PSY 207: Chapter 4 - Physical Development in Infancy

Heart arrhythmias are estimated to occur in as many as ____ % of SIDS cases

15%

Low birth weight infant are ____ - _____ times more likely to die of SIDS than are their normal weight counterparts

5-10X

Nutritionist recommend that infants consume approximately ______ calories per day for each # they weigh (2x an adults)

50 calories

Creativity is a complex thinking activity. Which statement below represents most accurately the view of neuroscientists on creativity and lateralization? Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized. Most neuroscientists believe that creativity is a "left-brained" activity. Most neuroscientists believe that all cognitive abilities are lateralized. Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is primarily a "right-brained" activity.

Most neuroscientists agree that creativity is complex and therefore is not lateralized.

____________-________ coupling is necessary for the infant to coordinate grasping. At different stages in development, infants use different perceptual systems to coordinate grasping.

Perceptual-motor coupling

Developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

Proximodistal pattern

Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.

Reflexes

A method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli.

Visual preference method

Experts believe that the neural pathways that control the leg alternation essential for walking are possibly in place at which age? birth or before 8 months of age 3 months of age 6 months of age

birth or before

Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain. the right hemisphere the left hemisphere both hemispheres

both hemispheres

The ______ pattern of growth is reflected in the fact that infants can see an object before they can control their torso. differentiation proximodistal cephalocaudal cephalodistal

cephalocaudal

Which of the following have been associated with shorter duration of infant sleep? (Select all that apply.) child-care attendance early introduction of solid foods maternal depression during pregnancy genetic predisposition infant TV viewing

child-care attendance early introduction of solid foods maternal depression during pregnancy infant TV viewing

An infant hears a new sound and responds with interest. After repeated exposure to the same sound, one can expect the infant to ______ its responsiveness to the sound. increase terminate maintain decrease

decrease - Reason: Habituation results in a decreased responding to a repeated stimulus.

In the context of the fibers that extend from a neuron's cell body, the fiber that carries signals toward the neuron's cell body is called a(n) axon. neurotransmitter. synapse. dendrite.

dendrite

By the end of the first year of life, an infant's improved motor control enables her to eat a diet that is comprised of the child's favorite foods. includes a variety of foods. replaces dairy with meat. has a liquid, smooth texture.

includes a variety of foods.

The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of intermodal perception because it integrates information from multiple sensory modalities. requires visual input. requires training and interaction with another person. requires information from a single sensory modality.

integrates information from multiple sensory modalities.

The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.

intermodal perception

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called perceptual constancy. habituation. sensory accommodation. intermodal perception.

intermodal perception

Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other

lateralization

John believes that his 6-month-old baby, Ali, was born with the ability to perceive the world in an organized way. In the field of perceptual development, John would be described as a(n) perceptionist. naturalist. nativist. empiricist.

nativist

In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize the role of nature are referred to as ________ and those who emphasize learning and experience are called _________.

nativist; empiricists

In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize the role of nature are referred to as ecologists. empiricists. nativists. constructivists.

nativists

A belief that biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and development of the brain and cognitive development are closely linked

neuroconstructivist view

A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by a _____, which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapse. myelin sheath terminal button neurotransmitter dendrite

neurotransmitter

Infants grip with whole hand at first is a ________ _______

palmar grasp

The interpretation of what is sensed

perception

When sensory stimulation is changing (for instance, seeing the same object at different distances), but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing perceptual constancy. sensory engagement. perceptual awareness. sensory perception.

perceptual constancy

Infants grasp small object with their thumb and forefinger is called a ______ _____

pincer grip

The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

sensation

_____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. Reception Transition Perception Sensation

sensation

A recent review concluded that ________ plays an important role in SIDS

serotonin

The recognition that an object's dimensions remain the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object is called ______ constancy. distance size perceptual shape

size

The recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the observer moves toward or away from the object.

size constancy

A newborn's built-in reaction to automatically suck an object placed in its mouth. The sucking reflex enables the infant to get nourishment before he or she has associated a nipple with food and also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism

sucking reflex

_____ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers. Dendrites Myelin sheaths Neurotransmitters Synapses

synapses

**In the brain, the _____ lobes have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory. parietal temporal frontal occipital

temporal

Which of the four main lobes in the brain is associated with language processing? frontal temporal occipital parietal

temporal

The pain matrix brain regions consist of areas located in the _____, somatosensory cortex, and ___________

thalamus; amygdala

What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development? the interactionist view the cognitive intermodal view the neuroconstructivist view the ecological view

the neuroconstructivist view

Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through positive reinforcement. a conducive environment. the unfolding of a genetic plan. repeated experiences.

the unfolding of a genetic plan.

In the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur, the park of overproduction takes place at about ____ ____ of age

1 year

1. ________ lobes are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose 2. _______ lobes function in vision 3. ______ lobes have an active role in hearing, language, processing, and memory 4. _______lobes play important roles involving spatial location, attention, and motor control a. temporal b. parietal c. frontal d. occipital

1. c 2. d 3. a 4. b

By the time people reach adulthood, they spend _____ of their night in REM sleep

1/5

sleep problems have been estimated to affect _____-____% of infants. The most common infant sleep-related problem is ________ ________.

15-25%; nighttime waking

95% of full-term newborns are 18-22 inches long and weigh between 5-10#

18-22 inches

The newborn's vision is estimated to be ____/240

20

The average North American newborn is _____inches long and weighs _____ lbs

20 inches long and 7.6 #

Breast feeding reduces the risk of obesity by approximately _____ %

20%

At birth, the newborn's brain is about ______ of its adult weight.

25%

At about _____ months of age, infants begin to prefer salty tastes, which as newborns they had found to be aversive.

4 months

Infants have doubled their birth weight by the age of ____ months and tripled it by ____ months

4; 12

The peak of synaptic overproduction in the visual cortex occurs at about the ____ postnatal month, followed by a gradual retraction until the middle to end of the preschool years.

4th

Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.

Cephalocaudal pattern

In the context of fine motor skills, which of the following is true of reaching by infants? Initially, infants reach by seeing their own hands and then swinging their arms toward an object. The sight of the limb guides reaching by 4-month-old infants. Cues from muscles, tendons, and joints guide reaching by 4-month-old infants. Initially, infants reach by moving their wrists and coordinating their thumb and forefinger.

Cues from muscles, tendons, and joints guide reaching by 4-month-old infants.

When can sound first be perceived? Sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy Approximately one week after birth During the last two months of pregnancy Immediately at birth

During the last two months of pregnancy

According to Thelen's _______ ________ Theory, infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. It is the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting.

Dynamic Systems Theory

Four key aspects that reflect the dynamic systems theory of motor development: (1) E______ (2)E_____ (3) Enculturated (4) Enabling

Embodied Embedded

True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.

False - The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs at the top of the body, with physical growth gradually working its way down from top to bottom.

Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth? Infants are capable of localizing sound. Fetuses can learn. Fetuses can hear. Infants do not remember sounds heard prenatally.

Fetuses can learn. Fetuses can hear.

Which of the following is true of the human brain? The right part is the exclusive location for logical thinking. It has two hemispheres. The left part is the exclusive location for logical thinking. It has four quadrants.

It has two hemispheres.

Which of the following is true of the prefrontal cortex of the brain? It covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap. It is the area of the brain that functions in vision. It is the portion of the brain farthest from the spinal cord. It is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.

It is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.

A neonatal startle response in which the newborn arches its back, throws its head back, flings out its arms and legs, and then pulls its arms and legs close to the center of the body.

Moro Reflex

Which of the following statements is true regarding the development of posture? Postural control is a static process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles. Newborn infants can voluntarily control their posture. Locomotion and postural control develop independent of each other. Postural control is required for gross motor skills to develop.

Postural control is required for gross motor skills to develop.

A newborn's built-in reaction that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns his or her head toward the side that was touched, in an apparent effort to find something to suck.

Rooting reflex

______ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. Articulation Perception Locomotion Sensation

Sensation

Which of the following statements about perceptual constancy is true? Perception of the physical world remains constant because of limited visual acuity. Sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant. Constant sensory stimulation receives a constant perceptual response. Sensory stimulation remains constant, but perception of the physical world changes.

Sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant.

The recognition that an object's shape remains the same even though its orientation to the observer changes.

Shape constancy

A condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Which of the following is NOT a premise of the neuroconstructivist view? The brain has plasticity and is context dependent. The development of the brain is closely linked with cognitive development. Biological processes and environmental experiences influence brain development. The brain is wired at birth, and cells in the brain that process information simply mature over time.

The brain is wired at birth, and cells in the brain that process information simply mature over time.

According to dynamic systems theory, what is required before infants can begin to develop their motor skills and perform actions? They must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act. They must achieve a certain level of cognitive development before purposeful movement can happen. They must imitate parents in order to develop motor skills. Nothing; they develop motor skills through inborn abilities.

They must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act.

The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is to discover how perception guides _______.

action

Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.

dishabituation

The _____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver. ecological physiological sensory behavioral

ecological

The Gibson's __________ view is quite different from Piaget's ________ view

ecological; constructivist

Which of the following technologies, a measure of the brain's electrical activity, have researchers been able to use successfully to learn about the brain's development in infancy? electroencephalogram (EEG) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans brain electron sampling (BES)

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Infant growth is best characterized as smooth. continuous. episodic. unpredictable.

episodic

Which of the following studies infants' brain activity related to face processing, perception, attention, and memory by using near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen? MEG fMRI fNIRS EEG

fNIRS

The _____ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it. top brain hindbrain midbrain forebrain

forebrain

Researchers are increasingly using ______ ________-______ _______ which uses very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen to study infants' brain activity related to face processing, perception, attention, and memory.

functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

habituation

If infants are repeatedly shown the same picture over and over, they will stop paying attention to it. This is called dishabituation. overexposure. habituation. sensory disengagement.

habituation.

Infant brain mapping is being used to assess perceptual and cognitive activities including which of the following? hearing taste vision language

hearing vision language

Gross motor skills involve the hands and fingers. develop after fine motor skill development. begin with the Moro reflex. involve large-muscle activities.

involve large-muscle activities.

Which of the following concepts refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? alternation lateralization differentiation lobe distinction

lateralization

Persistent severe sleep problems in infants have been linked to prenatal and postnatal paternal anxiety. maternal weight loss. maternal hypertension. maternal depression.

maternal depression.

According to the dynamic systems view, which of the following would be the first step in learning how to self-feed? motivation to feed oneself successfully using a spoon picking up a spoon asking for food

motivation to feed oneself

The concept of ________ __________ is when infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before

perceptual narrowing

Before babies can hold on to furniture and "walk" around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have parental encouragement. postural control. the ability to crawl. eye-hand coordination.

postural control.

The most critical factor in predicting whether an infant will develop SIDS is ______ sleeping. Two other factors: (1) maternal _________ and (2) ______ ________

prone; maternal smoking; bed sharing

Risk of SIDS is highest at ____ - _____ months of age

2-4 months

Although it is not fully developed, babies can show size constancy as young as 1 week of age. 2 weeks of age. 1 month of age. 3 months of age.

3 months of age.

By the 2nd birthday, the brain is about _____% of its adult weight.

75%

Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functional activities.

Affordances

Developmentalist ________ ________ (1934) discovered that infants and children develop rolling, sitting, and standing, and other motor skills in a fixed order and within specific time frames - through maturation (genetic plan)

Arnold Gesell

The view that perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation. It is called this "because it connect perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver"

The ecological view

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy? We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us. Perception and cognition are unrelated concepts. Perception is a passive action that is involved only in the interpretation of an event. Sensation is more important than perception.

We directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.

In the Gibsons' ecological view on perceptual development in infancy, objects have _____, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities. abilities aptitudes affordances allowances

affordances

Which of the following behaviors/movements are key precursors to walking? the ability to make alternating arm movements. alternating leg movements forward stepping movements learning to talk

alternating leg movements forward stepping movements

The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure size constancy. shape constancy. depth perception. visual acuity.

depth perception

A ______ ______ is a layer of fat calls that encases and insulates many axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

myelin sheath

Sean is an infant who is capable of understanding that his mother is still his mother whether he sees her right in front of him, from across the room, or as she waves from the car window. This capability is called perceptual constancy. perceptual understanding. habituation. sensory integration.

perceptual constancy - Reason: The key here is the recognition that her presence and nature doesn't change. That is a perceptual constancy.

Recent research indicates that attention and emotion are predominantly taking place in the frontal lobe. predominantly left-hemisphere activities. predominantly right-hemisphere activities. predominantly taking place in the hippocampus.

predominantly right-hemisphere activities.

In infancy, growth spurts may occur in a single day and alternate with long time frames of little or no growth for days and weeks. True or false

true - Reason: Growth in infancy is episodic; it occurs in spurts. Growth spurts may occur in a single day and alternate with long time frames characterized by little or no growth for days and weeks.

An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at Blank______ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli. 20 to 24 weeks 40 to 42 weeks 33 to 34 weeks 44 to 45 weeks

33-34 weeks

In the context of grasping, which of the following statements is true of infants? At different stages of development, infants use different perceptual systems to coordinate grasping. Experience plays a minor role in reaching and grasping in infants. Infants grasp small objects with all of the fingers of one hand or both hands. Newborn infants rely greatly on vision to determine how they will grasp an object.

At different stages of development, infants use different perceptual systems to coordinate grasping.

In the context of the debate over whether breast feeding is better for an infant than bottle feeding, which of the following is true? There are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are breast fed and babies who are bottle fed. The growing consensus is that breast feeding is better for the infant's health. The majority of doctors are in favor of bottle feeding. Breast feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle feeding is better for the baby's health.

The growing consensus is that breast feeding is better for the infant's health.

Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries. Breast feeding predominantly deteriorates the health of the mother. Mothers who breast feed have a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer. There is risk of passing HIV to babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus. Breast milk is less hygienic than infant formula.

There is risk of passing HIV to babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus.

What are the purposes of reflexes? They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. They help the infant exercise. They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day.

They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried.