitudes relate to behavior and in whether and how attitudes can change. -2-way street: attitudes and behavior influence each other
Why do we conform?
Group Size -Increases with group size, but only up to a point. Up to 3 people, after that levels off or decrease Group Unanimity -A rebel with a cause? Supreme Court Judges? -Unanimous decisions is 9:0 is most common -Non-unanimous is 8:1 is least common Group Cohesiveness -As friendship groups grew more cohesive, a sorority member's binge eating behavior grew more and more like that of her friends. Gender -Weak and unreliable, unless face-to-face. -Do you wash your hands after using the bathroom? Men without a sign 37%, women 61%, men with sign 35%, women 97% Age -Older people are less likely to conform Culture -Individualism vs. Collectivism - Which conforms more? Collectivism? Task/Issue Importance
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a A. strong id. B. weak superego. C. strong collective unconscious. D. weak ego. E. strong ego.
E
Describe group polarization
EX: Moscovici & Zavalloni (1969) -French students increased their disapproval of U.S. after group discussion To the right is the famous Myers & Bishop (1970) study on racial attitudes
Describe Compulsive hoarding
Excessive acquisition of and inability or unwillingness to discard large quantities of objects that cover the living areas of the home and cause significant distress or impairment Once considered OCD Don't know they're irrational
Describe The Social- Cognitive Perspective
Explanatory style: to what we attribute bad events and failures in life
Which of the following has been linked to more aggressive behavior? High ______. A) serotonin levels B) heat index C) testosterone levels D) alcohol levels E) A, B, C, and D are all correct answers. F) B, C, and D (but not A) are all correct answers
F
Describe The Learning Perspective
Fear conditioning: When associations form between neutral stimuli and fearful events. -Stimulus generalization and reinforcement -Generalize it to all dogs -Reinforcement increases/maintains fear -If washing hands relieves fear you will keep doing it Observational learning: When we learn fear through observing (seeing and hearing) others. Cognition: Our interpretations and irrational beliefs also make for anxiety
Describe the latency stage in Freud's stages
Following the phallic stage of psychosexual development is a period known as the latency period (6 years to puberty). This period is not considered a stage, because sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports. Children generally engage in activities with peers of the same sex, which serves to consolidate a child's gender-role identity.
Describe the oral stage in Freud's stages
In the oral stage (birth to 1 year), pleasure is focused on the mouth. Eating and the pleasure derived from sucking (nipples, pacifiers, and thumbs) play a large part in a baby's first year of life. At around 1 year of age, babies are weaned from the bottle or breast, and this process can create conflict if not handled properly by caregivers. According to Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the oral stage of her psychosexual development; she may have been weaned too early or too late, resulting in these fixation tendencies, all of which seek to ease anxiety.
Describe theories about personality structure
The id's unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. -Pleasure Principle: seeking immediate gratification, only thinks about the present The ego seeks to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure; sets up defense mechanisms for superego when id's activity conflicts with reality -Reality Principle: seeking gratification in realistic ways that will bring pleasure rather than pain The superego forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal (focuses on how we ought to behave) No strong or weak id's Strong superego makes you feel guilty
Describe Social-Cognitive Perspective- Reciprocal determinism
The social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personalities are shaped by the interaction of our cognitive processes (thoughts and feelings), our environment/context, and our behaviors
Describe Fundamental Attribution Error/correspondence bias
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational (external) influences and overestimate dispositional (internal) influences on others' behavior; this is our anchor Also called the correspondence bias EX: Someone is driving erratically- running multiple stop lights, swerving, and speeding.
What are the evaluations/updates of the psychoanalytic perspective?
Today, developmental psychologists think of development as lifelong, not as something fixed in childhood. They also doubt that neural networks are mature enough to sustain as much emotional trauma as Freud assumed, and that he overestimated parental influence while underestimating peer influence. Freud's theory offers after the fact explanations of most any behavior, but it fails to predict such behaviors. For example, if you feel angry at your mother's death, it's because of "unresolved childhood dependency." If you don't, it's because of repression! False Consensus Effect- tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors -People who see people as happy they will see themselves as happy; people who do bad things think other people do bad things -For $500 would you stand in front of the class in your underwear? -70% said yes 30% said no, means that percentage of their peers would say yes or no Defense Mechanisms protect self-esteem
Describe the Trait Perspective- Factor Analysis
Traits: People's characteristic behaviors and conscious motives Exploring Traits Factor Analysis Introverted people are fine on their own Politian's are usually extroverted
Describe Discrimination
Unjustified negative or harmful action/behavior toward a member of a group, simply because of their membership in that group. Example: Using harsher methods to control Black versus White patients
Describe evaluation of Maslow and Rogers
Vague and subjective -Are Maslow's heroes best? -Framing is vague -No objective Is it selfish? -Too much individualism? -Not considering others around you -Self-indulging -Erosion of moral restraints Is it naive? -Some humans are evil, right? -Need realism to accept what's going on and optimism to have hope
Describe Actions affect attitude- role playing
When we adopt a new role, we strive to follow social prescriptions. In the famous Stanford Prison experiment, a toxic situation triggered degrading behaviors among those assigned to the guard role.
Describe Disorders in Childhood
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders that are typically diagnosed during childhood and are characterized by developmental deficits in personal, social, academic, and intellectual realms; these disorders include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder. ADHD is characterized by a pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning. Genetic and neurobiological factors contribute to the development of ADHD, which can persist well into adulthood and is often associated with poor long term outcomes. The major features of autism spectrum disorder include deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive movements or interests. As with ADHD, genetic factors appear to play a prominent role in the development of autism spectrum disorder; exposure to environmental pollutants such as mercury have also been linked to the development of this disorder. Although it is believed by some that autism is triggered by the MMR vaccination, evidence does not support this claim
Describe rationalization
Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
Describe The Big Five Factors
Openness- I like to visit new places. Conscientiousness- I pay attention to details. Extraversion- I am the life of the party. Agreeableness- I make people feel at ease. Neuroticism- I get caught up in my problems
Describe the Trait Perspective- Biology and Personality
PET studies show that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low; also, dopamine tends to be higher in extraverts. And, a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active in extraverts than in introverts. Mostly genetic, but can have social influences Twin studies show that individual differences in personality traits are influenced by genes, perhaps via the autonomic nervous system.
Describe Asch's study
Participants in a group were asked which comparison line is the same length as the standard line. Confederates in the group picked the wrong line. Participants went along with the wrong answer on 37% of trials. 76% of the participants conformed on at least one trial. Why? People believe the group must be right or afraid of disapproval of the group If they added a partner for the participant who picked the right answer, conformity decreased
Describe the autokinetic effect
Participants watched a dot of light in a dark room, and in time it appeared to move, even though it really was stationary. This phenomenon is known as the autokinetic effect. Pre-group - Participants estimated the movement of the light by themselves. A few days later, the participants estimated again, but not alone. This time with two other people (trials 2, 3, and 4). As you can see, after a few trials participants' estimates tended to conform.
Describe Festinger & Carlsmith study
Participates in an extremely boring study are asked to tell the next participant the experiment was enjoyable. Participants offered $1 or $20 to lie to the unsuspecting participant. (or not asked to lie at all) Afterwards participants are asked to rate the enjoyment of the study/task. Which participants enjoyed the study the most? Those who were given $1 convinced themselves it was enjoyable Those who were given $20 still thought it was boring
Describe how attitudes affect actions
People sometimes say one thing but do another. What are the conditions under which attitudes guide actions (Briñol & Petty, 2012). -When the person's attitudes are strong. -When the person shows a strong awareness of an attitude and rehearses and practices it. -When the person has a vested interest.
Describe Self-Serving Bias
People tend to make internal attributions for positive outcomes and blame negative outcomes on external causes Good grade on exam: attributed to intelligence, effort Poor grade on exam: unreasonable professor, bad luck Why? -Protection of self-esteem -Explains why self-serving bias extends to in-groups -We know more about our own efforts
Describe Social-Cognitive Perspective- personal control
People with an external locus of control have the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate, while those with an internal locus of control believe that they are the masters of their own destiny. Learned helplessness versus personal control
Describe the Trait Perspective- Assessing traits
Personality inventory - a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess traits Genes (50%) and environment play a role Stable across a lifespan Good predictor of personality People with high conscientiousness have good grades and morning people
Describe evaluation of the trait perspective
Personality traits are stable and predictive of behaviors, attitudes, and interests. Becomes more stable over time Change based on environment
How do we assess the unconscious?
Projective tests - aim is to provide a window into the unconscious by asking test-takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus or to tell a story about it. Above, the left two pictures are examples of the Thematic Apperception Test. Rorschach inkblot test- people describe what they see in a series of inkblots (the above two on the right). Seeing (for example) a predatory animal or a weapon is interpreted as an indication of aggressive tendencies.
