PSY 205- Unit 2

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." The BEST response is:

"Yes. However, civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

More than _____ of manic patients treated with lithium improve

60%

Based on demographic data alone, which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression?

A woman who lives in poverty

A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in which region of the brain?

Caudate nuclei

How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities?

Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns.

Which research finding supports the idea that individuals may inherit a predisposition to posttraumatic stress disorder?

Elevated cortisol levels in babies born to women who were pregnant during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

With regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), what effect is expected in soldiers who are directly exposed to prolonged combat-related stress?

Higher rates of PTSD symptoms

Which is MOST likely to elevate the mood in a person with depression?

Increase in the levels of norepinephrine

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of mindfulness-based therapy?

It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder

Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is MOST accurate?

Long-term therapy is occasionally helpful for those individuals with moderate symptoms

"Your worries are only thoughts. Don't try to stop them! Recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

Mindfulness-based cognitive theory

Which statement provides the MOST persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?

Most abused children do not develop the disorder.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?

Norepinephrine

What is the biggest difference between those individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and those individuals who are unhappy with their appearance?

People with body dysmorphic disorder may severely limit their contact with other people

_____ follows clear-cut stressful events, whereas _____ seems to be a response to internal factors

Reactive depression; endogenous depression

Which description BEST indicates how tricyclics work upon ingestion?

Reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin blocked, norepinephrine or serotonin remains in the synapse longer, increased stimulation of receiving neurons

What is anxiety sensitivity?

The inability to assess bodily sensations accurately

According to developmental psychopathologists, why do children tend to fare worse than adults when faced with an extreme stressor for the first time?

Their stress pathways and stress circuits are not yet fully developed.

What is the biggest difference between treatment outcomes for persons with agoraphobia and persons with specific phobias?

Treatment of agoraphobia brings less relief to individuals than do the highly successful treatments for specific phobias

What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?

Unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss

Some individuals are fearful of electroconvulsive therapy. Which steps would a clinician MOST likely take to alleviate that fear?

Use anesthetics to put the person to sleep during the procedure

What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD?

Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

Manuel is afraid of eating in public because he expects to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be

a social phobia

The treatment approach that uses mindfulness training and other cognitive-behavioral techniques is called

acceptance and commitment therapy

Which behavior pattern is NOT listed in DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder?

agoraphobia

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for:

all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have

an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine

The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is a(n)

antidepressant drug

Men and women are equally prone to depression, but clinicians often fail to detect depressive symptoms in men." This statement reflects the _____ theory

artifact

Talking rapidly, dressing flamboyantly, and getting involved in dangerous activities are _____ symptoms of mania

behavioral

Aaron's persistent feelings of sadness and impending doom dominate his life. Every time he says anything even a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. Otherwise, the therapist maintains a stone face. This therapist is probably using some variation of

behavioral activation therapy

The belief that human beings, as a species, have a predisposition to develop certain fears is known as the _____ explanation of phobias

behavioral-evolutionary

Cognitive-behavioral theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also

believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

The mechanism of action of imipramine is to

block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

In bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the electrical current passes through

both sides of the brain

Vagus nerve stimulation is to _____ as SSRIs are to _____

brain stimulation; antidepressant drugs

Oliver is receiving therapy for unipolar depression. His therapist tells him that many—even most—of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. Which element of cognitive therapy does this represent?

challenging automatic thoughts

Beck's cognitive therapy is to _____, as acceptance and commitment therapy is to _____

changing negative cognitions; accepting negative cognitions

In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which fear response?

cognitive

A person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule, "Go to store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room." Which type of treatment is this person MOST likely receiving?

cognitive therapy

"Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist who be MOST likely to agree with this position would be a

cognitive-behavioral theorist

Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went?

cognitive-behavioral theorists

If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called

conditions of worth

To effectively reduce the chances of relapse of depressive symptoms, patients should

continue to take tricyclics for at least five months after they are symptom-free

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using

couple therapy

The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called

cyclothymic disorder

The newest of the brain stimulation treatments for unipolar depression is

deep brain stimulation

According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when

defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety

Cognitive-behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that

depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

Both of Nolan's parents suffered from depression and were generally unresponsive to his needs when he was a child. When Nolan was 9, his house burned down due to an electrical problem, but he blamed himself for the event. As a young adult, Nolan was diagnosed with depression shortly after his divorce. This example illustrates the _____ perspective

developmental psychopathology

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages

down the length of a neuron

Based on current research, the treatment recommended for someone experiencing bipolar disorder is

drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on the

duration of anxiety symptoms

People with _____ keep picking at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds

excoriation disorder

Which characteristic is common with dissociative fugue?

fleeing to a new location

Which is the BEST example of interpersonal role transition?

going away to college for the first time

A benefit of adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder is that

hospitalizations can be reduced

The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions but not his obsessions. In addition, he does homework in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. Most likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy?

humanistic

Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to

improper ion transport

A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique

in vivo

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to

increase serotonin activity in the brain

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to

internal, global, stable factors

Kyle does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This situation is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an

interpersonal deficit

Violet has withdrawn from most social contacts because she never seems to be able to say the right thing. She just doesn't seem to fit in, and her comments are always misinterpreted. She feels alone and is depressed. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an

interpersonal deficit

By regressing to the oral stage of development, mourners merge their identity with that of the person they lost, thereby symbolically regaining the person they lost. This statement defines the psychodynamic concept of

introjection

One of the main problems in determining whether one's depression is endogenous or reactive is that

it is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence

Bentley was driving over the same bridge he crossed every day on his way to work, but today nothing about the bridge or scenery felt familiar. This is an example of

jamais vu

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with

mood stabilizing drug

ECT has changed over the years. Patients given this treatment now may receive

muscle relaxants

Lithium appears to affect

neuron's second messengers

Unipolar depression is depression that

occurs without periods of mania

One problem with animal studies of depression is that

one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities is aware of the others. This would be called a

one-way amnesic relationship

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called

phobic disorder

A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress

physical

Cognitive-behavioral therapists would be MOST likely to say that people with depression must improve their social skills because

positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to things such as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects such as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of

preparedness

A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing which type of torture?

psychological

Rhoda's fear of attending a party is debilitating. To treat this fear, her therapist has Rhoda rehearse introducing herself. This is called:

role-play

Sadness differs from depression in all of the following ways EXCEPT

sadness lingers long after the triggering loss has ended

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is the

severity and duration of the problem

Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports the _____ perspective

sociocultural

An example of a behavioral symptom of depression is

staying in bed for hours during the day

Dylan is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training, and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has Dylan go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called

systematic desensitization

According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps obsessing about immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts

the immoral images represent id impulses

Electroconvulsive therapy is MOST commonly recommended when

the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs

If a person taking lithium began experiencing nausea, vomiting, sluggishness, tremors, and seizures, one would suspect

the person is experiencing lithium intoxication

A friend asks you, "What's the name of that Tom Hanks' movie where a pirate takes over his ship and says, 'I'm the captain now'?" You remember the movie and know you know the title, but you can't think of it in the moment. This is an example of

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Dissociative identity disorder is _____ to be diagnosed in a woman compared with a man

three times more likely

A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and faithfully avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n)

touching compulsion

The accidental discovery of drugs that increased serotonin and norepinephrine activity led to also effective treatments for

unipolar depression

A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the _____ technique

virtual reality