PSY 207: Chapter 7 - Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood

Estimates indicate that about ____% of children and adolescents in the U.S. are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home.

22%

The U.S. is the ____ highest rate of childhood obesity.

2nd

3-4 yr olds should engage in ____hrs of physical activity per day, and ____ min of vigorous activity

3 hrs; 60min

By the time children are ____ yrs of age, they can produce all the vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds.

3 yrs

By the time children reach 3 yrs old, the brain is _____of its adult size.

3/4

Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye coordination is not complete until _____ yrs old.

4 yrs old

it is estimated that more than _____% of children experience a sleep problem at some point

40%

A national study revealed that ______% of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats and that ____ of children's daily caloric intake comes from restaurants.

45%; 1/3

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries what her parents consider hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of 5-year-olds. 4-year-olds. 3-year-olds. 2-year-olds.

5 yr olds

Obestiy prevention guidelines are 5-__-__-__( fruits/veggies, hrs or less screen time, hour min of physical activity, and sugar drinks)

5-2-1-0

By age 6, the brain has reached about _______ % of its adult size

95%

One limitation of preoperational thought is ________, a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Centration

Absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

growth hormone deficiency

*The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in cognitive ability. appetite. flexibility and agility. height and weight.

height and weight.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as overweight. at risk of being overweight. severely malnourished. obese.

obese.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms? offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support formal, standardized tests to assess children's learning discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk

offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task

In Piaget's theory, these are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically.

operations

The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to the decreased likelihood of obesity. school readiness and focus. an increase in implicit memory. increased short-term memory capacity.

school readiness and focus.

The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following? complete independence stubbornness secure attachment compliance emotional regulation

secure attachment compliance emotional regulation

Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood. short sensory action long

short

Which of the following refers to a limited-capacity memory in which information is usually retained for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information? short-term memory long-term memory schema memory executive memory

short-term memory

A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying abstract memory. sensory memory. long-term memory. short-term memory.

short-term memory.

Of the following, the reliability of a young child's eyewitness testimony is probably most highly dependent on the implicit memory of the child. consequences of the legal case. child's working memory capacity. skills and motivations of the interviewer.

skills and motivations of the interviewer.

During early childhood, girls are _____ than boys. more muscular much lighter slightly smaller considerably taller

slightly smaller

In Vygotsky's theory, children are more often described as __________ creatures than in Piaget's theory

social

An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky's theory reflects this approach

social constructivist approach

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

sustained attention

Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age).

symbolic function substage

Urban, middle-socioeconomic status, and firstborn children were _______ than rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, and later born children

taller

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? reductions in pool fencing the absence of playground hazards decreasing home/school partnerships reducing frequent parent protective behaviors

the absence of playground hazards

Two current controversies in early childhood education involve the curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States. the use of corporal punishment in schools and the use of uniforms. Christian holidays for all and boarding schools. the quality of inner-city schools and free education to all.

the curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.

Awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

theory of mind

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others? Erikson's psychosocial theory theory of mind psychoanalytic theory Bandura's social cognitive theory

theory of mind

After a half-century of educational programming, one of the criticisms regarding the Head Start programs is that there are inconsistencies in the quality of the various Head Start programs. is little diversity in the curriculum. there has been minimal growth in attendance of these programs. there is little diversity among the disadvantaged children.

there are inconsistencies in the quality of the various Head Start programs.

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.

true

430 calories is ______ of what the National Institute of Medicine recommends that 4-8 yr old children consume in a day.

1/3

The recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is ______ hours. 10 to 13 8 to 10 6 to 8 4 to 6

10 to 13

The World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that 3-4 yr olds should have _____-_____ hrs of good-quality sleep, which may include a nap.

10-13 hrs

The average child grows _____ inches in height and gains __-__ #s a year during early childhood

2 1/2 inches; 5-10#s

Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play. Child-centered kindergartens are academically rigorous.

Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children are able to use words to describe their world.

Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children are able to use words to describe their world.

When 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their reflective skills. fine harboring skills gross motor skills cognitive skills.

gross motor skills

All children learn the prepositions ____ and ____ before other prepositions

on and in

According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019) and Morrison (2020), competent early childhood programs should focus on academics alone. on cognitive development and socioemotional development. on preoperational skills. exclusively on cognitive development.

on cognitive development and socioemotional development.

In 2015-16, _____ of U.S. 2-5 year olds were classified as obese compared to 5% in 1976-80 and 10;4% in 2007-08.

13.9%

According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children's vocabulary development? Children learn new words more effectively when new words are encountered as isolated facts rather than in integrated contexts. Children learn words more effectively when they are passive, rather than active, learners. Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are given less emphasis. Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.

Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.

Project _____ ______ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

Head Start

One of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood is ______ ________ ___________, which results in chronic fatigue.

Iron deficiency anemia

Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using? Montessori Rogerian kindergarten success-oriented

Montessori

Which of the following statements is true regarding short-term memory? Short-term memory involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life. One aspect of short-term memory that has been extensively studied in research on children's development is autobiographical memory. One method of assessing short-term memory is the memory-span task. In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to 5 minutes if there is no rehearsal of the information.

One method of assessing short-term memory is the memory-span task.

From 18 months to 3 years, children begin to understand three mental states: _________, __________, and ______.

Perceptions, emotions, and desires.

A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.

Project Head Start

Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language? Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development. Thought and language are merged early in development, and they later separate. Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge. Thought depends on language, and they are merged throughout development.

Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

In 2017 in the U.S., _____ _______ were the leading cause of death in young children.

Unintentional injuries

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory information processing theory Reggio Emilia's theory

Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory information processing theory

Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences between 3 and 4 years of age. around age 1. at approximately 18 months. between 2 and 3 years of age.

between 2 and 3 years of age.

According to Mona El-Sheikh (2013), which of the following measures will improve children's sleep? ensuring that they do not listen to music before sleeping ensuring that the bedroom is warm and bright allowing them to try out different bedtimes and wake times building positive family relationships

building positive family relationships

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development are unable to reason. cannot operate electronic devices like televisions. cannot yet form stable concepts. cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.

cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.

Child ___________ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

Education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child's needs, interests, and learning styles.

child-centered kindergarten

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood. . physiological evolutionary cognitive psychoanalytic

cognitive

In early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances? immediate gratification seeking cognitive inhibition cognitive flexibility goal-setting

cognitive inhibition cognitive flexibility goal-setting

The primary contributing influences for why some children are short are ________ factors, _____ _____ deficiency, a physical problem that develops in childhood, maternal _______, or an emotional difficulty

congential; growth hormone, maternal smoking

In Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.

conservation

In Piagets theory, failing the _______-__-____ task is a sign thtat children are at the preoperational stage of cognitive development.

conservation-of-liquid task

Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children? exercise before bed consistent sleep and wake times cutting out napping extensive bedtime routines

consistent sleep and wake times

Child-centered kindergarten honors three principles: (1) each child follows a unique ________ ________, (2) young children learn best through _______ ___________ with people and materials, and (3) _____ is extremely important in the child's total development.

developmental pattern; firsthand experiences; play

Education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age-appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual-appropriateness).

developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), which of the following was the most common cause of accidental death in young children in 2015 in the United States? deformations suffocation drowning homicide

drowning

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's (salient feature of the first substage of preoperational thought)

egocentrism

Factors that enhance the ZPD's effectiveness: better emotional _______, secure ________, absence of maternal _________, and child ____________.

emotional regulation, secure attachment, absence of maternal depression, and child compliance

The two most important contributors to height differences are ______ _____ and ________.

ethnic origin and nutrition

In early childhood,_____________ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

executive

Aspects of thinking that include planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

executive attention

A process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.

fast mapping

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although this often aggravates their parents, these activities will be temporary, as the boys will not be friends for long. stop when their brains become better myelinated. help the boys overcome narcolepsy. help the boys develop their gross motor skills.

help the boys develop their gross motor skills.

Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory? interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions inability to recall relevant information age differences in susceptibility to suggestion desire to be in the spotlight individual differences in susceptibility

interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions age differences in susceptibility to suggestion individual differences in susceptibility

Piaget's second substage of preoperational thought, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (between 4 and 7 years of age).

intuitive thought substage

With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions. fail to use prepositions until they reach about 4 years of age. acquire language in a significantly unique way. acquire language in precisely the same manner.

learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions.

Which of the following refers to a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time? repressed memory long-term memory short-term memory working memory

long-term memory

The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of ______, the retention of information over time. memory metacognition planfulness divided attention

memory

The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child's understanding of morphology rules. syntax. pragmatics. semantic rules.

morphology rules.

The process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system

myelination

Executive attention involves ______. focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or some other aspect of the environment concentrating on more than one activity at the same time planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors

planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of pragmatics. practicality. structure. systems.

pragmatics.

Piaget's second stage, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed.

preoperational stage

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the sensorimotor stage. formal operational stage. preoperational stage. concrete operational stage.

preoperational stage.

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? having the television on during dinner allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups modeling healthy eating habits maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine

preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups modeling healthy eating habits maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine

Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion? elementary-age children preschoolers middle schoolers adolescents

preschoolers

Piaget called the second substage of the preoperational stage intuitive because children know something but know it without the use of primitive reasoning. symbolic function. centration. rational thinking.

primitive reasoning.

Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs? how many hours a day children should spend in preschool what the preschool curriculum should be how to assess school readiness in preschool children whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States

what the preschool curriculum should be whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States

Vygotsky's term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children.

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Which statements are true about fast mapping? (Choose every correct answer.) It teaches children to use the plural and possessive forms of nouns. It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense. It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent. It is a helpful way for older children and adolescents to gain reading comprehension skills.

It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense. It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent.

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.

Montessori approach

Which of the following best reflects the application of Lev Vygotsky's theory in education? A child's use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism. Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development. A child should learn on his or her own to fully realize his or her capabilities. IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning capabilities.

Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development.

Who among the following 5-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest? Tina, who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn girl Timothy, who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy Tyrone, who is an African American, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn boy Tucker, who is an African American, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy

Tyrone, who is an African American, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn boy

Which of the following is among the criticisms of Vygotsky's theory? Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking. Vygotsky laid no emphasis on guidance, which plays an important role in learning. Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals. Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development, which is highly subjective.

Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

The main cause of death among young children is accidents. cancer. homicide. heart defects.

accidents.

When given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can accurately remember a large quantity of information. not remember a large quantity of information. not be trusted to testify in court. accurately remember only a small quantity of information.

accurately remember a large quantity of information.

Criticisms of Vygotsky's theory are that he was not specific enough about ___ related changes and that he didn't adequately describe how change in socioemotional capabilities contributed to cognitive development. He also overemphasized the role of ________ in thinking.

age-related; language

Suja said, "mama my foots hurt." Suja's use of "foots" is an example of changes in young children's syntax. an overgeneralization of morphological rules. advanced pragmatics. children's use of fast mapping.

an overgeneralization of morphological rules.

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.

animism

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that teaching should begin toward the lower limit of the zone of proximal development. formal, standardized tests are the best way to assess children's learning. educators should focus on abstract presentations of material. assessment should focus on determining a child's zone of proximal development.

assessment should focus on determining a child's zone of proximal development.

Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development. at the lower limit of his zone of proximal development. scaffolding through his zone of proximal development. outside the limit of his zone of proximal development.

at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.

An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex. Executive function involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and to exercise self-control.

executive function

Executive function involves managing one's thoughts for the purpose of which two of the following? making categories exercising self-control feeling emotion engaging in goal-directed behavior increasing intelligence

exercising self-control engaging in goal-directed behavior

____________mapping is when children have the ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure.

fast

The use of language for self-regulation is called __________ speech and it is according to Piaget, egocentric and immature. To Vygotsky, is it important as a tool of thought during the early childhood years.

private speech

**Eighteen-month-old Alan hates spinach but says, "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that Alan will also like spinach when he grows up. recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own. has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings. has started to recognize false beliefs.

recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means taking regular memory-span tests. repeating information after it has been presented. preparing for a memory-span test. doing mental exercises daily to keep one's mind sharp.

repeating information after it has been presented.

Three-year-old Zelda always asks questions like, "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she has yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of syntax. phonology. pragmatics. morphology.

syntax.

Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind? the idea that gist-based intuition serves young children and adolescents better than analytical thinking thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others the ability to be alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible in life's everyday activities a study of the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning

thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others

Two controversies in early childhood education involve what the curriculum should be and whether preschool education should be ____________ in the United States.

universal

Sustained attention is also known as: vigilance. multitasking. encoding. rehearsal.

vigilance

An increase in height and an increase in___________ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

weight