PSY 200 test #3 (Ch. 8-11)

According to Erikson, toddlers through about the age of three are said to be in the stage of ____________ versus shame and doubt

autonomy

Moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________________ level

post conventional

__________ is an example of a psychological need

power

According to Piaget, the __________________ stage is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

pre-operational

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely the conscious, ________________, and unconscious

preconscious

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on Western cultural _________

prejudice

Adaptive thermogenesis is a mechanism that would help ____________ in times of famine

preserve life

During the germinal stage of prenatal development the __________ divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus

zygote

According to Freud, the id follows the ______________ principle

pleasure

Crystallized intelligence is shown more generally by ______________

vocabulary

Newborns use the _____________ to avoid painful stimuli

withdrawal reflex

_______________ is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world

Accommodation

____________ are more likely to conform to group judgment

Collectivists

___________________ refers to some animals that become attached to the first moving object they encounter

Imprinting

_______________ learning is one of the foundations of social cognitive theory

Observational

___________________ parents are parents who generally leave their children to themselves

Uninvolved

Psychological need for approval, ____________, and belonging gives rise to drives

achievement

___________________ are the arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior

activating effect

_________________________ can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile

adaptive thermogenesis

The _______________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus

amniotic sac

Carl Jung developed the psychodynamic theory called _____________ psychology

analytical

Ovaries produce ___________ in women

androgens

_______________ are male sex hormones that masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage

androgens

In the context of ________________, affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs

anorexia nervosa

In the _____________ conflicts, both goals are attainable

approach-approach

Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasizes the collective unconscious and ____________

archetypes

Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concept of _______________ and accommodation

assimilation

According to James and Lange emotions are the cognitive representations of ________ physiological and behavioral responses

automatic

Men and women have similar ___________ responses to sexual stimulation

biological

A person romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females is most likely labeled as

bisexual

A feature of Erikson's intimacy verses isolation stage is the establishment of _____________ relationships

close

According to Piaget's _________ developmental theory, people try to eliminate inconsistencies or discrepancies in information

cognitive

The multiple aproach-avoidance conflicts are the most _________

complex

____________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives

conflict

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extroversion, neuroticism, _____________, agreeableness, and openness to experience

conscientousness

Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the _____________ part of the mind

conscious

Erik Erikson believed that to a large extent of a person is a ________________ of his or her own personality

conscious architect

________ is an environmental hassle

crime

A ___________ period is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus

critical

Social relationships are a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and

development

In the context of the _____________________, acquired drives are developed through experience

drive-reduction theory

According to Erikson, adolescents who do not develop _____________ may experience role diffusion

ego identity

Freud believed that the _______________ develops in the phallic stage of psychosexual development

electra complex

The belief that one must be preoccupied by threats is a prescription for perpetual ___________________

emotional upheaval

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as

emotions

___________ is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful

eustress

A high _________________ ratio is a biological factor responsible for obesity

fat-to-muscle

In the context of prenatal development, the ___________ lasts from the beginning of third month of pregnancy until birth

fetal stage

The ___________________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not been implanted in the uterine wall

germinal stage

The concept of the __________________ audience may drive the intense adolescent desire for privacy

imaginary

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on the role of feelings of ________ and the creative self in the formation of personality

inferiority

Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of ________________

inner concern hassles

Life changes occur at __________ intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly

irregular

The ____________ stage of psychosexual development is characterized by repression of sexual impulses

latency

The ___________________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center

lateral hypothalamus

Eros is fueled by psychological, or psychic energy, which Freud labeled ______________

libido

The _______________ acts as a medium for the passage of nutrients from the mother to the embryo

placenta

The __________ is the second phase of the sexual cycle

plateu

Maslow's theory suggests that human behavior is not just ____________ and aimed towards survival and the reduction of tension

mechanical

Cognitive theorists note that people represents their world

mentally

Fatty tissue in the body _____________ more slowly than muscle tissue does

metabolizes

Children at the preconventional level base their _____________ judgments on the consequences of behavior

moral

In the concrete operational stage, children center on the ____________ of wrongdoers as well as the amount of damage

motives

_________ are inferred from behavior

motives

In the context of hunger, we get signals of satiety from the

mouth

A(n) _________ is a state of deprivation

need

_________________ are nearsighted when they are born

newborns

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an _________ test

objective

_______________ presents respondents with a standardized group of test items

objective tests

The trait theory focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their ________

origins

According to research, more than two out of three adult Americans are

overweight

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an example of an objective _________ test

personality

The correct sequence of stages of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development is oral, anal, _____________, latency, and genital

phallic

The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality is a focus of the _________________ theory

psychodynamic

____________ factors play an important role in the human hunger drive

psychological

Erikson labeled the first stage of ______________ development as the stage of trust verses mistrust

psychosocial

According to Freud, the ego stands for _____________ ways of coping with frustrations

rational

Skinner believed that the effects of __________ on behavior should be emphasized

reinforcements

Infants with ____________ attachment will alternately cling to and push their mother away

resistant

_________________ is the turning of an infant's head towards a touch

rooting

According to Maslow, once physiological needs are satisfied, people try to fulfill their need for

safety

In the context of hunger, ________ is the state of being satisfied

satiety

According to Ainsworth, ______________ attached children seek interaction with mother upon reunion

securely

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the ____________ as the center of experience

self

In humanistic-theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______________

self-actualization

Maslow believed that we are separated from other animals by our capacity for ______________

self-actualization

In Piaget's stages of cognitive development of children, the ____________ stage comes to a close with the acquisition of the basics of language at about age two

sensorimotor

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development the ____________ start to differentiate

sex organs

The _______________ theory pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

social-cognitive

In the case of stimulus motives, organisms seek to increase ___________

stimulation

__________ is best defined as a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust

stress

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the _______________ functions according to the moral principle

superego

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the influence of ______________ on children's cognitive development

teachers

______________ hormones can heighten the sex drive in women

testosterone

The ___________________ test contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations

thematic apperception

____________ are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior

traits

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the

umbilical cord

The _____________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression

unconscious

In psychological testing, ___________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

validity

Fixation is the amount of time spent looking at a _______________ by an infant

visual stimuli