PSY 210 Final Exam

Denial and isolation

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, what is the first stage of dying?

Initiative vs. Guilt

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

formal operational

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ___ stage begins.

"mercy killing"

Sometimes euthanasia is called:

integrity vs despair

What is Erikson's eighth stage of develepment?

Birth Defects

A teratogen is any agent that can cause:

Rejected children are more focused on maintaining positive relationships with peers

According to John Coie, what is NOT one of the reasons why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?

More than 70%

According to the Midlife in the United States Study, what percentage of Americans consider themselves to be religious?

authoritative parents

All of the following are associated with adolescent depression except: a) low achievement in school b) problems in romantic relationships c) authoritative parenting d) peer rejection

watching television with your child

All of the following are elements of a rich verbal environment EXCEPT: a) reading to your child b) watching television with your child c) paying attention to your child d) labeling things in your child's environment

depression

An adolescent is coming into the emergency room after a suicide attempt. Based on research on problems that are associated with suicide, the physician should ask "Does this individual have a history of ___?"

Injecting a lethal dose of a drug

An example of active euthanasia involves:

Rewards and Punishments

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist; as such he would argue that the most important things that shape development are:

all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.

Brain death occurs when:

14,000

By the time they enter the first grade, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.

one-fifth; one-half

By two years of age, children have reached about _____ of their adult weight and about _____ of their adult height.

losses may begin

Compared to middle age, late middle age is a time when:

early adolescence; 17

Conflict with parents often escalates during _____ and lessens as the adolescent reaches age ____ or soon after.

Begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

Intimacy vs. Isolation

During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of ___ occurs

The Embryonic Period

During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

sexually active and unmarried

Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are:

do not think about how their lifestyle will affect them later in life

Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they:

psychosocial

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infants ___ development.

driving ability; having a car accident

Eric has been playing games at Jeffery's house for most of the night. Although they were not drinking alcohol, Eric had been awake for about 20 hours and decides to call his girlfriend to say that he will sleep at his friend's house before driving home. He knows his ___ is impaired, and that increases his risk of ___.

trust vs. mistrust

Erik Erikson viewed the first year of life as characterized by the ___ stage of development

life review

Erikson believed that older adults use their impending death as motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:

generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue termed:

psychosocial moratorium

Erikson's term that describes a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities is:

identity achievement

For several months, Vivian was torn between choosing a college major in music, business, or journalism. After some thought, she decided to major in journalism and minor in music. She needed to move forward on her goal. Vivian is displaying:

semantic

Frank, age 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's ___ memory.

create a home atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal participants.

Higher-SES parents:

Person/Cognition

In Bandura's most recent model of learning and development, the part that refers to thinking, planning, and individuals' belief that they can control their own experiences is:

50%

In the United States, approximately ___ of marriages end in divorce.

preoperational

In the ___ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

fear, anger, and joy

In the first six months infants show the emotions of:

biological inheritance; environmental experiences

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.

glaucoma

Jace has been diagnosed with ___, a condition characterized by damage to the optic nerve due to buildup of fluid in the eye.

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

Jean Piaget believed that children actively construct their own cognitive world. In Piaget's theory, schemes are:

crystallized

John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase, which is associated with accumulated information and verbal skills.

Olivia will have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth.

Kelly has just given birth to her first baby at age 37. Her best friend Olivia, age 26, just gave birth to her first child. What is likely to be true for these new mothers?

are more directive and less conversational with their children.

Lower-SES parents:

pragmatics

Luke has learned that when he sees one of his friends he says "Hey dude!" and when he sees the school principal, he says "Hello Mr. Perry, how are you today?" Luke is demonstrating an awareness of:

younger than her chronological age

Lydia, a first-time grandmother, works in the office at a health clinic and is in great physical shape. Research would say that her age identity is:

They get upset easily when they lose a competition or receive a critique of their performance.

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

imitation and reciprocal play

Melissa noticed that her youngest daughter, almost two years old, has just started trying to imitate her big sister who is five years old and pretending to be a cheerleader. Her youngest daughter is showing:

40 to 65

Middle adulthood focuses on people from ages

the transition to adult status

Most rites of passage focus on:

child-centered kindergarten

Nurturing is a key aspect of the ___, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.

are in the same class as their victims

Often bullies:

20%

On average, body fat accounts for about ___ of body weight in middle age.

child maltreatment

Poor emotion regulation, attachment problems, problems in peer relations, and other psychosocial problems are all associated with the consequences of:

one hour

Regardless of the form of screen time, it is recommended that children two to four years old spend no more than ___ watching or playing.

memory function

Research has found that children of emotion-coaching parents are better at all of the following except: a) focusing attention b) memory functioning c) social competence d) controlling their behaviors

they have developed emotional regulation and a secure attachment

Research has shown that the zone of proximal development is most effective in children's learning and development when:

Alzheimer's

Research indicates that middle aged adults who engage in more leisure activities were less likely to develop ___ in later adulthood.

an increase in physical and mental health problems in older adults.

Researchers have found that poverty in late adulthood is linked to:

Despair

Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into:

be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades. Stella's relationship with her parents in characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

authoritarian parent

Suzie, age three, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed immediately. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television, and studying. Any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzie's father is most likely a(n):

6

The National Center for Health Statistics reported in 2016 that STIs affect about 1 in every U.S. adults.

an advance directive.

The Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) is a more sophisticated and specific form of:

a high school graduation ceremony

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:

chronic diseases (cancer, cardiovascular disease)

The main cause of death in middle adulthood in the United States is:

selective attention

The term ___ ___ refers to the ability to focus on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant to the task at hand while ignoring others that are irrelevevant.

mind

The theory of ___ refers to the awareness of presence and distinction between one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

18 to 25

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately _____ years of age.

object permanence

The understanding that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is:

passive

Turning off a respirator or a heart-lung machine is an example of ___ euthanasia.

experiencing pain

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

culture and social interaction

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.

A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

What causes autism spectrum disorders?

The mother is likely to have more physical energy.

What is an advantage of starting a family in your twenties?

Parents have more income for child-rearing expenses.

What is an advantage of waiting until your thirties to start a family?

Disrespect for older adults

What is the MOST frequent form of ageism?

Lack of communication

What is the number one reason for divorce?

self-esteem

When Joel met his new teacher, he said "I struggle with everything." When she asked "What about school? Is there a subject you like or you are good in?" Joel replied, "No. I'm always behind." Joel's overall self-assessment reflects his:

Reflective, relativistic, and contextual thinking

When engaging a problem, those who are beyond Piaget's formal operational stage realize that problems are complex, and the best approach may differ depending on the context and circumstances. This is displaying:

fine motor skills

When four-year-old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses a fork and spoon, she is demonstrating:

"fight or flight" manner.

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a :

a "tend to befriend" pattern.

When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:

A combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Which of the following has been found to be better at improving the behavior of children with ADHD in most cases?

we can pinpoint the beginning of puberty, but not when it is over

Which of the following is FALSE regarding puberty? a) we can pinpoint the beginning of puberty, but not when it is over b) among noticeable changes during puberty are signs of sexual maturity c) puberty is a process, not a single event d) among the noticeable changes during puberty is an increase in height and weight

the pain of childbirth

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting how parents adjust to new roles? a) social support b) age of parents c) marital happiness during pregnancy d) the pain of childbirth

Filling the "empty nest"

Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role they thought they had shed? a) drug use by parents b) parental divorce c) adolescent pregnancies d) filling the "empty nest"

trying to cure the patient of an illnesss

Which of the following is NOT part of palliative care? a) helping families cope with death b) showing interest in the person and family c) trying to cure the patient of an illness d) making the patient comfortable

prefontal cortex

Which part of the brain plays a key role in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks?

self-recognition

While Larissa was looking through recent family photos she had printed, her two-year-old daughter pointed to her picture and said "Me!" This shows that her daughter is developing:

Selective optimization with compensation

___ ___ ___ ___ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

Life expectancy

___ ___ refers to the number of years that the average person born a particular year will probably live.

Early-maturing girls

___ are MOST likely to have sexual experiences, quit high school before graduating, cohabit, and marry earlier

Sustained

___ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or event, or some other aspect of the environment, which is comparable with young adults.

short-term memory; long-term memory

___ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and ___ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

Arthritis

___ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.

Gross

___ motor skills involve large-muscle activities, such as moving ones arms and walking.

goodness of fit

___ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Academic achievement

___ was found to offer a protective factor against sexual intercourse.

Susceptibility; Longevity

_____ genes are those that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or acceleration of aging, whereas ____ genes make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

ageism

prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults is known as:

sarcopenia

the term ___ is given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.