Endocrine System

Type 1

Autoimmune disorder that tends to run in families Pancreatic cells are attacked and cannot produce insulin Need insulin injections

Thyroid GLand / hormone

(cellular reactions in cell) too much hyroid is feeling warm all the time. too little of this hormone makes the person feel cold. - also regualates metabolism - iodine is vital to produce it

Adrenal Gland

- adrenal medulla - ANS secretion by the hypothamulus - short term response to stress- - - epinephrine & norepinephrine fight or flight vitals

The effects of insulin on human body

- increased synthesis of fat - insulin simulates storage of glucose as glycogen - uptake of glucose by cells

2 Mineralocorticoids Adrenal Gland

- regualte salt and water balance - example aldosterone. target kidney,

1. Gluccorticoids Adrenal Gland?

- regulate CJO - cortisol, fat, protien , metabolism - supress body systems inflammatory respnse

Hypothalamus

ANS (ex - HR, temp) Produces hormones that are then stored and released by posterior pituitary (sent via axons) Produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit production and release of anterior pituitary hormones (sent via blood - portal system)

Hypothalamus

Acts as the link between the nervous and endocrine systems. It regulates and internal environment through communications with the autonomic nervous system.

Glucagon

Alpha cells Stimulates breakdown of glucose in the liver

Posterior Pituitary ADH

Antidiuretic hormone effect incease reabsorbs of h2p target is kidney

Hormones

Chemical signals - communication between cells Peptide vs steroid

Adrenal Glands

Each adrenal gland consist of an inner portion called the adrenal medulla. and an outer portion is called the ardenal cortex

What does thyroid follicles have?

Each containing thyroid cells filled with triiothyronine (3 iodine atoms) and thyroxine (4 iodine atoms)

Nervous Maintains homeostasis - regulates activities of other systems Electrical and chemical signals (neurons) Fast and short-lived response

Endocrine Maintains homeostasis - regulates activities of other systems Chemical signals (secreted by glands), travel in bloodstream Slower and prolonged response

What is the difference in function in between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete their products into these ducts. The glands products are carried to the lumens of other organs or outside of the body.

Problems caused by tumors fall into certain categories:

Hyposecretion: Too little of a hormone is produced, interfering in normal function. Hypersecretion: Too much of a hormone is produced, interfering in normal function.

Pineal Gland

Location Hormones produced Target cells/tissue/organ What is the effect (how is homeostasis maintained)

Parathyroid Hormone

Produced by the parathyroid glands cause the blood calcium level to increase. - activates vitamin d in kidney - promotes activity of osteoclasts

Peptide vs Steroid

Protein based vs cholesterol precursor steroid based can pass through layers. protiens peptides cannot, they bind with protiens they start a reaction they never get in.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Pituitary: Posterior Lobe

Secretes in response to dehydration, blood loss, pain, stress; inhibitors of ADH secretion include high blood volume and alcohol. Decreases urine volume to conserve water, decreases water loss through sweating, raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

Oxytocin (OT Pituitary: Posterior Lobe

Secretes in response to uterine distention and stimulation of the nipples. Stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during childbirth, as well as milk ejection in the mammary glands.

last longer than nervous system

Slow and last longer

Pancreas

Target - muscle, fat,liver by storing glucose in the liver by glycogen Insulin - BETa cells - simulates uptake of glucose by cells 2. glucgagon - alpha cells simuates breakdown of glucose

(ACTH)anterior pituitary

Target Area: Adrenal cortex Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) by the adrenal cortex during the body's response to stress.

Prolactin (PRL)anterior pituitary

Target Area: Mammary glands Stimulates milk production.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) anterior pituitary

Target Area: Ovaries and testes (gonads) Stimulates development of oocytes (immature egg cells) and secretion of estrogen in females; stimulates sperm production in the testes in males.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) anterior pituitary

Target Area: Thyroid gland Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.

Human-growth hormone (hGH) anterior pituitary

Target Area: tissue Stimulates tissue growth in the liver, muscles, bones, as well as protein synthesis, tissue repair, and elevation of blood glucose levels.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)anterior pituitary

Target Area:Ovaries and testes (gonads) - Stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone, including during ovulation, in females; stimulates testes to produce testosterone in males.

Pituitary Glands and hypothalamus

The hypothalamus also controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland.

Anterior Pituitary

The hypothalamus controls the secreation of anterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary controls the secretions of thyroid, ardenal cortex and gonads.

link between NS and ES

The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland. Its function is to secrete releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or inhibit (like their names imply) production of hormones in the anterior pituitary.

Thyroid Gland

a large gland located in the neck, where it is attached to the trachea just below the larnyx.

Calcitonin

calcium from blood to bone

The pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose level is

glucagon

both autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

hypothamulus - Heart rate and Temp - Produces hormones that are then stored and released by posterior pituitary (ADH and Oxytocin sent to posterior or pitutary. - produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit production and release of anterior pituarty hormones sent via blood portal system.

Anterior Pituitary

hypothamulus tell when to secrete. Produces 6 hormones, 1. Thyroid SimulationgH - target = thyroid then effect= secretopm pf thyroid hormones from thyroid. 2.ACTH adrenal cortex = target effect = secretion of adrenal cortex hormones 3. FSH/LH - foilcile simulationg hormone, ovary - FSH folicle stimulator. LH - ovulation testes- sperm production and testosterone production 4. Prolactin - target = breast tissue Effect - Milk production 5. MSH melanocytes simulationg hormone target = melacytes/ skin effect = increase in melanin 6. GH growth hormone

PTH - parathyroid Gland

increase in blood calcium - target bone - increase osteoclast activity - Increase reabsorption of calcium by kidney Increase intestinal absorption of calcium

Beta cells Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells

insulin

Pancreas produces ...

insulin

Cortisol

is a glucocorticoid that is active in the stress response and the repair of damaged tissues in the body.

Endocrine System

is largely composed of glands. These glands secrete hormones, carried by the blood stream to target cells throughout the body. It takes time for cells to repond. The effect initated by the endocrine system is longer lasting. The endocrine system is organized for a slow but prolonged response.

Glucagon

is secreted by the A cells of the pancreas, usually between eating, when the blood glucose level is low.

Insulin

is secreted by the B cells when the blood glucose level is high, which usually occurs just after eating. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, especially liver cells. muscle cells and adipose tissues cells.

Aldosterone

is the most important of the mineralocorticoids

Pancreas

it is composed of two types of tissues. Exocrine tissue produces and secretes digestive juices that go by way of ducts to the small intestine.

What does thyroid gland have inside?

large number of follicles

Androgens

male sex hormones

Mineralocorticoids

regulare ion balances in the body and are primarily produced by the zone glomersulosa in the adrenal cortex.

Type 1 diabetes

results from of insulin production and typically occurs with people who never were obese

Exocrine function

secretion of digestive juices

Endocrine function

secretion of insulin and glucagon

Pituitary Glands

small gland is connected to the hypothamusus by a stalklike structure. There are two portions: the posterior and the anterior pituitary.

Anabolic Steroids

steroid

Posterior Pituitary Oxycotin

target = uterus effect uterine contractions

diabetes mellitus

the disease characterzied by a high blood glucose due to a defiency of insulin production or cells to respond to insulin is

Posterior Pituitary

the hypothalamus produces two hormones: ADH and oxytocin stores in the PP

Gonads

the male testes and female ovaries are known as

What does the thyroid gland do?

the thyroid gland regulates the metabolic rate of the body and it has a role in calcium homeostasis.

Target Cells

where hormones have their effect

Glucocorticoids

whose secretion is controlled by ACTH regulate carbohydrtate, protien and fat metabolism. Glucoccorticoids are produced in both the zona fasiculata and the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.

Negative feedback

• The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis • The output of the system dampens the original stimulus • Has 2 components -sensor -control center 4.8 Homeostasis