psy 202- chapter 9

The two-word stage of language development typically begins when an infant is about _______ months of age. a. 36 b. 6 c. 24 d. 10

c. 24

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating as: a. prototypes. b. heuristics. c. cognition. d. framing.

c. Cognition

___________ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. a. Semantics b. Grammar c. Syntax d. Associative learning

c. Syntax

Researchers studying chimpanzees in the wild report that they have found at least 39 customs that are specific to local chimpanzee groups. These differences in tool use, grooming, and courtship rituals can be accounted for by: a. linguistics. b. confirmation bias. c. genetics. d. cultural diversity.

d. cultural diversity

To solve a problem, we often make use of a simple thinking strategy that will allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n): a. algorithm. b. prototype. c. confirmation bias. d. heuristic.

d. heuristic

Dr. Sanchez is interested in studying primate behavior in relation to primate thought. If she wants to research behavior that other animal researchers have already discovered in primates in this area, which of the following topics should she choose? a. Any one of these behaviors can be found in primates. b. family loyalty c. altruism d. transmission of cultural patterns across generations

a. Any one of these behaviors can be found in primates

_______________ study an individual's mental activities, examining the logical and illogical manner in which we create concepts, solve problems, and make decisions. a. Cognitive psychologists b. Developmental psychologists c. Personality psychologists d. Experimental psychologists

a. Cognitive psychologists

Unlike the English language, which has a rich vocabulary for self-focused emotions such as anger, ____________ has more words for interpersonal emotions such as sympathy. a. Japanese b. Polish c. Russian d. German

a. Japanese

The part of the left temporal lobe involved in understanding language is known as: a. Wernicke's area. b. the sensory cortex. c. the motor cortex. d. Broca's area.

a. Wernicke's area

According to Noam Chomsky, humans are born with: a. a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules. b. the ability to learn new languages throughout adulthood. c. multiple intelligences that aid in language development. d. a built-in, specific language.

a. a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules.

Linguistic determinism suggests that ___________ think differently when they are speaking ___________. a. bilingual people; in one of their two languages b. people; to their animals c. adults and children; to each other d. children; out loud

a. bilingual people; in one of their two languages

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n): a. concept. b. prototype. c. analogy. d. heuristic.

a. concept

The factors associated with creativity include: a. expertise and a venturesome personality. b. a competitive drive and need for control. c. reliability and validity. d. impulsivity and empathy.

a. expertise and a venturesome personality.

Dr. Tan is interested in studying primate behavior as it is related to primate thought. If she wants to study behavior that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of the following topics should she choose? a. family loyalty, altruism, and transmission of cultural patterns b. transmission of cultural patterns across generations c. altruism d. family loyalty

a. family loyalty, altruism, and transmission of cultural patterns

Sharon, who is just learning to speak, says words like da-da, kitty, ma-ma. This is not unusual because, whatever the language, when children begin to speak they tend to mostly use: a. nouns. b. adverbs. c. verbs. d. adjectives.

a. nouns

Prompt and clear feedback regarding your performance on a psychology practice test is most likely to inhibit: a. overconfidence. b. functional fixedness. c. linguistic determinism. d. the framing effect.

a. overconfidence

Sultan, a chimpanzee that Köhler studied, showed evidence for animal cognition. After he was given a short stick that could not reach a banana, he seemed to have an "Aha!" moment. He then used the short stick: a. to pull in a longer stick, with which he was then able to reach the banana. b. to pull in a longer stick, with which he poked Köhler. c. as a weapon to scare off other chimpanzees. d. to bang on the cage to get Köhler's attention.

a. to pull in a longer stick, with which he was then able to reach the banana.

Shelia says things like "me go," "mama bye," and "dada go." She is in the: a. two-word stage. b. one-word stage. c. babbling stage. d. sentence stage.

a. two-word stage

Whenever Arlo told himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates the idea that creativity may be inhibited by: extrinsic motivation. the g factor. emotional intelligence. a venturesome personality.

a.extrinsic motivation.

Who said that humans are born with a built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules? (It is this conclusion that helps explain why preschoolers pick up language so readily and use grammar so well.) a. Tversky. b. Chomsky. c. Skinner. d. Whorf.

b. Chomsky

In one study, monkeys first learn to classify pictures of cats and dogs. Then they are shown images that are "catlike" or "doglike." Which of the following responses suggests that monkeys are able to form concepts? a. They do not recognize the new images. b. Different frontal lobe neurons fire in response to the images. c. They jump up and down and screech as if angry while looking at the pictures. d. They look away from the pictures as if confused.

b. Different frontal lobe neurons fire in response to the images.

___________ refers to the system of a language's rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others speaking the same language. a. Encoding b. Grammar c. Associative learning d. Phoneme

b. Grammar

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants: a. speak in single words that may be barely recognizable. b. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language. c. imitate adult syntax. d. alternate equally between verbal and manual babbling.

b. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because the blue jay more closely resembles our ___________ of a bird. a. heuristic b. prototype c. phoneme d. algorithm

b. prototype

A chimpanzee in the zoo has figured out how to use a particular kind of stone to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. His problem solving has been shaped by: a. observation. b. reinforcement. c. functional fixedness. d. punishment.

b. reinforcement

You need to fix the mowing deck on your lawn tractor because the pin has come out and is now nowhere to be found. You know that you cannot mow the lawn without securing the deck, but then you see a zip tie normally used to bind wires together. You use it to temporarily secure the deck. You have successfully overcome: a. belief perseverance. b. the availability heuristic. c. a fixation. d. the framing effect.

c. a fixation

A potential source of irrationality is ______________, our tendency to cling to our views in the face of contradictory evidence. a. a fixation b. belief bias c. belief perseverance d. availability heuristic

c. belief perseverance

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information, such as color, depth, movement, and form. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple: a. algorithms. b. fixations. c. neural networks. d. critical periods.

c. neural networks

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (e.g., "green car"). This illustrates an English language rule of: a. semantics. b. algorithms. c. syntax. d. phonemes.

c. syntax

Akira was born to a Japanese-speaking mother and English-speaking father and is fluent in both languages. She recently participated in a study of bilingual university students. When she took a personality test in Japanese the results were very different from those when she took the same test in English. According to Whorf, this difference is due to: a. self-serving bias. b. unreliable tests. c. invalid tests. d. linguistic determinism.

d. linguistic determinism

When bilingual Canadian students who were born in China describe themselves in English, they make the positive self-statements typical of Canadians. When these same students describe themselves in Chinese, their self-descriptions are more typically Chinese (that is, more in alignment with Chinese values). This difference in thinking is evidence for: a. telegraphic speech. b. belief perseverance. c. syntax. d. linguistic determinism.

d. linguistic determinism.

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis states that: a. language is primarily a learned ability. b. the size of a person's vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence. c. language is partially an innate ability. d. our language shapes our thinking.

d. our language shapes our thinking.

When you add "s" to the word "apple" you are now referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English language rule of: a. syntax. b. algorithms. c. telegraphic speech. d. semantics.

d. semantics