PSY 121 Chapter 5
What is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?
A mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away
The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ___________ and __________.
imitation; desire
Positive reinforcement results in a(n)_____ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a(n) _____ in the target behavior.
increase, increase.
In Kohler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then he learned to fit two sticks together to reach a banana placed farther away. This was an example of:
insight
This scientist conducted research to establish the explanation for classical conditioning known as the cognitive perspective.
Robert Rescorla
Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?
Thorndike's law of effect
Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of
Thorndike's law of effect
Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "it came to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as
insight learning
In classical conditioning, behavior typically is______ whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is_____.
involuntary, voluntary
_______ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?
Martin Seligman
Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?
Pavlov's classical conditioning
In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone:
jumped over the fence when the shock started.
Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?
Albert Bandura
Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning: a. ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road b. as lamont grows older, he begins to look more and more like his father c. kara asks her mom for a new pair of shoes after noticing an increase in the size of her feet d. isaiah sits for the first time
Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road
______ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
Extinction
Lan received a noisemaker for his birthday. since receiving the gift, Lan has played with it every day. Desperate for some peace and quiet, Lan's father gives him a lollipop, which takes Lan's attention away from the toy and vies his dad some temporary silence. In this example, what kind of reinforcement process is taking place?
Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker
Rhonda had tartar sauce with fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to
a conditioned taste aversion
_____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
a hug; a certificate of appreciation
In order to increase reading among the students in her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chat. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using:
a token economy
If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of:
a variable interval schedule of reinforcement
Which of the following is an example of maturation? a) One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago, but now he can. b) Cameron notices that a thunder clap always seems to follow a bolt of lightning. c) Mitchell now completes homework assignments the same night he receives them because otherwise he tends to forget about them. d) Sahara will not touch a hot stove because she burned one time by doing so.
a) One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago, but now he can.
The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called
acquisition
A recent study suggests a link between spanking and:
aggression in children
What does AMID stand for?
attention, memory, imitation, desire
The law of effect states that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action is likely to
be repeated
The law of effect states that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action is likely to:
be repeated
For each day of the week that tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. by the end of each week, tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. the issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of____
behavior modification
Birds who find their food by sight will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of
biological preparedness
the response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response, ____.
but it it essentially the same response
Kohler determined that insight:
cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.lear
the mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as:
cognition
When her alarm clock rings, Ming knows that is it time for her to get up out of bed. Ming's alarm clock is a _____ for getting up.
discriminative stimulus
Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of:
conditioned emotional response
the heart of operant conditioning is the effect of ______ on behavior
consequences
Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement? a) a child who had previously been whining that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy b) receiving a traffic ticket for speeding c) grounding a teenager who returns home after curfew d) taking an aspirin when you have a headache
d) taking an aspirin when you have a headache
Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. what component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight loss program?
darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program.
noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. this semester, he as a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. for the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an A! this is an example of which element of observational learning?
desire
Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they:
did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome.
Pavlov initially set out to study the ______ of his dogs
digestive system
bandura found that consequences:
do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model
During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fat that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the door. What has occurred?
extinction
In operant conditioning, the removal of the reinforcement generally leads to______
extinction
Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2 week period, he worked a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
fixed interval
In a(n) ________ schedule of reinforcement, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable, and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.
fixed interval
bandura concluded that there were elements of observational learning
four
_____ occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.
higher-order conditioning
Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on bandura's findings in the bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will:
imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV
In Tolman's maze-running rats experiment, it was discovered that learning could happen without reinforcement, and then later affect behavior. Tolman referred to this change in behavior as __________.
latent learning
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called:
latent learning
Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. what concept might explain her reluctance?
learned helplessness
In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had:
learned the maze by wandering around and forming a cognitive map
The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats
learned to find the exit almost immediately
Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. from that day on Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of:
learning
The term "extinction" may be misleading because:
learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not "unlearned."
Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called:
maturation
Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?
memory
After cleaning his room every day for a week without being told to do so, Tyrone was given a week off from having to wash the dishes. The temporary removal of Tyrone's extra chore is an example of:
negative reinforcement
Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin and her headache goes away, and as a result Belinda is more likely to take aspirin in the future when she has a headache, this would be an example of:
negative reinforcement
What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?
negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response.
Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant is called:
negative reinforcement.
In tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was
not rewarded
_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.
observational learning
It is believed that animals revert eventually to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with:
obtaining food
Voluntary behavior, to skinner, was____ behavior
operant
A teacher has decided to give "caught being good" tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using:
operant conditioning
A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:
partially reinforced
In toilet training a cat, "lid up, seat down" is known in operant conditioning as
preparing the training area
Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of
punishment by removal
Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?
punishment by removal
In defining learning, "____" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not
relatively permanent
In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the bobo doll
reward
In her "Can You Really Toilet Train Your Cat?" Karawynn Long explained how she was successful at toilet training her cat, Misha, through the use of __________.
shaping
After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:
spontaneous recovery
A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called
stimulus discrimination
After having many cavities fixed as a child, Kyle now has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar sounding noise is termed:
stimulus generalization
Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as:
successive approximations
small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as:
successive approximations
One of BF Skinner's famous experiments involved:
teaching rats to learn how to obtain food
Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?
the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior.
The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves
the mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur
At home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
the sound of the leash
A typical use of applied behavior analysis is:
treating children with disorders such as autism
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response is a/an:
unconditioned stimulus
Karawynn Long became successful at teaching her cat how to:
use the toilet
_________ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.
vicarious conditioning
Operant conditioning is about how organisms learn_____ responses.
voluntary
Operant conditioning relies on:
voluntary behavior
In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (for example, it might be salivation in both cases). However, what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on:
whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS
