PSY 1605 - Diversity Final

What percentage of Latinx students graduate high school? (A) 78 percent (B) 88 percent (C) 60 percent (D) 52 percent

(A) 78 percent Latinx students have significantly lower public high school graduation rates compared to their White peers, 78 percent compared to 88 percent in 2014-2015 (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2017, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The good news is that although the gap exists in graduation rates, it has narrowed over the past decade.

What are some things counselors should consider during assessment and problem definition? (A) Consider the family context. (B) Consider community context. (C) Define the problem as related to family enmeshment. (D) Begin to develop client autonomy.

(A) Consider the family context & (B) Consider community context Because of a possible collectivistic orientation, it is important for counselors to consider the family and community context during assessment and problem definition. A therapist should also be open to different family orientations and to avoid automatically considering interdependence as a sign of enmeshment.

Which of the following is true of Islam? (A) Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in the United States. (B) All Arabs are by definition Muslim (majority but not all). (C) Shiites make up about 90 percent of Muslims (D) Almsgiving is considered a sign of unspiritual concern with worldly problems (sign of devotion).

(A) Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in the United States. (B) is incorrect because not all Arabs are by definition Muslim (majority but not all). (C) is incorrect because Shiites make up about 10 percent of Muslims (90 percent are Sunni). (D) is incorrect because Almsgiving is considered a sign of spiritual concern with worldly problems (sign of devotion).

The moral model of disability: (A) focuses on the disability as a "defect" representing a moral lapse (B) states that it is moral for those with disabilities to help others with disabilities (C) provides moral guidelines for caretakers of those with disabilities to follow (D) is paramount for those who have a disability

(A) focuses on the disability as a "defect" representing a moral lapse Moral model of disability focuses on the disability as a "defect" representing a moral lapse as if the person did something bad to deserve the disability.

Counselors' acceptance of potential benefits of spirituality as a means of coping with hopelessness, powerlessness, and identity issues is: (A) increasing (B) decreasing (C) staying the same (D) not known

(A) increasing Counselors' acceptance of the potential benefits of spirituality as a means of coping with hopelessness, powerlessness, and identity issues is increasing.

Counselors working with economically disadvantaged African American families may need to assume which of the following roles? (A) problem solver (B) babysitter (C) help do chores (D) facilitating mentor (E) advocate (F) case manager (G) navigate community resources

(A) problem solver, (D) facilitating mentor, (E) advocate, (F) case manager, (G) navigate community resources In working with economically disadvantaged African American families, the counselor may need to assume various roles, including advocate, case manager, problem solver, and facilitating mentor and to help the family navigate community systems, including the educational or judicial system.

In general, how is honor and respect gained among American Indians? (A) sharing (B) educational achievement (C) material wealth (D) None of the choices is correct.

(A) sharing

The degree of deviation from traditional gender roles should ultimately be determined by (A) the client in the context of cultural variables (B) the counselor (C) the place the client is currently living (D) the deviation acceptable to the spouse

(A) the client in the context of cultural variables The degree of deviation from traditional gender roles should ultimately be determined by the client in the context of cultural variables.

When do American Indian children appear to do well in their formal education? (A) the first few years (B) high school years (C) middle school years (D) never

(A) the first few years The authors report that the children appear to do well during the first few years of school. However, by the fourth grade, there is a pattern of academic decline and truancy develop and there is a significant drop in achievement motivation often occurs in middle school

The term Thùôc Nam spoken by Mrs. Nguyen to the counselor signified: (A) traditional medicine (B) child abuse (C) discipline (D) medicine man

(A) traditional medicine

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2017, as cited in Sue 8th edition), Latinx Americans are ________ percent of U.S. population. (A) 25.2 (B) 17.6 (C) 14.7 (D) 8.9

(B) 17.6

The Asian American population is growing rapidly, and, as of 2013, was almost at: (A) 6 million (B) 18 million (C) 38 million (D) 52 million

(B) 18 million

The American Indian and Alaska Native population was ____ in 2015 representing ____ of the total U.S. population. (A) 10 million; 15 percent (B) 5.4 million; 2 percent (C) 3.8 million; 5 percent (D) 28 million; 22 percent

(B) 5.4 million; 2 percent According to the 2015 U.S Census, there were 5.4 million American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals totaling nearly 2 percent of total U.S. population.

Approximately _____ of students enrolled in postsecondary educational institutions have some form of disability: (A) 25 percent (B) 9 percent (C) 37 percent (D) 68 percent

(B) 9 percent Approximately 9 percent of students enrolled in postsecondary educational institutions have some form of disabilit

What has been found regarding African American adolescents/young adults (ages 16 to 24)? (A) Unemployment rates among this population are low. (B) African American youth have the lowest rate of substance abuse. (C) Most do not feel that race is a factor in terms of how people are judged. (D) Their suicide rate is lower than that of White youth.

(B) African American youth have the lowest rate of substance abuse. African American adolescents have low rates of substance use compared to Whites and other ethnic groups

All of the following are recommended practices for working with Arab American clients EXCEPT (A) Be aware of your own attitudes about Arab Americans and Muslims. (B) Always disclose things about yourself that show you are vulnerable. (C) Be ready to help those who have been discriminated against in seeking legal recourse. (D) With traditional families, try addressing the husband or male first.

(B) Always disclose things about yourself that show you are vulnerable. Counselors need to be cautious about self-disclosure because it may be interpreted as a weakness.

Which is NOT an acculturation orientation? (A) marginal (B) pantraditional (C) pannational (D) bicultural

(C) pannational (A) is incorrect because marginal is an acculturation value where the individual may speak both languages but has lost touch with his or her cultural heritage and is not fully accepted in mainstream society. (B) is incorrect because pantraditional is an acculturation value focusing on going back to the old ways. (D) is incorrect because bicultural is an acculturation value focusing on being knowledgeable and flexible in two cultures.

Essay: Explore stressors, discrimination, and bullying LGBT youth may experience. What can be done to address this issue?

LGBT youth who are questioning their sexual orientation face a variety of stressors such as discrimination and harassment in the school environment. This may include harassment, physical assaults, and cyberbullying through text messages, emails, and Internet postings on social networking sites. Programs can be implemented that promote gay-straight alliances and antibullying policies, not only reducing harassment but also reducing the risk of suicide (Hatzenbuehler, 2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Other ideas would be support groups, safe places, community-based outreaches, hotlines, youth clubs, and so on.

Essay: Explore some of the stressors Latinx families encounter. How may a mental health worker come alongside these families during this process?

Latinx immigrants and refugees face multiple stressors, including the stress of moving to and living in another country; learning another language; and negotiating new social, economic, political, educational, and social systems. This can often be a confusing and frightening experience. Mental health providers who understand the complexities of this situation can do a lot to reassure clients by demystifying the process.

___________ ____ ________________ is likely to guide selection of therapeutic interventions.

Level of acculturation The client's level of acculturation should be a factor that guides the therapist's selection of therapeutic interventions. For instance, acculturated and bicultural American Indians/Native Americans have found success with all components of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Whereas those who are traditionally oriented are responsive to the short-term focus, activity schedule, and homework assignments in CBT but have difficulty with the underlying theoretical assumptions regarding the association between thoughts and emotional symptoms

Essay: What are the current trends of LGBT in today's youth? Explore why it appears there is a higher percentage of LGBT in the millennial population.

Responses will vary but may include demographics that report higher percentages for LGBT are being reported among millennials between the ages of 18 and 35. Of this group, approximately 4 percent identified themselves as bisexual, 3 percent as gay or lesbian, and 1 percent as transgender (Public Relations Research Institute, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Current trends include a more open acceptance of a same-sex lifestyle, more media coverage of issues, more high-profile cases such as that of Caitlyn Jenner, new television programs with openly same-sex couples, more laws protecting LGBT and same-sex couples, and other societal factors

Essay: What is Ramadan, and what typically happens during this season?

The lives of Muslims are governed by Islamic laws derived from the Qur'an, which deals with social issues, family life, economics and business, sexuality, and other aspects of Muslim life. The name of their religion means "submission to God" and adherence to Islam is demonstrated by individual accountability and a declaration of faith. Muslims engage in the ritual of prayer five times a day and annually fast during daylight hours throughout the holy month of Ramadan. This is a time for inner reflection, devotion to God and spiritual renewal. Almsgiving and a pilgrimage to Mecca are additional signs of devotion

True or False: Over one-third of Muslim Americans were born in the United States, and over 80 percent of Muslim immigrants are citizens of the United States.

True The authors report that over a third of Muslim Americans were born in the United States, and although there is a large percentage of Muslims who are immigrants, about 81 percent are citizens of the United States, including 70 percent of those born outside the United States, which is a higher citizenship rate than in other immigrant groups.

True or False: Errors of omission may occur if counselors fail to address sexual concerns of persons with disabilities.

True This is a true statement from the text, errors of omission may be made. For example, the counselor may fail to ask questions about critical aspects of the client's life because the assumption is made that the issue is unimportant owing to the presence of the disability. Sexuality and relationship issues may be ignored because of the belief that the individual lacks the ability or interest to pursue these intimacies.

True or False: Feelings of shame or embarrassment may interfere with self-disclosure in Asian American clients

True As counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce shame for traditional Asian Americans, emotional behavior can be recognized in a more indirect manner. The authors have found that many Asian Americans are more responsive to a more indirect acknowledgment of emotions. Feelings of shame or embarrassment may interfere with self-disclosure and need to be addressed in counseling, and the process may be facilitated by affirming that the sharing of personal information, although it may be uncomfortable, is a natural process in therapy (Zane & Ku, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). It is also helpful to focus on behaviors more than emotions.

True or False: Factors such as conflict over exposure to two different cultures may result in failure to develop a positive self-image or strong ethnic identity for Native American adolescents.

True Garrett and Portman (2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition) state that not only do Indian children and adolescents face the same developmental issues as other youth, but they also may experience conflict over exposure to two very different cultures, a factor that may result in failure to develop a positive self-image or strong ethnic identity.

True or False: According to the APA (2013), gender dysphoria is considered a mental disorder.

True Gender dysphoria is a mental health condition defined in DSM-5 as significant distress and impairment resulting from an incongruence between a person's gender identity and assigned gender. Although gender dysphoria is still considered a mental disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, as cited in Sue 8th edition), transgender persons are hoping that they can follow the path taken by the gay and lesbian movement and eventually eliminate this classification.

True or False: Most non-Western indigenous forms of healing take a holistic outlook on well-being.

True Most non-Western indigenous forms of healing take a holistic outlook on well-being, in that they make minimal distinctions between physical and mental functioning and believe strongly in the unity of spirit, mind, and matter. Additionally, the interrelatedness of life forms, the environment, and the cosmos is a given. As a result, the indigenous peoples of the world tend to conceptualize reality differently

True or False: African American clients who sense that the counselor is willing to "go the extra mile" with the client are more likely to continue with counseling.

True The authors share one particular example of this when one African American client stated, "I am assessing to see if that person [counselor] is willing to go that extra mile and speak my language and talk about my Blackness" (Ward, 2005, p. 475, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Counselors may need to have a broader role and more flexible style, including being more direct, serving in an educative function, and helping the client deal with agencies or with issues involving health and employment.

True or False: Statistics indicate that American Indian women suffer a higher rate of domestic violence as compared to other ethnicities.

True The authors state that the rate of domestic violence, along with physical and sexual assault, is quite high in many native communities. Statistics indicate that American Indian/Native American and Alaska Native women experience domestic violence and physical assault at much higher rates than women of other ethnicities

True or False: According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, since American Indian/Alaska Natives comprise such a small percentage of the U.S. population, they are relatively "invisible" and thus susceptible to stereotypes. This is a reason that people are opposed to the use of Indian-themed mascots and logos.

True The text reads that because American Indian/Native American and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) comprise such a small percentage of the U.S. population, they are relatively "invisible," which makes information about them susceptible to stereotypes. This is one of the reasons that many oppose the use of Indian-themed mascots and logos.

True or False: The unemployment rate for African Americans is nearly twice as high as that of all households.

True The unemployment rate is over twice that of White Americans (9.5% versus 4.6%)

True or False: The poverty rate for African Americans remains nearly two times higher than that of all households.

True This is a true statistic as reported in the text that the poverty rate for African Americans remains nearly twice as high as that of all households (25.4% versus 14.7%)

True or False: According to current research, enculturation or identification with racial/ethnic background can result in pride and serve as a buffer against prejudice and discrimination.

True This is because the achievements and success of an individual are considered a source of pride for the family rather than the individual; group harmony is primary. Enculturation or identification with one's racial and ethnic background may serve as a buffer against prejudice, discrimination, and family conflicts

The _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ encompasses the centuries of recognition of healers within communities and refers to people known as witches, witch doctors, wizards, sorcerers, magic men or women, and medicine men or women.

Universal shamanic tradition What is called the universal shamanic tradition, which encompasses the cen- turies-old recognition of healers (shamans) within a community, refers to people often called witches, witch doctors, wizards, medicine men or women, sorcerers, and magic men or women

Demographics on the African American population show: (A) within 20 years, they will be the largest minority group in the United States. (B) the number of African American men in their 20s who are in prison, in jail, or on parole has decreased in recent years. (C) the poverty rate of African Americans remains nearly two times as high as that of White Americans. (D) their unemployment rate is now only slightly higher than that of White Americans

(C) the poverty rate of African Americans remains nearly two times as high as that of White Americans. A is incorrect because within 20 years, Latinos will be the largest minority group B is incorrect because the number of African American men in their 20s who are in prison, in jail or on parole has increased in recent years. D is incorrect because the unemployment rate for African Americans is not only slightly higher than that of White Americans.

Assessments should be conducted in (A) Spanish (B) English (C) the primary language of the client (D) the primary language of the therapist

(C) the primary language of the client

Approximately how many individuals in the United States have some level of a disability? (A) 7 million (B) 12 million (C) 21 million (D) 57 million

(D) 57 million At the time of the 8th edition of the text, there are about 56.7 million individuals with some level of disability (physical or mental), of whom over half have a disability that severely affects daily functioning

The author asserts that it is important to understand indigenous healing practices in order to: (A) anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective (B) begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities (C) fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients (D) All of the choices are correct.

(D) All of the choices are correct It is important to understand indigenous healing practices in order to anticipate potential conflicts in belief systems that might hinder the ability to be therapeutically effective, begin to use them to replace current methods that deal with racial minorities, and fully understand the worldview of culturally different clients.

The reason so many American Indian/Alaska Native populations endured extermination and assimilation efforts was (A) spirituality and respect for the land (B) respect for traditional values and extended family networks (C) allegiance to the family, community, and tribe and respect for elders (D) All of the choices are correct.

(D) All of the choices are correct. All of the stated factors in this response contributed to American Indian/Alaskan Native resilience to extermination and assimilation efforts.

Counselors can address their discomfort with disabilities in clients by: (A) emphasizing the individual rather than the limitation (B) getting specific information about disabilities through many resources (C) avoiding the use of phrases such as "afflicted with" or "a victim of" (D) All of the choices are correct.

(D) All of the choices are correct. Counselors can address their discomfort with disabilities in clients by emphasizing the individual rather than the limitation, getting specific information about disabilities through many resources, and avoiding the use of phrases such as "afflicted with" or "a victim of."

Which of the following is true regarding Western forms of healing? (A) Reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects. (B) Reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses. (C) Space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality. (D) All of the choices are correct.

(D) All of the choices are correct. Western forms of healing reality consists of distinct and separate units or objects, reality consists of what can be observed and measured via the five senses, and space and time are fixed and are absolute constructs of reality.

Which of the following refers to the Native Hawaiian termination ritual in which food is offered to the gods and the participants? (A) Pule weke (B) Oia'i'o (C) Mahiki (D ) Pani

(D) Pani (A) is incorrect because Pule weke is an opening prayer. (B) is incorrect because Oia'i'o refers to truth telling. (C) is incorrect because Mahiki is a process of getting to the problems.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the health of African Americans? (A) African Americans are underrepresented among AIDS cases. (B) African Americans are more likely to undergo corrective surgeries than White Americans are. (C) There is little evidence that the blood pressure of African Americans can be influenced by psychological factors. (D) The average lifespan of African Americans is up to five to six years shorter than that of White Americans.

(D) The average lifespan of African Americans is up to five to six years shorter than that of White Americans.

Which of the following are things to remember when interacting with an individual who has a speech impediment? (A) Allow the individual to finish speaking before you speak. (B) Face the individual and give full eye contact. (C) Pretend you understand even if you do not. (D) a and b

(D) a and b Things to remember when working with individuals who have speech impediments.

Espiritismo refers to: (A) an Indian belief (B) the enlightenment of personal spirit (C) the destruction of the physical world (D) a world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world

(D) a world where spirits reside and impact people in the physical world.

Awareness of the sexual orientation of gay males and lesbian females tends to occur in: (A) adulthood (B) early childhood (C) late adulthood (D) early teens

(D) early teens Awareness of the sexual orientation of gay males and lesbian females tends to occur in early teens.

Which of the following is an approach often used in indigenous healing methods in Korea? (A) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to shelter the disturbed individual (B) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to problem solve in a group context (C) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to improve the life of only one family member (D) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others (E) None of the choices is correct.

(D) reliance on communal, group, and family networks to reconnect an individual with family or significant others

Arabs are individuals who (A) originate from countries in the Middle East (B) originate from countries in North Africa (C) have primary the language of Arabic (D) None of the choices is correct. (E) All of the choices are correct.

(E) All of the choices are correct. Arabs are individuals who originate from countries in the Middle East and North Africa and have the primary language of Arabic.

Which of the following is included under the term transgender? (A) only people who cross-dress. (B) only individuals who identify as transsexual. (C) both transsexuals and individuals who cross-dress. (D) both transsexuals and those who identify themselves as being attracted to both male and female genders. (E) individuals whose gender identification is inconsistent with their assigned gender

(E) individuals whose gender identification is inconsistent with their assigned gender Transgender describes individuals whose gender identification is inconsistent with their assigned gender.

Essay: Describe indigenous healing.

According to Edwards (2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition), indigenous healing can be defined as helping beliefs and practices that originate within the culture or society. It is not simply transported from other regions, and it is designed for treating the inhabitants of the given group.

To which of the following countries or regions of the world can Arab Americans trace their ancestry? (A) Lebanon (B) Jordan (C) Palestine (D) Iraq (E) Syria (F) Egypt (G) Asia (H) Europe (I) Africa

All answer choices According to the text, Arab Americans can have African, Asian, or European ancestry. Approximately 56 percent of Arab Americans trace their ancestry to Lebanon, while 14 percent are from Syria, 11 percent from Egypt, 9 percent from Palestine, 4 percent from Jordan, 2 percent from Iraq, and 4 percent from other countries

Which are some of the results of coming out for a LGBT youth? (A) rejection, anger, grief (B) decrease in life satisfaction (C) decrease in self-esteem (D) negative reactions from others (E) decrease in happiness

All of the answer choices are correct responses The authors report that coming out to parents and friends can lead to rejection, anger, and grief. During the initial stages of this process, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and happiness may decrease as they face negative reactions from others

Which of the following are examples of cultural syndromes? (A) amok (B) ataque de nervios (C) brain fag (D) koro (E) ghost sickness

All of the choices are examples of cultural syndromes which the authors describe as disorders specific to a cultural group or society but not easily given a DSM diagnosis. These illnesses or afflictions all have local names, with distinct culturally sanctioned beliefs surrounding causation and treatment.

Which of the following are myths about the disabled? (A) The majority of the disabled are wheelchair bound. (B) Those who are disabilities are a drain on the economy. (C) Employees with disabilities have a higher absentee rate than employees without disabilities. (D) The greatest barriers to people with disabilities are physical ones. (E) Persons who have disabilities are brave and courageous.

All of the choices are myths associated with persons with disabilities.

True or False: Because of the importance of spirituality in many cultures, religious beliefs systems are considered harmless

False The authors share that although they have discussed the important role that indigenous healing plays in many societies and cultures, there are downsides reflected in our historical past where an uncritical acceptance of religious belief systems may actually harm rather than heal or enlighten. For example, this was the case during the Middle Ages, when supernatural explanations of human behavior led to a total eclipse of science and resulted in the deaths of many innocent people, primarily those accused of being witches (women, the mentally ill, those with disfigurements, gypsies, and scientists who voiced beliefs that differed from the Church's doctrines). Early forms of Christianity did little to promote science and in many ways actively discouraged it.

True or False: Religion and spirituality are generally not connected with increased life satisfaction and functional ability for individuals with traumatic brain injuries because oftentimes these individuals are angry with God.

False Religion and spirituality are generally connected with increased life satisfaction and functional ability for individuals with traumatic brain injuries.

True or False: In Asian psychology, the shamanic drumming circle is the most widely used form of therapy to reach enlightenment and liberation.

False Research findings indicate that yoga and meditation are the most widely used of all therapies

True or False: The indigenous African approach teaches that human beings should be oriented toward individual survival.

False The indigenous African approach teaches that humans should be orientated toward collective rather than individual survival.

True or False: The largest Latinx ethnic group is Puerto Rican.

False The largest Latinx group is Mexican, and Mexican Americans are the dominant Latinx group in metropolitan areas throughout the United States.

True or False: Terms such as retarded, lame, or crazy are not prejudicial.

False These terms are prejudicial and can be harmful to persons with disabilities.

True or False: Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, employers are not allowed to inquire about a candidates' ability to perform the job as well as their disability.

False Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, employers are allowed to inquire about the ability a candidates' possesses to perform the job but not their disability.

True or False: Asian American college students report higher self-esteem and more satisfaction with their racially defined characteristics than their White counterparts.

False Research suggests that the opposite is true that Asian American college students have lower self-esteem due to their racially defined characteristics. More specifically, Asian American college women report lower self-esteem and less satisfaction with their racially defined features than do their Caucasian counterparts (Mintz & Kashubeck, 1999, as cited in Sue 8th edition). C.-R. Lee (1995, as cited in Sue 8th edition) described his experiences as "straddling two worlds and at home in neither" and tells how he also felt alienated from both American and Korean cultures.

True or False: With respect to crime, it has been found that darker-skinned women experience shorter sentences than women with lighter skin.

False With respect to crime, it has been found that lighter-skinned women experience shorter sentences than women with darker skin. The textbook reports that in a study involving African American defendants who were convicted of killing White victims, Eberhardt and colleagues (2006 as cited in Sue 8th edition) found that defendants with darker skin and broader noses were twice as likely to receive the death penalty compared to African Americans who looked less stereotypically black. Similarly, Viglione, Hannon, and DeFina (2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition) found that African American women with lighter skin received shorter sentences than women with darker skin who committed similar crimes.

True or False: Bisexual individuals are more likely to say that their sexual orientation is a big part of who they are than gay and lesbian individuals.

False Bisexual individuals are much less likely to say that sexual orientation is a big part of who they are or to have come out to important people.

True or False: Clients who are at the pre-encounter stage of racial identity may believe that race is an important factor in their lives.

False Clients who are at the pre-encounter stage of racial identity generally do not believe that race is an important factor in their lives. Furthermore, African Americans who are at the pre-encounter level are less likely to report racial discrimination, whereas those in the immersion stage tend to be least satisfied with societal conditions.

Essay: Describe some of the cultural and spiritual values among American Indians/Native Americans. Why might some of these issues be important in the counseling relationship?

Various parts of the chapter refer to spirituality issues among American and Native Indians. The spirit, mind and body are all interconnected; therefore, they believe that illness involves disharmony between these elements. Spiritual and traditional practices act as a protective factor (Garroutte et al., 2003, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Many Indians believe that mental health issues are due to unbalanced spiritual relationships (Limb & Hodge, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). In work with AI/NA/AN, counselors need to understand how the values of sharing, cooperation, noninterference, time orientation, spirituality, and nonverbal communication are all relevant to mental health practice

Essay: What constitutes an Indian?

What constitutes an Indian is often an area of controversy. The U.S. Census depends on self-report of racial identity. Congress has formulated a legal definition: An individual must have an Indian blood quantum of at least 25 percent to be considered an Indian. This definition has caused problems both within and outside the Indian community. Some tribes have developed their own criteria and specify either tribal enrollment or blood quantum levels. Tribal definitions typically allow inclusion of the 60 percent of American Indians who have mixed heritage, including Black, White, and Latino/a backgrounds

Mental health professionals may need to serve as ____________ or ______________ to initiate changes in academic and work settings.

advocate; consultant The authors state that from the medical model perspective, the client (or family) may want to focus on improving the client's condition, using technology or other interventions to help "normalize" functioning. Therefore, mental health professionals not only can help clients and family members obtain technological resources but can also enhance independent living skills and advocate for appropriate accommodations in school or work environments.

The term to describe attraction to members of both sexes is ________

bisexual Bisexual is a term that describes individuals who have an affectional and/or sexual attraction to members of both sexes

The term _____________ ______________ is used when a person who is LGBT decides to reveal their gender or sexual orientation to others.

coming out Coming out is the process of a gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered person revealing his or her gender or sexual orientation to others.

One of the most important counselor characteristic for African Americans is the _______ _______ of the counselor.

cultural sensitivity The most important counselor characteristic for African Americans is the cultural sensitivity of the counselor. Culturally sensitive counselors are those who acknowledge the possibility that race or culture might play a role in a client's problem. These counselors are seen as more competent than culture- or color-blind counselors, those who do not assess for environmental issues such as prejudice

Many LGBT youth describe feeling "__________" from early childhood.

different However, adolescence and early adulthood is the time of exploration and experimentation. The authors point out that heterosexual activity does not mean one is a heterosexual, nor does same-sex activity indicate homosexuality. They report that many LGBT individuals describe feeling "different" from early childhood. When they begin to acknowledge their sexual or transgender identity, they begin to confront the stigma associated with being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.

In regards to discrimination and racism, even fourth- and fifth-generation Asian Americans are sometimes identified as "_______."

foreign Asian Americans have been exposed to discrimination and racism throughout history and continue to face anti-Asian sentiments. Even fourth- and fifth-generation Asian Americans are sometimes identified as being "foreign"

Individuals who have an affectional and/or sexual attraction to the same sex are referred to as __________ and/or _____________.

gay or lesbian Chapter 23 describes individuals who have an affectional and/or sexual attraction to a person of the same sex as gay men and lesbians.

In most Arab and Muslim families, women are treated with ___________ and _____________.

honor; respect The authors report that counselors should be aware that traditional Arab American and Muslim families tend to be hierarchical, with men considered to be the head of the family. And although Western media often portray women as powerless victims of emotional and physical abuse, in most Arab and Muslim families, women are treated with honor and respect

The development and maintenance of _________ _________ are central to the Latinx culture.

interpersonal relationships The authors report that many immigrants hold cultural belief systems that are collectivistic. This may contrast to the individualistic Western worldview, and Latinx may consider interpersonal relationships and social networks to be of paramount importance.

What terms best describe gender roles in the Latino family? In traditional Latinx culture, men are expected to be strong, dominant, and the provider for the family (_______), whereas women are expected to be subordinate and self-sacrificing (________).

machismo; marianismo Latinx often experience conflicts over specific gender roles. In traditional culture, men are expected to be strong, dominant, and the provider for the family—machismo. Women are expected to be modest, virtuous, and subordinate to others—marianism

The __________ ___________ of disability assumes that disability results from societal failure to accommodate individual differences.

minority model This model views disability as an external problem involving an environment that is filled with negative societal attitudes and that fails to accommodate the needs of individuals with special needs.

The greatest impediment to people with disabilities are _____________ ________________ and ____________________.

negative attitudes; stereotypes One of the myths that perpetuates is that the greatest barriers are physical ones, when in actuality the greatest barriers to people with disabilities are physical ones. In actuality, negative attitudes and stereotypes are the greatest impediments and the most difficult to change.

In traditionally oriented Arab families, the _______ _____ is trained to become the head of the extended family.

oldest son The authors state that in traditionally oriented Muslim families, the oldest son is prepared to become the head of the extended family.

Children with disabilities are more likely to suffer from maltreatment such as __________ and __________ abuse and ____________.

physical; sexual; neglect The text reports that children with disabilities are more likely to be subjected to maltreatment, including neglect; physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; or bullying

A ____________-____________ approach has been found to increase self-efficacy among family members and improved their ability to cope with stress.

problem-solving The authors share that among family caregivers, attributes such as positive problem-solving skills, positive problem orientation, and coping strategies are associated with greater satisfaction for themselves and the individual with the disability

Essay: Define what acculturation is and what conflicts may occur in the process of acculturation.

Children of Asian descent who are exposed to different cultural standards often attribute their psychological distress to their parents' backgrounds and different values. The issue of not quite fitting in with their peers yet being considered "too Americanized" by their parents is common. Parent-child conflicts are among the most common presenting problems for Asian American college students seeking counseling (R. M. Lee, Su, & Yoshida, 2005, as cited in Sue 8th edition) and are often related to dating and marriage issues (Ahn et al., 2009, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Chinese immigrant mothers report a larger acculturation gap with sons than with daughters (Buki, Ma, Strom, & Strom, 2003, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The larger the acculturation gap between parents and children, the greater the number of family problems. Parents may complain, "My children have lost their cultural heritage" (Hwang et al., 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The inability to resolve differences in acculturation results in misunderstandings, miscommunication, and conflict (R. M. Lee, Choe, Kim, & Ngo, 2000, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Parents may feel at a loss in terms of how to deal with their children. Some respond by becoming more rigid.

True or False: A father takes his adolescent son to the store to buy a skateboard. The salesperson overcharges the son for the skateboard, so the son proceeds to raise his voice and demands to see the manager. When they return home, the father would likely compliment his son for standing up to the manager.

False Emotional restraint is often valued. Strong displays of emotion, especially in public, are signs of immaturity and lack of self-control

The __________ person is conversant with both sets of values and communicates in a variety of contexts.

bicultural Bicultural is defined as a person who is conversant with both sets of values and can communicate in a variety of contexts.

When working with an Asian American client, assess not just from an individual perspective but include _________, ________ and ________ ________ on the problem.

family; community; societal influences Clinical implications teach counselors to assess not just from an individual perspective but include family, community and societal influences on the problem. In addition, obtain the worldview, degree of acculturation, and ethnic identity of the Asian American client.

Perceived racial ________________________ and discrimination are associated with higher psychological distress, anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms.

microaggressions Perceived racial microaggressions and discrimination are associated with higher psychological distress, anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms

Counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce _________ for traditional Asian Americans. (A) guilt (B) shame (C) aggressiveness (D) depression

(B) shame Counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce shame for traditional Asian Americans; shame is a group-oriented emotion.

What is true regarding the case of Vang? (A) His distressing symptoms involved severe headaches and hearing voices. (B) The shaman attributed the symptoms to spirits. (C) Treatment was only temporarily successful. (D) Before coming to the United States, his past life was relatively peaceful

(B) The shaman attributed the symptoms to the spirits. (A) is incorrect because severe headaches and hearing voices were not his symptoms. (C) is incorrect because his treatment was fully successful. (D) is incorrect because his life prior to arriving in the United States was very difficult.

In American Indian culture, children having direct eye contact with an elder would probably be seen as a sign of (A) anger (B) disrespect (C) agreement (D) resentment

(B) disrespect

Fatalism refers to (A) respect and loyalty to the family (B) the male is the head of the household (C) acculturation conflicts (D) resignation to misfortunes

(D) resignation to misfortunes

Which of the following culture-bound syndromes are attributed to "an excess loss of semen"? (A) amok (B) koro (C) susto (D) shenkui

(D) shenkui (A) is incorrect because amok is a dissociative episode preceded by introspective brooding and then an outburst of violent, aggressive, or homicidal behavior toward people and objects. (B) is incorrect because koro is a Malaysian term refers to an intense fear of the shrinkage or retraction of one's genitals—typically the penis for males or breasts for females. Sometimes referred to as the genital retraction syndrome. (C) is incorrect because susto is a disorder associated with fright or soul loss and is a prevalent folk illness among some Latino/as.

References to the higher median income of Asian Americans do not take into account: (A) the higher percentage of Asian American families having more than one wage earner (B) a higher prevalence of poverty despite the higher median income (C) the discrepancy between education and income (D) a and c only (E) All of the choices are correct

(E) All of the choices are correct References to the higher median income for Asian Americans do not take into account the higher percentage of Asian American families having more than one wage earner, a higher prevalence of poverty despite the higher median income, and the discrepancy between education and income.

Over ____percent of African American households are middle income and _____ percent upper income versus ______percent and _______percent of White households.

38; 12; 44; 26 The text reports that 38 percent of African American households are middle income and 12 percent are upper income, compared with 44 percent and 26 percent of White households respectively

Essay: Describe a typical "Indian family."

According to the authors it is difficult to describe "the Indian family." They vary from the matriarchal structures seen in the Navajo, where women govern the family, to patriarchal structures, in which men are the primary authority figures. However, some generalizations can be made. A high fertility rate and strong roles for women are commonly seen. For most tribes, the extended family is the basic unit. Children are often partially raised by relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents, who live in separate households

The high incidence of suicide among American Indians is thought to be the result of ______ ________, _________, __________, and __________ ___________.

Alcohol abuse; poverty; boredom; family stress The high incidence of suicide is associated with alcohol abuse, poverty, boredom, family breakdown and disconnection from their culture and community

Essay: What are the collectivistic orientation implications for a therapist with Asian American clients?

Because of a possible collectivistic orientation, it is important to consider the family and community context during assessment and problem definition. A therapist should be open to different family orientations and to avoid automatically considering interdependence as a sign of enmeshment. After doing a client-centered analysis of the problem, counselors can ask, "How does your family see the problem?" For traditionally oriented Asian Americans, a focus on individual client needs and wishes may run counter to the values of collectivism. Goals and treatment approaches may need to include a family focus.

True or False: More American Indians are high school graduates that the general U.S. population (96% versus 72%).

False According to the text, fewer Indians are high school graduates that the general U.S. population (83.4% versus 86.9%).

True or False: Approximately 68 percent of Latinx are immigrants.

False A little over a third of Latinx individuals are immigrants (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017, as cited by 8th edition). However, of that percentage approximately one-fourth of the Latinx adults are undocumented immigrants; about two-thirds of all undocumented immigrants are from Mexico

True or False. A Shaman is a male healer who is able to communicate with the spirit world.

False A shaman can be a man or a woman.

Essay: What are three specific challenges the African American male faces?

Responses will vary but should cover several of the challenges the chapter describes such as poverty rate, unemployment rate, health issues, racism, crime, school failure, family issues.

______________ ________________ is used by some American Indians as a religious renewal or rite of passage.

Vision quest The vision quest, in conjunction with the sweat lodge experience, is used by some American Indians as a religious renewal or rite of passage.

What is accurate regarding the educational experience of African Americans? (A) The educational attainment gap between Black and White children has widened considerably in the last 10 years. (B) Approximately 25 percent of African American adults do not graduate from high school. (C) The percentage of African Americans in higher education has increased dramatically in the last few years, even with the dismantling of affirmative action programs. (D) In general, African American college students report few instances of discrimination and prejudice on college campuses

(B) Approximately 25 percent of African American adults do not graduate from high school. Although gains have been made, the gap in high school graduation between African American and White children persists. In the 2014-2015 school year, the adjusted cohort graduation rate for African Americans was 75 percent compared to White Americans at 88 percent

Your client is in the process of coming out as gay. In your sessions, you find that he has an embedded belief that same-sex attraction is abnormal/wrong and that it is better to be heterosexual. As a result, he displays masochistic attitudes and behaviors. It is likely your client is experiencing internalized: (A) homophobia (B) homophobia and heterosexism (C) heterosexism (D) transsexualism

(B) homophobia and heterosexism The client in the scenario is expressing an internalized hatred for himself for being gay (homophobia) and a preference for heterosexualism, not just one or the other.

"The disability represents a defect that resides in the individual and action is taken to rehabilitate that condition" is a description of which type of model of disability? (A) minority model (B) medical model (C) morality model (D) Mitchell model

(B) medical model

It has been reported that LGBT youth are ______ ______than their heterosexual counterparts to attempt suicide. (A) less likely (B) more likely (C) equally likely (D) This information is unknown.

(B) more likely It has been reported that LGBT youth are more likely than their heterosexual counterparts to attempt suicide. This is especially true for LBGT youth who live in an unsupportive environment

In terms of time orientation, American Indians and Alaskan Natives are much more oriented toward: (A) the future (B) the present (C) the past (D) time does not exist

(B) the present (A) is incorrect because American Indians and Native Alaskans are not future oriented; however, European Americans are.

Arabs include individuals who come from approximately how many countries? (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 40

(C) 20 Arabs include individuals who come from approximately 20 countries. The authors state that Arabs are individuals who originate from countries located in the Middle East and North Africa and whose primary language is Arabic. Arabs began immigrating to the United States in the late 1800s and descend from about 20 different countries. They are heterogeneous in terms of race, religion, and political ideology.

What has been found regarding value differences and their impact on counseling practice? (A) Most Asian immigrants and refugees believe in the value of talking about problems to a counselor. (B) Physical complaints are expressed in terms of emotional or psychological problems. (C) Among many Asian groups restraint of emotions is equated with maturity. (D) Asian immigrants and refugees tend to view mental illness as similar to any other problem.

(C) Among many Asian groups restraint of emotions is equated with maturity.

Vang Xiong suffered from which of the following illnesses/disorders? (A) Dissociative disorder (B) Sleep terror disorder (C) Hmong sudden death syndrome (D) Catatonic disorder (E) None of the choices is correct.

(C) Hmong sudden death syndrome

Studies suggest that which two pathologies are most frequently found with refugees from Southeast Asia? (A) Schizophrenia and dependent personality disorder (B) PTSD and borderline personality disorder (C) PTSD and major affective disorders (D) Schizophrenia and PTSD

(C) PTSD and major affective disorders Studies suggest that the two pathologies most frequently found with refugees from Southeast Asia are PTSD and major affective disorders.

PFLAG is an organization that represents which of the following? (A) People Fighting to Liberate All Gays (B) Partners Focusing on Loving All Gays (C) Parents, Family, and Friends of Gays and Lesbians (D) None of the choices is correct.

(C) Parents, Family, and Friends of Gays and Lesbians PFLAG stands for Parents, Family, and Friends of Gays and Lesbians.

The conflicts in gender roles in both Latinx American men and women are as a result of: (A) the degree of religiosity (B) educational level (C) different expectations between ethnic group and mainstream values (D) the degree to which the family speaks Spanish in the home

(C) different expectations between ethnic group and mainstream values

The term to describe family unity, respect, and tradition is (A) personalismo (B) fatalism (C) familismo (D) marianismo

(C) familismo (A) is incorrect because personalismo refers to a personalized communication style that is characterized by interactions that are respectful, interdependent, and cooperative. (B) is incorrect because fatalism is the belief that life experiences are determined by fate. (D) is incorrect because marianismo is where women are expected to maintain harmony and nurture spiritual life within the family and be modest, virtuous, and subordinate to others.

Which of the following may be problematic for traditionally oriented Arab Americans? (A) girls being advised by older females (B) emphasis on hospitality to guests (C) opposite-sex discussions with people other than family members (D) father's aloofness

(C) opposite-sex discussions with people other than family members It may be problematic for Arabs to have opposite-sex discussions with people other than family members considering the hierarchal and patriarchal nature of family relations.

Approximately what percentage of American Indian children were being placed by state courts and child welfare workers into non-Indian homes prior to the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act? (A) under 30 percent (B) over 50 percent (C) over 90 percent (D) under 50 percent

(C) over 90 percent Over 90 percent of American Indian children were being placed by state courts and child welfare workers into non-Indian homes prior to the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act.

Results from a recent poll indicated that _______ percent of Americans believe that Muslims are too extreme in their beliefs and _____ percent believe they are sympathetic to the Al Qaeda terrorist group.

36; 28 Results from a recent poll indicated that 36 percent of Americans believe that Muslims are too extreme in their religious beliefs and 28 percent believe that Muslims are sympathetic to Al Qaeda terrorists

Between-group differences within the Asian American population are quite large, since the population is composed of at least _______ distinct subgroups.

40 Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders are nearly 6 percent of the population, but are composed of 40 distinct subgroups, each with its own language, religion and customs.

The median income of Latinx families is _____ that of U.S. median family income.

80% The median income of Latinx families ($47,675) is about 80 percent of the U.S. median family income ($59,039), with nearly 1 in 5 Latinx individuals living in poverty; and in 2016 about 16 percent of Latinx individuals did not have health insurance

Between September 11, 2001, and October 11, 2002, more than ______ cases of employment discrimination occurred against Arab Americans.

800 This is one of many cases of discrimination pointed out in the text.

Essay: Describe why the educational environment is often a negative one for African American youth.

: The educational environment is often negative for African American youth. They are two to five times more likely to be suspended from school and often receive harsher consequences than their White peers (Rudd, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). School personnel often hold stereotypes of African American parents as being neglectful or incompetent and blame children's problems on a lack of parental support for schooling. As one teacher stated, "The parents are the problem! They [the African American children] have absolutely no social skills, such as not knowing how to walk, sit in a chair, . . .it's cultural" (Harry et al., 2005, p. 105, as cited in Sue 8th edition); but when these researchers visited the homes of parents who were criticized, they often observed parental love, effective parenting skills, and family support for education.

__________ and other _______________ strategies are useful in working with Asian American clients.

Cognitive-behavioral; solution-focused According to S.W.-H. Chen & Davenport (2005, as cited in Sue 8th edition), cognitive-behavioral and other solution-focused strategies are useful in working with Asian Americans. However, these may need to be modified to address a collectivistic focus.

True or False: Assuming that a client is heterosexual is considered acceptable by professional standards due to the fact that most people identify as heterosexual in the United States.

False Assuming that a client is heterosexual is a bias, and it may make it more difficult to bring up issues regarding sexual orientation.

True or False: American Indians/Alaska Natives are a heterogeneous group composed of approximately 159 distinct tribes, some consisting of only four to five members.

False At the time of the 8th edition, American Indians/Alaska Natives form a highly heterogeneous group composed of 566 distinct tribes, some consisting of only four or five members

Essay: What spiritual interventions might be explored with Arab Muslim clients to reduce stress?

Counselors should be open to exploring spiritual beliefs and the use of prayer or fasting to reduce distress. Furthermore, alternative explanations and expressions of psychological distress should be accepted without the imposition of a Western worldview. Counselors should be open to talking about religion and drawing on religious coping strategies the clients religion offers. Since Islam encourages self-responsibility in actions and encourages alternatives to negative thoughts, identifying the client's views regarding Islam may be useful in adapting therapy

________-________ counselor pairing may be problematic with Arab or Muslim clients.

Cross-gender Cross-gender counselor pairing may be problematic with Arab or Muslim clients. One should inquire if gender of the therapist is a factor to be considered.

True or False: Individuals with physical disabilities have the highest rates of unemployment of all disability groups.

False Individuals with psychiatric disabilities have the highest rates of unemployment (90%) of all disability groups

Essay: How do the educational practices of many Indian and Native American youth contribute to current trends seen in the population?

Educational gaps between AI/AN youth and White youth persist (Education Trust, 2013, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Native children appear to do well during the first few years of school. However, by the fourth grade, a pattern of academic decline, disengagement, and truancy develops; a significant drop in achievement motivation often occurs in middle school. Although some have argued that traditional cultural values and beliefs are incompatible with those of the educational system, there is increasing support for the view that perceived barriers to mobility are the culprit for reduced academic performance. In other words, academic success is not perceived as leading to rewards or success. Others argue that structural issues within the school including limited resources, lack of teacher preparation or cultural sensitivity, and racial discrimination are in fact pushing AI/AN youth out of traditional school settings (Johnston-Goodstar & VeLure, 2017, as cited in Sue 8th edition). In addition, some of the youth from low income communities see that jobs are available in casinos or on the reservation; jobs in turn provide the youth with opportunities to contribute financially to their families, making it difficult to see the value in pursuing a "White man's education."

Ture or False: African Americans in the immersion stage are less likely to report instances of racial discrimination.

False African Americans who have attitudes and behaviors consistent with the preencounter level are less likely to report racial discrimination, whereas those in the immersion stage tend to be least satisfied with societal conditions.

True or False: There has been an increase in the acceptance of same-sex marriage among the elderly.

False Although society in general has become more accepting, strong negative attitudes and feelings toward gay people continue among older adults and White Evangelicals

True or False: According to research, African Americans have the highest birth rates among unmarried women.

False Although there has been a significant decline in nonmarital births in the U.S. across racial and ethnic groups, African Americans have the second highest birth rates among nonmarried women (63 per 1000 compared to Hispanic women's 73 per 1000)

True or False: You are a counselor in private practice and are working with a 42-year-old Native American woman going through a life transition. In your initial intake, she reports living with her White, American husband and 8-year-old daughter in your city. As such, you do not assess the importance of tribal affiliation. This is the correct action to take because she does not live on a reservation.

False Even though she does not live on a reservation, it does not mean that tribal affiliation is not important to her. The authors report that counselors need to discuss the client's tribal affiliation (if any), languages spoken, self-identity, and residential background, and find out whether there is a current relationship to a tribe or tribal culture (Garrett & Pichette, 2000, as cited in Sue 8th edition). In reference to this particular question, however, the types of problems and the therapeutic process and goals appropriate for someone living on a rural reservation may be very different from those appropriate for an urbanized Indian who retains few traditional beliefs.

True or False: Prayers are not generally considered a source of strength for Latinx.

False For many Latinx religion and prayer serve as sources of strength. Religion, often but not always, Catholicism, is important to many Latinx, although less so among younger individuals

True or False: In comparison with the U.S. population as a whole, Arab Americans are more likely to be single, female, older, and less educated.

False In comparison with the U.S. population as a whole, Arab Americans are more likely to be married, male, younger and more educated.

True or False: Traditional Asian American families tend to be egalitarian and matriarchal in structure.

False The traditional Asian American families tend to be hierarchical and patriarchal in structure, with males and older individuals occupying a higher status

True or False: With respect to gender roles, women's conflicts may involve lack of confidence in areas of authority; feelings of isolation and depression because of the need to be strong; and conflicts of the need to be consistent in the role.

False These conflicts are more typical for Latino (immigrant) men. The authors report that in Latino men there is lack of confidence in areas of authority, in that Latino men may lack confidence interacting with agencies and individuals outside of the family. This can result in feelings of inadequacy and concern about diminished authority, especially if the wife or children are more fluent in English

Essay: Describe the Latinx concept of familismo. How may this impact counseling services

Familismo refers not only to family cohesiveness and interdependence but also to loyalty and placing the needs of close friends and family members before personal needs (Baumann, Kuhlberg, & Zayas, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Counselors can inquire about this connectedness with extended and nuclear family members and the value placed on familismo. It is important to note that because of these strong familial and social relationships, Latinx often wait until resources from extended family and close friends are exhausted before seeking help. Even in the cases of severe mental illness, many delay obtaining assistance

___________ and __________ protective factors have been hypothesized to account for the finding that African Americans have lower levels of heavy binge drinking among any ethnic group except for Asians.

Family and religious Family and religious protective factors have been hypothesized to account for the findings that African Americans have lower levels of heavy and binge drinking than any other ethnic group, with the exception of Asian Americans

__________ and __________ supports can be protective factors in dealing with prejudice and discrimination from the larger society.

Family; community The authors contend that family and community supports can be protective factors in dealing with prejudice and discrimination from the larger society.

Essay: Describe fatalism and how it may impact counseling interventions.

Fatalism is a term that describe Latinx beliefs that life's misfortunes are inevitable and feel resigned to their fate. Therefore, they may take a seemingly passive approach to problems and lack experience assertively addressing challenges. Some Latinx groups believe that evil spirits cause mental health problems and rely on indigenous healing practices. It is important to consider religious or spiritual beliefs and to explore the spiritual meanings of presenting problems. For example, if there is a strong belief in fatalism, instead of attempting to change this view, the therapist can acknowledge this attitude and help the individual or family determine the most adaptive response to the situation.

Essay: Describe some of the struggles a gay Latino man may encounter in relation to his sexual orientation.

Gay Mexican American men have a greater degree of internalized homophobia. This is partly because of the cultural value of machismo. In Latino communities and culture, there is strong negative reaction to gay men and frequent use of slurs such as maricon (sissy) and joto (fag) (Estrada, Rigali-Oiler, Arciniega, & Tracey, 2011 as cited in Sue 8th edition). Latino men who are gay report racism, discomfort, and rejection from the gay community and Latino men with darker skin or more Indian features are more likely to face such rejection

Essay: Why is it important for mental health professionals to become familiar with the cultural background of their clients?

It is very important for mental health professionals not only to become familiar with the cultural background of their clients but also to be knowledgeable about specific cultural syndromes. One of the primary dangers from lack of cultural understanding is the tendency to overpathologize (overestimate the degree of pathology). For example, the mental health professional would have been wrong in diagnosing Vang as a paranoid schizophrenic suffering from delusions and hallucinations. Furthermore, most might have prescribed powerful antipsychotic medication or even institutionalization. The fact that he was cured so quickly by the shaman indicates that such a diagnosis would have been erroneous. It is equally dangerous to underestimate the severity or complexity of a refugee's emotional condition.

Because the Latinx family is strongly connected and rely on other member's cooperation, some of the typical expected roles of family members include: Mother __________________ Father __________________ Children _________________ Grandparents _____________ Godparents _________________

Mother - Caregiver Father - Provider Children - Obedience Grandparents - Wise Counsel Godparents - Resourcefulness Because of the strong sense of familisimo, cooperation among family members is stressed. The extended family includes not only relatives but also close friends and godparents. Each member of the family has a specific role: mother (care giver), father (provider), children (obedience), grandparents (wise counsel), and godparents (resourcefulness)

Essay: Why does Western science remain skeptical of using supernatural explanations to explain phenomena experienced by non-Westerners?

One of the main reasons is that these phenomena cannot be verified empirically. The authors posit that Western science remains skeptical of using supernatural explanations to explain phenomena and certainly does not consider the existence of spirits to be a scientifically sound belief.

Essay: Explore why many struggle with knowing how to respond or address someone with a disability. As a professional, how can you serve to improve this phenomenon?

One of the many reasons people do not know how to respond to someone with a disability is because they often lack understanding. Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities may go along a spectrum and be disdainful and dismissive, or overly protective or sympathetic. Counselors can work toward improving understanding of disabilities by serving as an advocate and by increasing awareness of discriminatory practices. Counselors can make sure their offices are compliant for those with physical disabilities and provide additional services such as Braille materials, sign language interpreters, ramps, parking spaces, and other practical services. The authors point out that it is important for therapists to make sure that they do not provide unequal service or deny treatment to clients with disabilities. If the individual requires treatment outside your area of specialization, you can help facilitate a referral to a more qualified provider.

Essay: From a counseling perspective, what might a therapist focus on in working with LGBT individuals?

Responses will vary and may include focus on acceptance, affirmation, self-esteem issues, watching their own prejudices and/or stereotypes and assumptions, being knowledgeable about population, being aware of substance abuse issues, suicidality, depression and anxiety, and interpersonal relationships with others.

Essay: What are some coping strategies counselors can help foster in clients with disabilities?

Responses will vary but may include connection with a higher power or other spiritual practices, tapping into resilience skills, cognitive thought processing, self-control, creativity, changing perceptions, empowering, encouraging active decision making and improving self-esteem.

Essay: Based on the readings, why do the Asian population appear to underutilize mental health services?

Responses will vary but should encompass the fact that there is a lot of stigma with mental health issues. The authors point out that although Asian Americans underutilize mental health services, it is unclear if this is due to low rates of socioemotional difficulties or cultural values inhibiting self-referral (Zane & Ku, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). It is very possible that a large portion of the mental illness, adjustment problems, and juvenile delinquency among Asians is hidden. There is a discrepancy between official and real rates of adjustment difficulties. This may be due to cultural factors, such as the shame and disgrace associated with admitting to emotional problems, the handling of problems within the family rather than relying on outside resources, and the manner of symptom formation, such as a low prevalence of acting-out disorders.

Essay: What was your first impression when reading about Vang's experience with the spirit world and the shaman practice employed

Responses will vary depending on the worldview of the student. Some Western-trained or -oriented students may express doubt and confusion. Other worldview-oriented students may resonate with both the belief in the spirit world and the shaman practices. The authors postulate that these worldview differences pose problems for Western-trained mental health professionals, who may quickly dismiss these belief systems and impose their own explanations and treatments on culturally diverse clients. However, most researchers now acknowledge that attitudes, beliefs, and emotional states are intertwined and can have a powerful effect on physiological responses and physical well-being.

_________ refers to the relational style displayed by many Latinx—a style emphasizing social harmony and a gracious, hospitable, personable atmosphere.

Simpatico Simpatico refers to the relational style displayed by many Latinx which is a style emphasizing social harmony and a gracious, hospitable, and personable atmosphere

_______________________ is described by the authors as the life force that resides within individuals that makes them inherently worthy and connects them to other living creatures.

Spirituality The authors define spirituality as the life force that resides within individuals that makes them inherently worthy and connects them to other living creatures. Throughout the text various forms of spirituality are described and may be culturally specific as well as understood.

_______________ _____________ is one of the greatest problems faced by American Indian/Alaska Native populations.

Substance abuse The authors report that substance abuse is one of the greatest problems faced by American Indian/Native American and Alaska Native populations. Many youth begin substance use at an early age and use multiple substances, and maintain high levels of use during adolescence (Boyd-Ball, Véronneau, Dishion, & Kavanagh, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Although rates of alcohol use vary across tribes and regions, American Indians/Native American and Alaska Natives have the highest weekly alcohol consumption of any ethnic group

The two main branches of Islam are ______________ and ______________, with 90 percent from the former sect and 10 percent from the latter sect.

Sunni; Shiite Within Islam, there are two major sects, Sunni and Shiite. The Sunnis are the larger group, accounting for approximately 90 percent of Muslims worldwide; the remaining 10 percent are Shiites. Most Muslims in America are Sunni, whereas those in Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon and Iran are mainly Shiite.

Essay: How does the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) define disability? What are some of the similarities and differences of these types of disabilities?

The ADA defines disability as "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual." It protects individuals with intellectual impairment, hearing or vision impairment, orthopedic conditions, learning disabilities, speech impairment, HIV/AIDS and other health or physical conditions. Psychiatric disorders covered under this act include major depression, bipolar disorder, panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders, some personality disorders, schizophrenia and rehabilitation from drug addiction. Responses will vary but may include that some of the disabilities listed are physical, others are emotional. Some disabilities are obvious, while others are not and are invisible to the uninformed. Many of these disabilities present across a spectrum of severity and/or impairment.

Essay: Explore why the first therapy session is crucial in determining if an African American client will return for subsequent sessions.

The authors describe that the first therapy sessions are crucial in determining whether a client will return. African Americans have a high rate of therapy termination (Fortuna, Alegria, & Gao, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Termination often reflects the counselor's inability to establish an effective therapeutic alliance. Prior experiences may render issues of trust very important. The counselor can deal with these issues by discussing them directly and by being open, authentic, and empathetic. Clients often make a decision regarding continuation of therapy based on their personal evaluation of the counselor. Counselors may need to have a broader role and more flexible style, including being more direct, serving in an educative function, and helping the client deal with agencies or with issues involving health and employment.

Essay: Describe how Arabs are often portrayed in the media. What do you think perpetuates this stereotype

The authors highlight that Arabs, Arab Americans, and Muslims are often stereotyped in movies as sheiks, barbarians, or terrorists. Arabs are also commonly stereotyped as being violent or terrorists. In one study, individuals who played a terrorist-themed video game showed an increase in negative attitudes toward Arabs—even though the game involved Russian characters. The findings clearly demonstrate a "strong associative link" between Arabs and terrorism. Some of the reasons these stereotypes persist may be due to terrorist attacks. The authors point out that in recent years, Muslims and "Arab-appearing" individuals have been subjected to increased discrimination and attacks. Although Arab Americans and Muslims have always encountered prejudice and discrimination, negative behavior directed toward these groups accelerated following attacks on September 11, 2001, the attacks during the Boston marathon bombings in 2013, as well as the recent murders of political cartoonists at the offices of the Charlie Hebdo magazine in France in 2015. Hate crimes against Muslims are now second only to those perpetrated against Jewish Americans.

Essay: Why would a counselor explore spiritual factors with a person who has a disability?

The authors point out that spirituality and religious beliefs can be a source of inner strength and support. Religion and spirituality or a connection to a higher power are associated with increased life satisfaction and functional ability for individuals with traumatic brain injuries (Waldron-Perrine et al., 2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The mental health professional should determine the role, if any, that religious beliefs or spirituality play in the life of clients with a disability. Spirituality may factor in the person's sense of self. Such beliefs may be a source of support for clients and their caregivers. Furthermore, therapists can ask clients about their religious or spiritual beliefs and how their beliefs help them confront challenges. Counselors can then incorporate these beliefs into treatment (Waldron-Perrine et al., 2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition). On the other end of the spectrum, individuals may believe that their disability is a punishment from God or may blame God for not preventing the injury. These types of issues should also be addressed and resolved. Therapists may consult with or refer to religious leaders when working with clients who are attempting to come to terms with a disability.

Essay: What might be some acceptable practices in working with Asian American clients?

The authors share that there is a range of acceptable practices in working with Asian American clients. The highlight qualities such as attitudinal similarity between the counselor and the Asian American client and agreement on the cause and treatment of a disorder are more important than racial match in promoting counselor credibility and a strong therapeutic alliance (Meyer, Zane, & Cho, 2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Asian Americans view counselors who can demonstrate multicultural competence by addressing the cultural beliefs of clients as more competent (Wang & Kim, 2010, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Also helping Asian American clients formulate culturally acceptable strategies can improve their problem-solving abilities and facilitate the development of skills for successful interactions within the larger society, including balancing conflicting values. In addition, many of the counseling skills learned in current mental health programs, such as cognitive behavioral therapies, can be effective, especially if modifications are made for less acculturated clients

Essay: Describe why it is important when working with Indians and Native Americans to consider the historical sociopolitical relationships. Give an example of a past practice that may still be a factor in working with this population.

The authors state that when working with children and families, it is important to consider the historical sociopolitical relationship between American Indians/Native Americans and the local, state and federal government. The counselor should understand not only the national history of oppression but also local issues and specific tribal history that affects them. The historic disruption of families resulting in the Indian Child Welfare Act has important implications for how AI/ANs might view child protective services or respond to runaway youth. Currently, decisions regarding the placement of their children are held in tribal courts. Testimony from expert witnesses familiar with the specific tribal or cultural group must be obtained before children can be removed from their homes. Additionally, if children are removed from their parents, residence with extended family members, other tribal members, or other AI/AN families is given primary consideration.

Essay: Based on the chapter and some of the family characteristics that are noted, what are some of the ways a therapist might work with African American families?

The authors suggest that therapists should work to strengthen and increase functionality of the existing family structure rather than attempt to change it. One of the strengths of the African American family is that men, women, and children are allowed to adopt multiple roles within the family structure. For example, older children might adopt a caretaking role, and friends or grandparents might help raise children. In such cases, therapy might focus on enhancing the working alliance among caregivers

Essay: Why is the contemporary image of Asian Americans that of a very successful minority that has made it in society?

The contemporary image of Asian Americans is that of a highly successful minority that has "made it" in society. Indeed, a close analysis of census data (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016, as cited in Sue 8th edition) seems to support this contention. Of those over the age of 25, over half of AAPIs have a bachelor's degree, versus a little over 30 percent of their White counterparts; 21.4 percent have an advanced degree, compared with 12.1 percent of Whites (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Words such as intelligent, hardworking, enterprising, and disciplined are frequently applied to this population (Lim, 2014, as cited in Sue 8th edition). The median income of Asian American families was $77,166 as compared with $56,516 for the U.S. population as a whole

Essay: Why should a therapist working with African Americans examine their own beliefs about family structure and roles within families?

The counselor's reaction to a client's family structure may be affected by a Eurocentric, nuclear-family orientation. Many assessment forms and evaluation processes are based on a middle-class EuroAmerican perspective of what constitutes a family. For family therapy to be successful, counselors must first identify their own set of beliefs and values regarding appropriate roles and communication patterns within a family. They should take care not to impose these beliefs on other families. It is helpful to move away from a deficit model to an asset or strengths perspective when evaluating families

Essay: Distinguish between the use of Latinx (or Latino/a) and Hispanic.

The gender inclusive term Latinx in reference to individuals living in the United States with ancestry from Spanish-speaking (e.g., Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic) and non-Spanish speaking (e.g., Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname) countries. However, people vary in preference for the terms used for pan-ethnic self-identification, some prefer the gendered terms Latina or Latino, some prefer the term Hispanic, and still others prefer more specific ethnic terms such as Chicana, Puerto Rican, and Brazilian. The U.S. Census uses the term Hispanic as an ethnic descriptor rather than the term Latina/o or Latinx

Essay: Describe the role religion may play in Latinx families. Why is this important to consider in the counseling relationship?

The main religion, most often, but not always, is Catholicism. Religion is important to many Latinx, although less so among younger individuals (Pew Research Center, 2014a, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Prayers requesting guidance and specifically from patron saints can be a source of comfort in times of stress. Latinx often believe that life's misfortunes are inevitable and feel resigned to their fate, which is known as fatalism. Therefore, they may take a seemingly passive approach to problems and lack experience assertively addressing challenges. Some Latinx groups believe that evil spirits cause mental health problems and rely on indigenous healing practices. Therefore, during assessment, it is important to consider religious or spiritual beliefs and to explore the spiritual meanings of presenting problems. If there is a strong belief in fatalism, instead of attempting to change this view, the therapist can acknowledge this attitude and help the individual or family determine the most adaptive responses to the situation.

True or False: Acculturation can increase gender role conflict.

Therapists should explore the client's degree of adherence to traditional gender norms, as well as the gender role views among other family members. It is important to consider the potential impact of acculturation on marital relationships. This is particularly important when women function independently in the work setting or when dealing with schools and other agencies. For both males and females, role conflict is likely to occur if the man is unemployed, if the woman is employed, or both.

Essay: In the case study presented in this chapter, do you consider the practice of Thùôc Nam a form of child abuse? How would you have handled this case if this child presented to you in a counseling session with fresh bruises?

Thùôc Nam, or traditional medicine, involves using natural fruits, herbs, plants, animals, and massages to heal the body. Massage treatment is the most common cause of misdiagnosis of child abuse because it leaves bruises on the body. The authors state that if the social worker could have understood Mrs. Nguyen, he would have known that Phuoc's four-day absence from school was due to illness and that he was treated by his parents via traditional folk medicine. The massage treatments are a widespread custom practiced not only by Vietnamese but also by Cambodians, Laotians, and Chinese. These treatments aim at curing a host of physical ailments, such as colds, headaches, backaches, and fevers. In the mind of the practitioner of this treatment, such treatments have nothing to do with child abuse. However, the question still remains. Is it considered child abuse when traditional healing practices result in bruises? The authors proffer that this is a very difficult question to answer because it raises larger questions. Some questions might arise such as Can culture justify a practice, especially when it is harmful? The authors point out that many medical practitioners in California do not consider it child abuse because (a) medical literature reveals no physical complications as a result of Thùôc Nam, (b) the intent is not to hurt the child but to help him or her, and (c) it is frequently used in conjunction with Western medicine. However, that being said, the authors add that health professionals and educators have a responsibility to educate parents concerning the potential pitfalls of many folk remedies and indigenous forms of treatment.

True or False: Approximately one out of five same-sex couples are raising children.

True

True or False: Although not all are actively involved in same-sex practices, approximately one-fourth of the adult population report acknowledging some same-sex attraction.

True About 19 million Americans have engaged in same-sex behaviors and around one-fourth of the adult population acknowledges some same-sex attraction

True or False: Although African Americans represent only 13 percent of the U.S. population, 40 percent of those incarcerated are Black.

True Although African Americans represent 13 percent of the U.S. population, 40 percent of those incarcerated are Black. Whites who make up 64 percent of the population account for only 39 percent of those in prison

True or False: Approximately one-quarter of Arab Americans are Muslim.

True Although the populations of Arabic-speaking countries include large numbers of Muslims, it is estimated that only about one-quarter of Arab Americans are Muslims

True or False: Asian psychologies focus on enlightenment and ideal mental health rather than psychopathology

True Asian perspectives concentrate less on psychopathology and more on enlightenment and ideal mental health.

True or False: In the United States, the rates of disability are higher among African Americans as compared to non-Hispanic Whites or American Indian and Alaska Native groups.

True At the time of the 8th edition, of the 72.3 million families in the United States, about 21 million have at least one member with a disability. Rates of disability are higher among African Americans (22.2%) and American Indian/Alaska Native groups (27%) compared with non-Hispanic Whites (16.2%)

True or False: In an Asian American family, it is not atypical for a parent to induce guilt or shame and love withdrawal when a child misbehaves.

True In an Asian American family, it is not atypical for a parent to induce guilt or shame and love withdrawal when a child misbehaves. In fact, shame, the induction of guilt, and love withdrawal are often used to control and train the children

True or False: Gay Mexican American men may have a greater degree of internalized homophobia, partly because of the cultural value of machismo.

True Research indicates that this is true of gay Mexican men. The authors cite that coming out is often more difficult for ethnic minorities who face the stigma of being "multiple minorities." Gay Mexican American men have a greater degree of internalized homophobia, due partly because of the cultural value of machismo. Furthermore, in Latino communities, there is strong negative reaction to gay men and frequent use of slurs such as maricon (sissy) and joto (fag) (Estrada, Rigali-Oiler, Arciniega, & Tracey, 2011, as cited in Sue 8th edition). Moreover, Latino men who are gay report racism, discomfort, and rejection from the gay community and Latino men with darker skin or more Indian features are more likely to face such rejection

True or False: Assessing spiritual strengths and beliefs is recommended when working with African American clients.

True Spiritual beliefs are important to many African Americans and may serve as a protective factor in response to stressors. For example, if a client is heavily involved in church activities or has strong religious beliefs, the counselor might consider enlisting church leaders to help the client (or family) deal with social and economic stressors or conflicts involving the family, school, or community. Church personnel are also often aware of the family dynamics and living conditions of parishioners. Moreover, churches often sponsor parenting programs or activities that enrich family life.

True or False: Research findings indicate that children raised by LGBT couples are as mentally healthy as children with heterosexual parents.

True The authors report that findings indicate that children raised by gay or lesbian parents are as mentally healthy as children with heterosexual parents and that there is no reason to believe that a heterosexual family structure is necessary for healthy child development.

For Arab Americans, treatment for personal problems may be considered ___________ and disclosed to only close family or friends.

shameful Seeking treatment for emotional problems may be considered shameful, so outside help is likely to be sought only as a last resort.