PSY 220 Exam #1
7. What is ethnographic research and are there any disadvantages?
Researchers spend a good amount of time with the people they wish to study, often by actually living with them. Disadvantages include requirement of time, commitment and sacrifice. Researchers often form relationships with the people which may lead to bias.
58. Choose one prenatal period and provide a detailed overview of what happens. Include when it occurs.
The Embryonic Period (3-8 Weeks) Nearly all organ systems are formed. The embryonic disk forms three layers.
163. The Upper Paleolithic was the time of the last _____. a. Ice Age b. period of global warming c. devastating tsunami d. eruption of a Super Volcano
a
164. According to the author of the text, what type of cry does not have a distinctive cry and can occur when the baby is hungry, lonely, has wet or soiled diapers, is tired, or uncomfortable? a. basic b. pain c. anger d. fussing
a
1.Which of the following best describes the visual abilities of a neonatal infant? a. their visual acuity is the same as the average adult b. their visual acuity is worse than the average adult c. their visual acuity is better than the average adult d. their visual acuity has never been measured
b
109. Approximately how many genes comprise the human genome? a. 10,000 b. 23,000 c. 50,000 d. 100,000
b
117. At 4-5 months old, infants still have a(n) ____ that causes them to spit out any solid item that enters their mouths. a. aversion to solid foods b. gag reflex c. defiant temperament d. preference for fat
b
3. Marie is a heavy drinker and managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. If she drank alcohol during the ________ period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage. a. prenatal b. embryonic c. germinal d. blastula
b
33. If a culture believes that the birth process is spiritually unclean, which of the following is more likely to occur? a. The infant will have to be cleansed immediately following birth. b. Birth will most likely take place in a location where most people do not reside. c. The mother will have to travel to the city and give birth in a hospital. d. The family must pray to the Birthing Gods before the birthing process can occur.
b
34. What term describes the situation in which the infant sleeps with the parents? a. parental sleeping b. cosleeping c. communal sleeping d. familial sleeping
b
37. According to the text, for most of history the total human population was under ______. a. 1 million b. 10 million c. 100 million d. 1 billion
b
4. Longitudinal studies examining attention have found that, compared to "long-lookers", "short-lookers" in infancy tend to have ____. a. lower IQ scores later in development b. higher IQ scores later in development c. lower attention scores later in development d. higher attention scores later in development
b
40. Dayle goes to the doctor and expresses concern that her infant's head is too big for his body. The doctor tells her that this is normal because of __________________. a. the fact that head size varies widely b. the cephalocaudal principle c. the proximodistal principle d. the fact that after infancy, growth slows down considerably
b
100. The second step in the scientific method is to ____. a. collect data to test the hypothesis b. identify a question of scientific interest c. form a hypothesis d. choose a research method and a research design
c
78. ____ are the leading cause of neonatal mortality. a. Parental neglect and abuse b. Accidents and injuries c. Accidental poisoning and drowning d. Severe birth defects and low birth weight
d
137. How have researchers tested memory in nonverbal infants?
They have tested with different cues
162. At the conclusion of meiosis, how may ova have been formed? a. 1 with 3 polar bodies b. 2 with 2 polar bodies c. 3 with 1 polar body d. 4 with no polar bodies
A
177. What principle defines the concept when findings from a sample can be used to draw appropriate conclusions regarding the population? a. generalization b. representation c. theory formation d. sample characterization
a
178. In the early weeks of life, infants rely heavily on the sense of ____ to perceive the emotions of others. a. hearing b. vision c. touch d. smell
a
181. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during adolescence? a. identity vs. identity confusion b. intimacy vs. isolation c. generativity vs. stagnation d. ego integrity vs. despair
a
182. Why has birth for humans become increasingly difficult? a. Because humans have such extraordinarily large brains. b. Because humans are more likely to have genetic difficulties. c. Because humans are the only species to have single births. d. Because humans are so immature at the time of birth.
a
184. You notice that your pregnant friend just lit a cigarette and you ask her, "What the heck are you doing?"; Your friend replies that her doctor said that it was okay to smoke during pregnancy. Which of the following statements should be your reply? a. "There are known side effects to smoking and no responsible physician would tell you that you can smoke if you are pregnant." b. "Okay, research has shown that smoking is harmless." c. "Most physicians would recommend that you wait until the third trimester to begin smoking again." d. "That makes sense; smoking is harmful if it is secondhand smoke."