Describe factors that affect initial attraction
Proximity -Closer the distance the more likely to be friends Familiarity/Mere Exposure Effect -Repeated exposure to stimuli in our immediate environment increasing liking of these images. -Your friend's are more likely to like the true print of yourself -You would more likely to like the reverse print of yourself Physical Attractiveness -Blind date example- What was the overriding determinant for liking? physical attractiveness Similarity -"Birds of a feather flock together" -People in relationships are similar in intelligence, religion, political status, etc Reciprocity -If someone likes you, it is hard to resist liking that person in return -Mimicry- nonverbal liking Arousal -Misattribution of Arousal Evolutionary perspective
Defining Psychological Disorders
Psychological disorders- Ongoing patterns of abnormal thoughts, feelings, and actions that are harmful (dysfunctional) to the individual or to others. Standards for abnormal behavior vary by culture and time. For example: -Men of the West African Wodaabe tribe wear elaborate makeup to attract women. -Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a psychological disorder. -Having multiple tattoos was once considered to be a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder. -The changing definition of schizophrenia --Most widely viewed, across the world like depression -ADHD and Dissociative Identity Disorder
Why does Deindividuation happen?
Reason #1: Makes people feel less accountable -Anonymous more likely to steal candy -Considered an interaction -2X2 Reason #2: Distracts members' attention away from their individual selves and their personal values Increases obedience in group norms MSU students burning couches? IQ Test (Diener & Wallboom,1979) -no mirror - 71% violated time limits -mirror - 7% violated time limits
Describe Social Loafing
Ringelmann (1880s): Individual output declines on pooled tasks. Tasks in which the specific performance of any one individual cannot be determined. Social Loafing: reduction in individual output on easy tasks in which contributions are pooled. Why does it occur? -Motivation loss -People fail to see the importance of their own contribution -Don't want to be the person that does everything -Not getting evaluated What are some ways to decrease social loafing? -Separate each individual's performance from that of the group's effort -Make tasks personally meaningful -People believe that their own efforts are necessary for a successful outcome -The groups expects to be punished for poor performance and possibly singles out for blame -Reward individual as well as the group -Smaller groups -Increase group cohesiveness
Describe The Person-Situation Controversy
Sam Gosling and friends' cool findings for personality and -Music Preference: most likely the 1st thing people talk about and related to personality -Dorm Rooms: can determine accurately personality based on someone's room -Facebook: canvas for self expression -Email: detect personality and gender However, as emphasized by social psychologists Walter Mischel, Philip Zimbardo, and others, the situation can still have a powerful influence on behavior
Describe Emotional roots of prejudice
Scapegoat theory- the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Describe Understanding Schizophrenia- Psychological factors
Separation from parents, poor peer relations, and social isolation are correlates of schizophrenia
Describe displacement
Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Describe Understanding DID- Skeptics
Skeptics point out that we all have many selves. So, perhaps dissociative identities are extreme version of our capacity to vary the selves we present. -Skeptics also point out that number of reported cases of DID increased dramatically after the disorder made it into the DSM, and that there are cultural differences in the prevalence of the disorder
Describe The Biological Perspective
The Brain: Many studies have found less activity (e.g., left frontal lobe) in the brain during depressive states, and more activity during periods of mania. Norepinephrine is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania. Serotonin is also scarce during depression More likely to smoke when depressed
Describe the genetil stage in Freud's stages
The final stage is the genital stage (from puberty on). In this stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). People in this stage have mature sexual interests, which for Freud meant a strong desire for the opposite sex. Individuals who successfully completed the previous stages, reaching the genital stage with no fixations, are said to be well-balanced, healthy adults.
Describe Dodd's study
Dodd's (1985) study with students and prisoners- "If you could do anything humanly possible with complete assurance that you would not be detected, what would you do?" What were the results? -Antisocial: 36% students -Non-normative: 19% students -Neutral: 36% students -Prosocial: 9% students -No difference with prisoners
Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from _____ and does his best work ______ A. bipolar disorder; during his periods of mania. B. a major depressive disorder; during his periods of mania. C. bipolar disorder; during his periods of depression. D. a major depressive disorder; during his periods of depression. E. None of the above answers are correct.
E
People who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrate A. scapegoat theory. B. social scripts. C. scapegoating. D. stereotyping. E. the belief in a just-world phenomenon
E