a
19. To study adolescents' attitudes toward contraceptive use, a researcher recruits subjects from a waiting room of a community clinic that offers free contraceptive services to all. This researcher has a sample that is ____. a. not representative of all adolescents b. similar to the general population of adolescents c. representative of adolescents in America, but not other developed nations d. representative of female adolescents and not males
a
191. When studying the long-term memory of infants, researchers tied a string to an infant's foot and taught them to move a ____ hanging above their cribs by kicking their foot. a. mobile b. doll c. bell d. teddy bear
a
193. During the embryonic period, the ectoderm is formed, which will become the ____. a. skin, hair, nails, sensory organs and nervous system b. muscles, bones, reproductive system and circulatory system c. digestive and respiratory systems d. hormonal and endocrine systems
a
197. Erika lives in the United States and takes her infant to the pediatrician's office, where she is advised to begin introducing solid foods. It is safe to assume that Erika's daughter is close to ____. a. 5 or 6 months old b. 9 or 10 months old c. 11 or 12 months old d. at least a year old
a
198. What is the condition in which the neonate is born with an extreme distortion in the shape of the spinal column? a. spina bifida b. anencephaly c. microencephaly d. exoancephaly
a
24. What does the text refer to as the biologically based raw material of personality? a. genetics b. temperament c. physiological set d. bio-personality
a
9. It is known that malnutrition leads to ____. a. dyslexia and difficulty with mathematics b. Munchausen and Stockholm syndrome c. attention deficit hyperactive disorder and oppositional defiance d. poorer cognitive development in both verbal and spatial intelligence
d
43. What teratogen causes the most widespread damage to prenatal development in developed countries? a. tobacco b. infectious diseases c. cocaine d. alcohol
d
46. What is the oldest effective treatment for infertility? a. in vitro fertilization b. nutritional supplements c. surrogate motherhood d. artificial insemination
d
63. ________ generates hypotheses that can be tested in research. a. An unbiased sample b. A theory c. The research design d. The research method
d
72. Midwives tend to be ______. a. young women b. sisters of the woman giving birth c. older women who have never had children d. older women who have had children
d
73. What portion of the United States' population will increase from 16 to 30 percent by 2050? a. African American b. Anglo American c. Asian American d. Latino
d
74. Which of the following is a common feature of infant social life in most cultures throughout history? a. Infants spend a lot of their day in the company of their fathers. b. Infants are cared for exclusively by the mothers until they become old enough to walk. c. Infants are often kept away from older adults so that they will be less vulnerable to the spread of disease. d. Infants are surrounded by others and carried or held almost constantly.
d
76. The third step in the scientific method is to: a. collect data to test the hypothesis. b. identify a question of scientific interest. c. form a hypothesis. d. choose a research method and a research design.
d
8. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to have survival value? a. The Moro reflex b. The swimming reflex c. The rooting reflex d. The Babkin reflex
d
83. Like the Hindu Dharmashastras, the life course described in the Talmud goes up to age ___. a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 100
d
85. The A-not- B error illustrates which of the following Piagetian principle? a. accommodation b. assimilation c. egocentrism d. object permanence
d
94. Which of the following are examples of teratogens? a. calcium, iron, and iodine b. prenatal vitamins and micronutrients c. meats, grains, and legumes d. alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
d
97. What prenatal technique uses high-frequency waves to examine the characteristics of the fetus in-utero? a. amniocentesis b. chorionic villus sampling c. alphafetal protein d. ultrasound
d
79. What percent of infertility problems are related to the male? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 70%
c
90. What is a reaction range? Provide an example to illustrate.
A reaction range is a range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range.
189. The concordance rate for schizophrenia among identical twins is .40; the concordance rate for schizophrenia is only .10 if a person's parent has schizophrenia. Explain what these numbers mean. Include a discussion of nature and nurture in your response
Concordance rate is a degree of similarity expressed in a percentage that expresses the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members. The higher the number, the higher similarity
62. Describe one way that Erikson's theory was different from Freud's.
Erickson's theory includes a central crisis in which a child needs to establish before moving on to the next social thing. Freud's includes our sexual desires and unconscious wishes.
185. Describe at least one criticism of Piaget's sensorimotor theory.
He underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants
71. Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather than developing countries?
In developing countries, this is a time in which individuals further their education, get married, get a stable job, ext. In developing countries, many of these roles are already assigned in teen years.
80. Why would you expect the textbook author, Arnett, to use Bronfenbrenner's model as a frame for his book more than Freud's theory?
It is not a stage theory like Freud's is. This theory focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment.
161. Are there ethnic differences in breast-feeding in the U.S.? Explain your response.
There are some differences. Within the US, 80% Latino, 75% Whites, 58% African Americans, but rates have increased in all groups.
10. What percent of the current world's population lives in the most affluent countries? a. 18% b. 34% c. 51% d. 68%
a
160. Object permanence is not just a test of knowledge of the properties of objects, but also of ____. a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. episodic memory d. semantic memory
a
171. Your friend is very concerned because his wife seems to be overwhelmed by the responsibilities of caring for an infant. They were both extremely excited when they became pregnant, but now his wife is intensely sad and anxious and her emotions are interfering with her ability to function. What do you tell him she probably has? a. postpartum depression b. childcare depression c. parental neurosis d. infant abuse
a
103. Your roommate's sister-in- law is pregnant and is trying to do all that she can to protect her fetus and to make sure that her fetus develops well. She does not like to have any loud music on and even does not talk very loudly for fear that her fetus will be harmed. What would you tell her? a. That her fetus will not be adversely affected and that studies have discovered that fetuses actually prefer their mothers'; voices. So, she should talk as much as she likes. b. That she is correct; loud music is readily transmitted through the amniotic fluid and will cause damage to the fetus's cochlea. c. That she should play Mozart really loudly. Fetuses who listen to Mozart are more intelligent than those who do not listen to Mozart. d. Research has shown that fetuses love country music.
a
105. If a researcher wanted to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of her adult participants, she would need to ask them about which of the following? a. Educational level b. Number of children c. Religion d. Ethnicity
a
106. Emerging adulthood exists in some cultures and not others, and consequently young adult responsibilities such as marriage and stable work may be taken on as early as ____ or as late as ____. a. 17 or 18; 29 or 30 b. 24 or 25; 36 or 37 c. 34 or 35; 42 or 43 d. 45 or 46; 51 or 52
a
114. If you were a midwife during the 15th century, you could be in danger of being viewed as a ______. a. witch b. god c. demon d. ghost
a
118. ____ is a major killer of infants, responsible for about one million infant deaths per year, mainly in Africa. a. Malaria b. Dysentery c. Asthma d. Eczema
a
120. Informed consent is for ____, whereas a debriefing is for ____. a. the beginning of a research study; the end of a study b. the end of a research study; the beginning of a study c. animal subjects; human subjects d. human subjects; animal subjects
a
122. Based upon an understanding of three ancient conceptions of life, the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the philosopher Solon, it is clear that ______. a. lifespan is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages but is partly socially driven b. stages of the lifespan are consistent across cultures and therefore must be genetically based c. lifespan is determined by one's genetic inheritance and social factors do not play a role in longevity d. lifespan is divided into clear and definite biologically based stages and is not influenced by social factors
a
132. After fertilization, the first 2 weeks of pregnancy is called ___________. a. the germinal period b. the embryonic period c. the fetal period d. the first trimester
a
134. In the first year of life, infants accumulate fat. This helps the infant ____. a. maintain a constant body temperature b. maintain high energy levels c. build muscle d. create brain cells
a
135. An infant who cries for more than three hours a day, over more than three days at a time, and for more than three weeks is considered ______. a. colicky b. to have a difficult temperament c. at risk for depression later in development d. to have a developmental disability
a
138. If the umbilical cord is constricted during delivery, which of the following is a potential danger for the fetus? a. insufficient oxygen and brain damage b. a toxic buildup of iron in the blood stream c. elevated blood pressure and higher than normal heart rate d. slow capillary refill, and cold and clammy skin
a
139. Infant's visual acuity is at best a distance of ____. a. 8-14 inches b. 24-44 inches c. 8-14 feet d. 24-44 feet
a
140. Human sex cells, sperm and ova, each contain how many chromosomes? a. 23 b. 46 c. 23 pairs d. 46 pairs
a
142. In a dominant-recessive pairing, which of the following genes would be expressed in a person's phenotype? a. the dominant b. the recessive c. the dominant-recessive pairing d. it is too complicated to know which genes will be expressed
a
145. Most parents can generally distinguish between the different types of cries their infants at ____ month(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
a
146. What general values do developing countries tend to regard highly? a. collectivistic b. individualistic c. traditional d. modern
a
148. Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders? a. If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder, their Y chromosome has no dominant gene to prevent it. b. They are generally more immature at birth. c. Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur. d. If the Y chromosome does not develop properly, the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent the disorder from occurring.
a
149. What approach that attempts to understand cognitive development views development as continuous? a. information-processing approach b. behavioral theory c. Piaget's cognitive developmental theory d. Typological Advancement theory
a
152. ____ refers to the most affluent countries in the world. a. Developed countries b. Developing countries c. Collective cultures d. Individualistic cultures
a
154. What term is used to describe the development of the individual? a. ontogenetic development b. phylogenetic development c. polygenetic development d. autogenetic development
a
156. A(n) ____ means that when one variable increases, the other increases as well; a(n) ____ means that when one variable increases, the other decreases. a. positive correlation; negative correlation b. negative correlation; positive correlation c. additive correlation; subtractive correlation d. subtractive correlation; additive correlation
a
159. In the United States and the United Kingdom, what percent of fathers experience postpartum depression? a. 4% b. 8% c. 12% d. 16%
a
16. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is almost unknown in cultures where co-sleeping is the norm because__________________________. a. babies tend to sleep with their parents on relatively hard surfaces b. parents tend to put cloth on both sides of their babies so they remain on their sides c. babies are less likely to be breast-fed and therefore parents are less likely to roll over on them d. babies are less likely to be aroused during the night in these quieter settings
a
25. The Gusii, like people in many traditional cultures, are in contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? a. They also speak to them constantly. b. They only speak to them during the day, never at night. c. They speak only to the upper caste infants. d. They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants.
a
26. If you were a member of the Ila people of Zimbabwe and just gave birth, how would others react and respond? a. They would congratulate and present you with gifts. b. They would shun you and fear the evil spirits that you brought into the village. c. They would pity you because the birth process lowered your social status. d. They would envy you because the status of motherhood is near godlike.
a
30. What position is the fetus in when it is in a breech presentation? a. feet or buttocks down b. head down, face away from mother's spine c. head down, face toward mother's spine d. horizontal
a
32. What did Arnett define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication? a. globalization b. social networks c. the Internet d. small world syndrome
a
36. What makes delivery much more difficult for the woman? a. lying flat on her back b. squatting c. kneeling d. leaning back on a hammock
a
44. A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a ____, whereas a person with an XX pairing of chromosomes is a ____. a. male; female b. female; male c. homogenetic inheritance; polygenetic inheritance d. polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance
a
5. It is January 1989 in Beijing, China, and Huang and Jiao have just married. They want to conceive a child as soon as possible, as most newly married Chinese couples do. Considering it is the middle of winter, and fruits and vegetables are not readily available, what important nutrient in Huang's prenatal diet is likely to be missing, potentially causing her child to be born with spina bifida? a. Folic acid b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Vitamin D
a
51. In Thomas and Chess's (1956) original study, most infants were categorized as having a temperament of ____. a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to- warm-up d. undifferentiated
a
52. You and your pediatrician get into an argument regarding where the infant should sleep. You strongly believe that she should sleep with you, while your pediatrician insists that it can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib. What would be your argument? a. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion. b. Pediatricians do not care as much about infants as you do. c. There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived. d. You love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room!
a
54. One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development— the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the philosopher Solon—is that they have very different ways of ____. a. dividing the lifespan into segments or stages b. defining the afterlife c. developing a sense of the lifespan based on their religious thoughts d. expressing their theories regarding development
a
56. The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born. The degree of the difference depends on _____. a. culture b. age c. gender d. socioeconomic status
a
59. Which of the following statements about breast feeding is most accurate? a. Babies in developing countries are more at risk for health problems if their mothers do not breast feed them than are babies in developed countries. b. Breast feeding promotes better health in childhood, but does not have any influence on long-term health. c. Breast-fed babies are more likely than bottle-fed babies to become obese in childhood because they are used to eating on demand. d. The colostrum that mothers produce in the first weeks after birth can be dangerous to babies, so doctors advise using formula until the mother begins producing milk.
a
66. What is the current percentage of low birth weight neonates in the United States? a. 8% b. 18% c. 28% d. 38%
a
67. Frank is a researcher at a large university and is nervous about an important meeting with a group who will scrutinize his research proposal while judging whether or not it follows reasonable ethical guidelines. Frank is meeting with _____. a. an institutional review board b. a rank and tenure committee c. a president's board committee d. a funding and endowment board
a
86. Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic period? a. the bow and arrow and the spear thrower b. the gun and canon c. the folding-blade knife and shovel d. the pistol and shotgun
a
89. In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern. Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing? a. Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background. b. Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background. c. Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot. d. Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene.
a
95. By the end of the third month, the typical fetus can be described as "three times three" because ____. a. it has been three months, the fetus weighs three ounces, and is three inches long b. it weighs three pounds, is three inches long, and has three senses c. three major systems have developed: brain, heart, and lungs d. all three facial features are clearly distinguishable
a
96. Which of the following has increased due to advancements in fertility treatments? a. monozygotic twins b. dizygotic twins c. conjoined twins d. Siamese twins
a
98. The characteristics of an individual's genetic material are referred to as his or her _____. a. phenotype b. genotype c. inheritance d. environment
a
113. From infancy onward, ________ memory comes easier to us than ________ memory. a. social, recognition b. recall, recognition c. recognition, recall d. infantile amnesia, recall
c
12. Characteristics such as height, weight, and skin color are made up of a ____. a. homogenetic inheritance b. heterogenetic inheritance c. dominant-recessive inheritance d. polygenetic inheritance
c
143. Studies have shown that Chinese children who possess a higher degree of shyness are more likely ____. a. to have lower academic success and to be socially rejected by their peers b. to have higher academic success and to be well-liked by their peers c. to have higher rates of depression and low social standing d. to have higher rates of anxiety and lower rates of self-regulation
b
151. What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide? a. 1.4 b. 2.5 c. 4.2 d. 5.6
b
11. What did Gesell name his overall measure of infants' developmental progress? a. intelligence quotient b. developmental quotient c. growth quotient d. progress quotient
b
110. The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time? a. the discovery of medicine b. the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals c. an increase in the size of women's pelvic openings that assisted in labor d. construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated
b
111. ____ is a tiny gap between neurons. a. A neurotransmitter b. The synapse c. A dendrite d. Myelin
b
112. Throughout history, most births were administered by ______________. a. physicians b. midwives c. nurses d. shamans
b
115. During the "BACK to Sleep" campaign, stomach sleeping went from 70% to 20%. What happened to the rate of SIDS deaths? a. It declined by approximately 90%. b. It declined by approximately 50%. c. Unfortunately, it made no difference. d. Unfortunately, it increased by 20%.
b
116. What maternal behavior during pregnancy was related to conduct disorders and substance abuse in adolescence? a. mega-dosing of vitamins b. drinking alcohol c. cocaine use d. smoking
b
119. What happens when a person who had difficulty with the developmental challenge in one stage enters the next stage? He or she is ______. a. equally likely to do well with the new stage as someone who achieved the developmental challenge at the earlier stage b. at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well c. advised to regress to the earlier stage and successfully complete the developmental challenge before moving on d. more likely to do well since he or she experienced the difficulty in the previous stage
b
121. The last major organ system to develop during fetal life is the _____. a. heart b. lungs c. intestines d. skeletal muscles
b
124. Which of the following have a 40 to 60% similarity of genetic inheritance? a. identical twins b. fraternal twins c. cousins d. adopted siblings
b
127. Which of the following is a correct sequence of development during the germinal period? a. placenta, implantation, blastocyst b. blastocyst, implantation, placenta c. placenta, blastocyst, implantation d. implantation, placenta, blastocyst
b
128. Why do babies who are getting new teeth bite? a. It helps stimulate enamel production. b. The counter pressure makes them feel better. c. It helps the teeth erupt through the gums. d. It allows the teeth to be planted firmly in the jawbone.
b
129. The five characteristics that are evaluated in the Apgar scale are ____________________. a. the Babinski, Moro, stepping, swimming, and grasping reflexes b. color, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and breathing c. reaction to cuddling, startling, intelligence, vocal response, and visual response d. sucking reflex, responses to social stimulation, and disease symptoms
b
131. Even though Dr. Hernandez is not administering drugs, but merely asking adolescents questions about various drugs, she still needs to submit her proposal to the ____________ to prevent potential ethical violations. a. Grants and Standards Board b. Institutional Review Board c. International Standards Board d. University Research Screening
b
133. Your friend just found out that she is pregnant after trying for six months. But she is paranoid that she is going to have a baby with a chromosomal disorder. You try to reassure her by telling her that the rate of babies born with chromosomal disorders is _____. a. 1 in 10 b. 1 in 200 c. 1 in 500 d. 1 in 1,000
b
14. What is the earliest sense to develop in neonates? a. sight b. touch c. hearing d. smell
b
165. You have an infant who is 11 months old. She can hold small objects between her thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons. You are amazed at this ability and believe that she is highly advanced. What is your pediatrician likely to say? a. She is highly advanced; children generally do not do this until two years of age. b. She is engaging in the pincer grasp, which most children do around this age. c. She should be doing quite a bit more, so she is actually less developed. d. She is likely to be an artist.
b
168. During pregnancy, deficiencies in folic acid may result in ____. a. low birth weight and premature delivery b. anencephaly and spina bifida c. Down syndrome and Turner syndrome d. HIV and malaria
b
173. The guidelines for prenatal care focus mostly on three key areas: ____. a. rest, stress reduction, and the avoidance of fatty foods b. diet, exercise, and avoidance of teratogens c. exercise, mental state, and relaxation d. prenatal vitamins, exercise, and avoidance of caffeine
b
176. Neonates tend to lose about ____% of their weight in their first few days, because they lose fluids. a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20%
b
179. What measure positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy? a. speed of retention b. speed of responding c. speed of dishabituation d. speed of habituation
b
186. What is Bronfenbrenner's term for the network of interconnections between the various immediate environments that the individual experiences? a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem
b
194. If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XY, its genotype is _____. a. female b. male c. undetermined d. dimorphic
b
196. Many infants begin "sleeping through the night"; around four months. A couple of months later they may begin waking during the night again. Why? a. night terrors b. teething pain c. growth spurt d. no reason
b
20. Jean Piaget proposed that a person's cognitive abilities are organized into coherent mental structures. Which of the following best describes his approach? a. psychosocial approach b. cognitive-developmental approach c. psychosexual approach d. neurobiological approach
b
21. Even though a high percentage of mothers in developing countries could safely breast-feed, why is there such a low rate of breast-feeding in these areas? a. They have no training on how to breast-feed. b. Corporations have unethically convinced mothers that formula is better. c. Religious practices discourage women from breast-feeding. d. Poor women in these areas are malnourished and are not capable of breast-feeding.
b
22. One of the consequences of having a sex chromosomal disorder is that it might disrupt development of the reproductive system at puberty. What can be done about the difficulty at puberty? a. role playing therapy b. hormone replacement treatment c. group therapy d. strenuous exercise
b
28. When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens? a. 20,000 years ago b. 200,000 years ago c. 2,000,000 years ago d. 20,000,000 years ago
b
41. Fertilization can take place only __________________. a. within three days after the ovum enters the fallopian tube b. in the first 24 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube c. in the first 2 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube d. if intercourse occurs on the day of ovulation
b
42. What principle describes an individual's ability to seek satisfaction within the constraints imposed by the superego? a. pleasure principle b. reality principle c. balancing principle d. libido principle
b
45. What is the name of the procedure in which an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger? a. crowning b. episiotomy c. vaginalectomy d. amniocentesis
b
47. The heritability estimate ranges from ____. a. 1 to 100 b. 0 to 1.00 c. 1 to 5 d. 0 to 20
b
48. The Babinski reflex is when ____. a. the infant's leg jerks forward as pressure is exerted on its knee b. the infant twists its foot inward as the sole of its foot is stroked c. the infant blinks as a puff of air is blown towards an eye d. the infant's eyes track light as it is moved across its plain of view
b
49. When do infants first exhibit a social smile? a. at birth b. at the second or third month c. at the sixth or seventh month d. at a year
b
50. A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation _____. a. indicates causation b. does not imply causation c. implies causation if it is significantly positive d. implies causation if it is significantly negative
b
55. Research has shown that what type of treatment intervention for low birth weight neonates helps them to survive their first year? a. papoose care b. kangaroo care c. marsupial care d. frequent contact care
b
6. When your neighbors brought their baby home from the hospital, he weighed less than at birth. They were very concerned; what would you tell them? a. They probably need to try to feed the newborn more frequently. b. It it is normal for babies to lose weight right after birth. He should regain the weight before a couple ofweeks go by. c. The wife probably cannot breast-feed and they should start formula feeding immediately. d. He must have an eating disorder.
b
60. Fernando and Rebecca are anxious to know the sex of their baby. It would not be until the end of the ____month of pregnancy that they can find out, because the genitalia will not have fully formed before then. a. 2nd b. 3rd c. 4th d. 5th
b
61. Assume you're living in a tribal group in Africa and one of the village mothers cannot produce enough breast milk for her infant. Which the following would most likely serve as a substitute for a mother's breast milk? a. sheep's milk b. goat's milk c. elephant's milk d. dog's milk
b
64. What is the term that develop mentalists use to describe repetitive consonant-vowel combinations? a. telegraphic speech b. babbling c. cooing d. gesturing
b
65. A ____ is the person who helps with the birth process; she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained at assisting births. a. nanny b. midwife c. wet nurse d. shaman
b
68. In recent decades, research has determined that Piaget's theory was very useful in terms of ____. a. its ability to completely understand infant cognitive development b. its overall description of infant cognitive development c. its theoretical explanation of infant cognitive development d. its explanation of object permanence
b
82. What is it called when babies cry for more than three hours a day over more than three days at a time for more than three weeks? a. dysphoric crying b. colic c. autism spectrum disorder d. incessant crying
b
93. Kateri, an American infant who lives in the Northeast part of the United States, has become used to eating pureed fruits and vegetables, and just recently she began eating pureed meats. Her parents get excited to see her reactions to each new food they have introduced. She is probably ____ month(s) of age. a. 2 b. 4-5 c. 1 d. 8-10
b
35. The three main scales on the Bayley-III are the cognitive scale, language scale, and _______ scale. a. temperament b. personality c. attachment d. motor
d
107. Concordance rate is defined as _____. a. the degree of similarity in characteristics among peoples of a cultural group b. the influence of genes on development by comparing people who share different amounts of their genes c. the percentage that indicates the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members d. the degree of difference as expressed by variations in environment
c
108. Medical knowledge has led to methods that genuinely help mothers and babies only during the past ____. a. 200 years b. 100 years c. 50 years d. 10 years
c
125. If an infant is described as having a low activity level, reacts negatively to new situations, and has few positive or negative emotions, he or she may be categorized as having what type of temperament? a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to- warm-up d. undifferentiated
c
13. Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic period? a. The climate got much colder. b. Humans began to bury their dead for the first time. c. The domestication of animals developed. d. Humans reached Australia for the first time.
c
136. When a mother who is breast-feeding hears her infant cry, what typically happens? a. breast-swelling reflex b. milking reflex c. let-down reflex d. lactation reflex
c
141. According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, how long does each stage of a man's life last? a. 5 years b. 15 years c. 25 years d. 35 years
c
147. Although Shanamae makes a good salary in sales, she is questioning whether her work in the retail industry is making a meaningful contribution to society. She is thinking of going back to school to train to be a nurse, so that she can give back to society by helping others. According to Erikson, she is in the stage of______________. a. ego integrity versus despair b. industry versus inferiority c. generativity versus stagnation d. industry versus stagnation
c
15. Juanita's cervix is 10 centimeters dilated, so she ____________________. a. is just beginning the labor stage b. requires an episiotomy c. has completed labor and is ready to deliver the baby d. requires a C-section
c
153. Genetic counseling would be appropriate for which of the following couples? a. JJ and Jennifer, who are in their early 30s and have just completed an unsuccessful round of artificial insemination b. Stephen and Kerry, who are in their early 20s and have been trying to become pregnant but have been unsuccessful for the last two months c. Merriam and Samir, who are in their early 40s and have a history of miscarriages and infertility d. Ngyuen and Pham, who are in their early 30s and both have a history of diabetes
c
155. ____ occurs at the beginning of the research study, whereas the ____ occurs at the end. a. Debriefing; confidentiality b. Confidentiality; reliability c. Informed consent; debriefing d. Debriefing; informed consent
c
167. Without ________ babies would not have depth perception. a. color vision b. 20/20 vision c. binocular vision d. intermodal perception
c
17. What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic? a. failure to thrive b. human growth hormone deficiency c. marasmus d. progeria
c
170. Arman is showing intense fear of a large dog that is approaching his stroller. Fear is an example of a ____________. a. tertiary emotion b. sociomoral emotion c. primary emotion d. secondary emotion
c
172. At birth, the size of an infant's brain is ____% of an adult's brain, and by age 2 it is ____% of an adult's brain. a. 5%; 50% b. 15%; 60% c. 25%; 70% d. 35%; 80%
c
174. Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek-a- boo indicates that _________________. a. he is assimilating rather than accommodating b. he has made the A-not- B error c. he has a limited understanding of object permanence d. he lacks intermodal perception
c
175. Why has there been little change in the average height in Western countries over the last few decades? a. The population has become overweight or obese, which negatively affects height. b. People in Western countries have been exposed to more diseases. c. People have reached the upper boundary of their reaction range for height. d. Evolutionary influences are causing all populations to decrease in height.
c
18. Which of the following statements is true regarding research methods? a. Qualitative data is considered unscientific among most researchers in the field of psychology. b. The strength of the case study approach is the ability to generalize the findings. c. The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives. d. The most commonly used method in social science research is the open-ended interview.
c
187. ____ is/are responsible for the discomfort and pain associated with the labor birth process stage of labor. a. Increased blood pressure b. Low blood sugar c. Muscular contractions d. Increased adrenaline
c
192. Erikson's eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is _____. a. trust vs. mistrust b. generativity vs. stagnation c. ego integrity vs. despair d. industry vs. inferiority
c
195. What happens after infants have been babbling for a few months? a. They begin making holophrases. b. They cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them. c. They begin gesturing along with babbling. d. They begin to make sounds to which they are not exposed.
c
199. What is the term that developmentalists use to describe the oo-ing, ah-ing, and gurgling sounds that infants produce when they are 2 months old? a. telegraphic speech b. babbling c. cooing d. gesturing
c
2. An infant who scores extremely low on the Bayley scales ____. a. may need the intervention of a social psychologist and pediatric dietitian b. is predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test c. may have serious development problems and needs immediate attention d. is doing extremely well and above normal development milestones
c
200. As a result of the process of crossing over _____________________. a. the risk of sickle-cell anemia decreases b. boys are more likely to be born with a learning disability c. the genetic material that originated from the mother and father is rearranged d. women are at increased risk for infertility
c
31. A fellow worker was present at his son's birth. He was really upset because his son was born with a white substance all over his skin and no one told him what the problem was. You should tell him ____. a. that it was probably cancer b. that his baby probably had something wrong with it. You have never heard of such a thing. c. that the white substance was vernix and many babies have that at birth. It protects their skin in utero. d. that that was a greasy like substance that is used to help the baby emerge from the birth canal. They will wash it off later.
c
38. Girls normally begin menstruating around age 11-16, toward the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and toward the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of __________________. a. a high concordance rate b. a low concordance rate c. epigenesis d. heritability
c
53. In the textbook A Cultural Approach to Human Development, after the stage of adolescence there are ____stages of adulthood. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
c
57. According to the World Health Organization, it is recommended that women breast-feed for a period of ____. a. 6 months, with solid foods being introduced immediately b. 1 year, with solid foods being introduced at 3 months c. 2 years, with solid foods being introduced at 6 months d. 3 years, with solid foods being introduced at 1 year
c
69. Growth and development proceed from the middle of the body outward, which is known as the ____. a. head first, body second principle b. cephalocaudal principle c. proximodistal principle d. top-down principle
c
70. Many countries have a lower rate of pregnancies resulting in spina bifida because ____. a. iodine is added to table salt b. fluoride is added to drinking water c. folic acid is added to grain products d. school immunizations are required
c
75. Which of the following is TRUE? a. There has been a trend in hospital policies in the last decade to keep babies and mothers separate in the first hours after birth to prevent infection. b. Imprinting is another name for the Moro reflex. c. Lorenz showed that following the first moving object after birth has survival value for geese. d. In humans, if there is no contact with the mother shortly after birth, the baby's future development is at risk.
c
77. Your brother and sister-in- law are discussing their plan to get to the hospital for the delivery of their first child. They are concerned about how quickly they could get to the hospital. You should tell them: a. That is a very good plan. You cannot get to the hospital quickly enough. b. Labor for first pregnancies is 24 hours, so you could book a flight to a different city and still make it to the hospital. c. I would not really worry about it too much; the average labor for first pregnancies is 12 hours. You should be able to make it! d. Since they live in the city, they should take a cab; many children are born in cabs and cab drivers know what they are doing.
c
81. What birthing procedure involves removing the fetus from the uterus surgically? a. fetalectomy b. vaginal birth c. cesarean birth d. Episiotomy
c
84. As an infant's short-term and long-term memory improve, he or she should also get better ____. a. with the creation of personal fables b. in their degree of egocentrism c. at the task of object permanence d. speaking to an imaginary audience
c
87. Breast-feeding triggers the release of the hormone oxytocin. What effect does oxytocin have on mothers during the days following the birth of their neonates? a. decreases blood pressure b. starts the process of ovulation c. reduces bleeding in the uterus d. delays abdominal cramping
c
88. ____ describes a genetically based timetable that individuals are born with. a. Human genome b. Blank slate c. Ontogenetic d. Genetic loading
c
91. Which of the following are examples of teratogens? a. calcium, iron, and iodine b. prenatal vitamins and micronutrients c. infectious diseases and malnutrition d. folic acid and iodine
c
92. ____ is the basis of fine motor development, the deft movements of our hands that enable us to make a tool, pick up a small object, throw a weapon, or thread a needle. a. Binocular vision b. Bipedal motion c. The opposable thumb d. The vertical stance
c
99. The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, describe _____ stages of a person's life. a. ten b. two c. four d. twelve
c
39. The _________ lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, including language. a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal
d
29. In most developing countries, motherhood is an essential part of a female's identity, and if infertility occurs, she may ____. a. travel to the city and seek fertility treatment b. use herbal remedies and consult a shaman c. become anxious and overly depressed d. divorce her husband and seek another who is more fertile
d
101. Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy, which he called _____. a. psychosexual therapy b. psychodynamic theory c. dream analysis d. psychoanalysis
d
102. During which stage did Freud believe that the individual's sexual drive reemerges, but this time in a way approved by the superego and directed toward persons outside the family? a. anal b. phallic c. latency d. genital
d
104. According to the text, oxytocin is released from the _____. a. fetus's liver b. mother's uterus c. fetus's placenta d. mother's pituitary gland
d
123. What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters? a. soma b. axons c. myelin d. dendrites
d
126. Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power in most countries? a. power culture b. controlling culture c. minority culture d. majority culture
d
130. Infant mortality in the United States is higher among ____ families than in ____ families, in part because____. a. middle-SES; low-SES; middle-SES mothers are more likely to live in rural parts of the country b. middle-SES; high-SES; middle-SES fathers are more likely to be absent from the family c. high-SES; low-SES; high-SES mothers are not likely to consume fluoride in their drinking water d. low-SES; high-SES; low-SES mothers are less likely to receive prenatal care
d
144. There appear to be cultural differences in personality. Compared to babies in the United States and Canada, Asian babies have been found to ____. a. be much more demanding b. fit into a group at a younger age c. learn self-regulation earlier d. act much more passively
d
150. It was discovered at birth that there was significant cell death in Brittany's _________. Her parents were worried that she would be born blind because this part of the brain processes visual information. Luckily, this was not the case because other parts of her brain compensated for this cell loss. a. temporal lobe b. frontal lobe c. parietal lobe d. occipital lobe
d
157. Globalization is ____. a. the number of births per woman b. the ways people grow and change across the life span c. the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology d. the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication
d
158. ____ is a drug-and- technology-free approach to childbearing. a. Obstetrician-assisted childbirth b. Lamaze c. Bradley d. Natural childbirth
d
166. Which of the following is the correct order of Erik Erikson's third, fourth, and fifth stages of psychosocial development? a. initiative vs. guilt, identity vs. identity confusion, generativity vs. stagnation b. ego integrity vs. despair, intimacy vs. isolation, identity vs. identity confusion c. trust vs. mistrust, industry vs. inferiority, autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion
d
169. What mothers in developing countries would be advised not to breast-feed? a. very poor mothers b. mothers who could afford to formula feed c. mothers with small breasts d. mothers with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS
d
180. Which of the following best describes a life stage as proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Solon? a. Ages 28-35: The ages of marriage and parenthood, when a man bethinks him that this is the season for courting. b. Age 13: The age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for him. c. Age 56-63: The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion. d. Age 63-70: The renunciant goes even farther in rejecting worldly attachments. The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next.
d
183. Which of the following is a major criticism of Piaget's theories of cognitive development? a. he overestimated the cognitive abilities of children b. his theories are not supported by modern research c. his sample size was too large and over-representative d. he underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants
d
188. Damage to the neural tube would consist of: a. problems with the formation of the digestive system. b. the umbilical cord not connecting the placenta to the uterus. c. the skin not developing pores and hair follicles. d. the spinal cord and brain not developing correctly.
d
190. Babbling ____________________. a. is found only in infants from the Western Hemisphere b. occurs only if the infant can hear c. develops before cooing d. is universal
d
23. Which of the following describes the normal sequence of language development? a. words, gesturing, cooing, babbling b. gesturing, words, babbling, cooing c. babbling, cooing, words, gesturing d. cooing, babbling, gesturing, words
d
27. A method of prenatal care that has been used by traditional cultures that is now being used by midwives, nurses, and physicians in developed countries is ____. a. dancing b. singing c. daily naps d. massage
d
